The Alamance Gleaner 1
vol lxxi " ? ' ' ~ '? ?
graham, n. c., thursday. septemrf.r is = =??
? - wo. oz
WEEKLY NEWS ANALYSIS
Mac Arthur Lands to Rule Japan;
Press Demands for Open Airing
Of Disaster at Pearl Harbor
_____ Released by Western Newspaper Union. ?
(KWITOR'S NOTE: When eplnleas are expressed In these ??lanes, they are these el
WeeMm Newspaper Union's news analysts and net necessarily el this newspaper.)
ta conference aboard CSS Missouri, Jap navy officers chart Tokyo bay
fcr Admiral Halsey's staff preparatory to American fleet's triumphant
entry as part of General MacArthur's occupation force.
JAPAN:
Mac's Show
Cool as a cucumber, (Jen. Douglas
HacArthur stepped from a trans
port plane at Japan's Atsugi air
drome 20 miles southwest of Tokyo,
smoking his large, corncob pipe.
Stopping to look around, he saw the
held abuzz with activity, as mem
hen of the 11th air borne division,
landing from scores of aircraft,
husied themselves for the occupa
Evidently pleased, Japan's new
hoas then made his way forward,
slopping to greet Lieutenant Gen
eral Eichelberger, chief of the
,W. S. 8th army, which had fought in
tee Philippines. "Hello, Bob," were
Ms first words upon his historic
tending on enemy soil.
la landing to take over contrdl of
Japan, U. S. forces looked upon an
extensive scene of devastation in
Tokyo and Yokohama, scorched by
repeated B-29 and naval carrier
?aids. Unlike Europe where splin
tered masonry cluttered every
teing, charred hulks and ashes were
all that remained from thousands of
Oriental frame buildings. Whole
areas were burned out, with only
inildings encompassed by spacious
walks, lawns or clearings spared
from the roaring flames which once
swept block upon block.
Despite the widespread damage,
Japanese held their heads high in
?ootrast to the Germans, who had
humbled themselves in an effort to
please their conquerors. Peering
from windows as G.I.s streamed by,
er walking the streets, or setting
ap temporary shelters from salvaged
tin, the little brown people remained
perfectly composed with typical
Oriental indifference.
Premising to match MacAr
thwr's landing gt Atsugi airfield
te sheeY'drama Was tie sehefl
aled sarrendcr ceremonies
aboard the USS Missouri in
Tokyo bay, with Lt. Gen. Jona
fcaa Wainwright, rescned from
a prison camp in Manchuria,
present to witness the capitula
tion of the haughty imperial staff
which dictated terms to him up
on the fan of Corregidor over
- hrc jears ago.
LEND-LEASE:
Asks Write-Off
In asking congress to write off the
4 billion dollar lend-lease program,
onstitiiting IS per cent of the total
D. S. war expense. President Harry
&. Truman declared that adequate
repayment not only had been made
by recipients through their war ef
fisrts, bat also through their agree
ment to promote international trade
thrangb a lowering of tariff and oth
er barriers.
Farther, the chief executive said
taat if so huge a debt were to be
added to the financial obligations al
ready incurred by Allied nations,
? would react disastrously upon our
own trade, decreasing production
and employment at home.
Vhaneas there onae was talk that
An U. S. would retake tanks, trucks
eg machine tools lend-leased, top of
briala said, little at such material
will be retrieved since reclamation
would only add to the mounting
eterbpllei of war surplus in this
nwalij. Of the 43 billion dollars of
hnd-leaae, against which the U. S.
obtained only SVi billion dollars in
rerreapaoding aid, half was In mili
tary supplies and the remainder in
otsHan goods like food
PEARL HARBOR:
Rap Report
Despite release by army and navy I
boards of inquiry of 200,000 word re
Gen. Marshall
puris uuveiuig me
Pearl Harbor disas
ter of December 7,
1941-, congressional
circles remained
dissatisfied over
findings, demand
ing open trials of
principals involved
and access to infor
mation upon which
the investigators
based their conclu
sions.
No sooner had the reports been
made public, adding the names of
Gen. George C. Marshall, Adm.
Harold C. Stark and former Secre
tary of State Cordell Hull to those
of Maj. Gen. Walter C. Short and
Rear Adm. Husband E. Kimmel for
failure to take proper precautions,
than Chairman May (Dem., Ky.) of
the house military affairs committee
declared he would not stand for
"any whitewash." The people are
entitled to know the whole truth
based on all the facts, he said.
On the other side of congress,
Senator Taft (Rep., Ohio) asserted
the reports left a lot to be told,
and full evidence studied by the
courts of inquiry should be revealed
now that military security no long
er is involved.
Issuance of the report had other
repercussions, too. President Harry
S. Truman and Secretary of War
Henry Stimson took strong excep
tion to the censure of General Mar
shall, the two terming criticism of
the army chief of staff "entirely un
justified" while praising his "great
skill, energy and efficiency"
throughout the Pearl Harbor epi
sode.
In naming General Marshall, the
investigators charged he failed to
keep General Short, Hawaiian army
commander, fully advised as to the
growing tenseness of the Japanese
situation; failed to send him addi
tional instructions after the U. S.
ultimatum to Tokyo made war in
evitable; failed to furnish him on
the evening of December 0 and
morning of December 7 with critical
intelligence indicating a rupture of
relations with Nipopn, and failed to
look into and determine the state of
readiness in Hawaii during the crit
ical period.
Then chief of naval operations but
since retired. Admiral Stark was
censured for delaying a warning of
an impending attack on Pearl Har
bor by sending it by cable rather
than telephone. The two hours dif
ference in transmission would have
enabled the navy to make prepara
tions for the assault.
In singling out Hull, the boards
averred that he might have conduct
ed negotiations with
Jap Emissaries No
mura and Kurusu
differently to gain
precious time for
the army and navy
to gird for action.
To crown the
navy's negligence,
pointed up by fail
ure to take proper
precautions even
after being apprized
nt a Jan taak force's
Cord ell Hall
presence in near Hawaiian waters,
subordinate officers did not report
the sinking of an enemy submarine
in outer Pearl Harbor the morning
at the fateful attack to die army.
WAR CRIMES:
List Defendants
Not as blustery as he was when
Germany ruled the European roost,
Reichsmarshal Hermann Goerinf
topped the list of 24 Nazis sched
uled for trial as war criminals ear
ly in October.
Named with Goering was a gal
axy of former Nazi bigwigs accused
of preparing the nation financially
and industrially for war; scheming
diplomatically for advantage; regi
menting the nation internally, and
leading the German armed legions
into attack.
Next to Goering, Rudolph Hess,
Hitler's choice for his successor be
fore he flew to Scotland in a vain
effort to receive Allied support for
an attack on Russia, heads up the
list of defendants. Close behind are
Joachim von Ribbentrop, who, as
foreign minister, directed Nazi
diplomacy; Martin Bormann, head
of the people's army; Franz von
Papen, big shot in German politics
and master of international in
trigue; Adm. Karl Doenitz, who di
rected U-boat warfare, and Field
Marshal Wilhelm Keitel, chief of
the wehrmacht.
Joint O. S., British, Russian
and French plans to try the ac
cused before an international
military tribunal in the former
Naii shrine of Nuerenberg, how
ever, did not meet with the full
approval of many distinguished
members 'of the American Bar
association.
Declaring that Allied procedure
was without historical precedent, P.
F. Gault, constitutional and inter
national law expert, said the sys
tem of trial offered a dangerous pat
tern which might be followed in the
Future against the President of the
U. S. down to ordinary citizens. Un
der procedure established, trials
may be held outside the presence of
the accused, no appeal is provided
against judgment; the tribunal may
admit any evidence it wishes, and
also determine the relevancy of tes
timony.
Working Capital Up
Well heeled to meet reconver
sion problems, U. S. corpora
tions possessed almost 47 billion
dollars worth of working capital
on March 31, the Securities and
Exchange commission reported.
Of the total of almost 47 bil
lion dollars, SEC said, nearly 25
billion dollars was in cash on
hand or in banks. Holdings of
government securities showed a
slight drop to almost 20 billion
dollars, still substantially in ex
cess of tax liabilities of about
16 billion dollars.
In addition to current work
in? capital, corporations have
been promised further incre
ments through income and ex
cess profits credits; allowances
for stepped-up debt retirement
of emergency facilities, and pro
visions for new figuring of base
fdiuu i trturns tut CAtcso yi uui
determination.
POSTWAR ARMY:
Asks Draft
Even as President Harry S. Tru
man asked for an extension of draft
of men 18 through 25 for two-year
periods of service to provide re
placements for dischargees, both
the army and navy announced revi
sion of their plans to step up the
release of enlisted personnel and of
ficers.
With congressional sentiment for
extension of the draft still lukewarm
Mr. Truman declared that the army
would be unable to meet postwar
demands through volunteering if dis
charges were to continue at an ap
preciable rate to relieve present sol
diers from extensive overseas serv
ice. To speed up recruiting, how
ever, the President recommended
that the regular army ceiling of
280,000 be raised and inducements
offered volunteers.
Meanwhile, the army revealed
plans for lowering the point-stand
ard for discharge from 85 to 80 ta
bring about release at 8,060,000 G.I.s
by next July. Assuming there will
be 500,000 new draftees and 300,000
volunteers, army strength would be
pegged at 2,500,000 men.
Ia addition to announcing that
the point score for enlisted per
sonnel would be cut, the amy
disclosed that officers hereaft
er would also be discharged en a
general basis rather than after
individual review af their need
as at present. Farther, the
amy said no men with fifi er
more points would be seat over
seas and the discharge age
would be lowered from 88 years.
To help expedite discharges of
2,839,000 men within the next year,
the navy announced a revision of
its point-scores to include overseas
duty. Previously, it had been
planned to release between 1,500,000
and 2.500,000 man within 13 la 18
month*.
I
While Walter WincheU is away. this
month, his column will ba conducted
by guest columnists.
Broadway and Elsewhere
By JACK LAIT
Whispered in Washington
Impending changes?Lt. Gen. Ken
ney to succeed Gen. Arnold as chief
of Army Air forces. . . . Admiral |
Nimitz to get Admiral King's cushy
Navy post when King is ready to re
tire, which won't be right away. ...
Undersecretary Sullivan is re
garded as having the best chance to
All in when Secretary of the Navy
Forrestal steps down. . . . Secre
tary of Commerce Wallace isn't as
sure of sticking as he and his "lib
eral" friends think he is. ... A la
bor bloc in the Senate, prodded by
CIO's Sidney Hillman and Rep. Vito
Marcantonio, is organizing to de
mand that President Truman veer ,
sharply left or not only face a legis
lative fight, but possibly a new, third
party on a nucleus of the American
T oK/tr Partu nn/1 Dnlifinal A niinn 1
Committees. ... In this group are
Senators Wagner, Kilgore, Pepper,
Hill, Guffey and Murray, and they
are working on Magnuson, Thomas
and Mead, who haven't yet decided
to go all out.
Congress will get a battle from the
Army. . . . The legislators, fresh
from their home constituencies,
will whoop it up for more and quick
er discharges. . . . The Army will
resist. . . . The lawmakers will
claim that on the present 8S-point
system, only about 1,000,000 are eli
gible for release, and they will pro
pose militantly that the basic mini
mum be reduced at once to 60
points or less. . . . The army will
argue that keeping men in uniform
is the perfect answer to unemploy
ment during the reconversion inter
im. . . . But, in its secret councils,
the Army doesn't monkey much
with economic strategy ? just
wants to keep a big Army.
East Coast, Wat Coast
Clark Gable's real name Is Wil
liam ? William Clark Gable. . . .
Warners have settled on the man
to play Will Rogers ? Joel McCrea.
. . . Lt. Henry Fonda, In the Navy
since '42, has won the Bronze Star
for heroism in the Mariannes. But
they say his domestic affairs are
not too happy. . . . MGM's official
biography of Robert Donat says,
with no amplification or footnotes:
"? Returning to England, be re
sumed his film career in '39 Steps'
and 'Night Without Armor,' with
Marlene Dietrich, then took a six
months' leave of absence to regain
his health." . . . Jack Dempoey and
his two daughters are living In a
house rented from Estelle Taylor,
where Jack and Estelle spent their
honeymoon. There is talk since she
divorced Paul Small, she may re
wed the Old Mauler.
Maay whs saw the sharp and strik
ing MGM newsreel reporting of the
plane crash against the upper
stories of the Empire State Build
ing may have admired the enter
prise which made these releases by
; far the best. Therefore, they may be
inUnrf-l In ?hn 1 Vl_ J
?tory... . "Newsreel" Wong, the fa
mous Chinese photographer who has
been with Metro 21 years and has
covered every battlefront and the far
reaches of the globe for news sub
jects, was given a furlough while
attached to Gen. Mac Arthur on Lu
zon. ... He decided to spend it in
New York, the only place of inter
est and importance he had never be
; fore visited. ... He arrived aa a
Saturday morning, in uniform and
with his camyras, looked up the
Metro Manhattan office in the phone
book, and went there. The place was
closed for the day, but some scrub
women were at work and so the door
was open. . . . Wong was about to
leave, when a telephone, hooked on
through the switchboard, rang. He
picked it up. An excited voice re
ported the crash. ... Wong grabbed
a cab. Police lines were closed, but
because of his uniform and a b re art
ful of service ribbons he was al
lowed through. ... He did his stuff
with his usual vigor and sped back
to the office. ... By that time, the
executives had heard of the hot
story and were in and 'phoning for
photographers frantically, when
Wong, whom they had never seen,
whose presence on this continent
was news.to them, entered with the
whole thing in his bag. . . . They
slapped him on the back, hugged
him, etc. . . . "That's quite all
right," said Wong. "I always did
want to see the Empire State Build
ing!"
Civilian Uses for War-Developed Radar Promises
To Develop Into Tremendous Industrial Factors
Played Important Part
In Winning the War for
Us?May Win the Peace
By Winfield J. Dryden
Released by Western Newspaper Union.
"Never before did so many
owe so much to so few." This
expression of Winston Churchill
referred to a few airmen and
small ground force on the Brit
ish isles. The same may be said
in regard to radar.
Submarines were detected
in the night, bombers in the
clouds, ships in the fog and
troop and land movements in
the dark, miles away. Our
paratroopers were landed by radar
aid, our ships safely escorted, our
bombers guided and our troops led
by radar.
Without radar the war in Europe
would still be raging, authorities be
Heve. Radar, making the accurate
bombing of Germany possible, as
well as providing safety for the
transportation of troops, actually
made victory on both fronts a real
ity, contributing a big share to the
early peace.
It has cost the nations hundreds
of millions of dollars to develop
During the eaafereaee held at
Meaa boose. Cairo, la Norasber,
IMS, President Roosevelt, Prime
Minister Churehill sad GeaeraRsal
mo Chiang Kai-shek were gaarded
by radar. The radar Rest shown
eras built among the historic pyra
mids.
radar. No peacetime industrial or
ganization had the money, the fa
cilities, knowledge or desire to fully
develop radar, to bring it to its pres
ent state of development. It re
quired a nation at war, led by far
seeing individuals, to accomplish the
almost impossible?with millions of
dollars back of the development, and
skilled men with the determination
to succeed.
Radar Peacetime Factor.
Radar has many known uses for
peace. Postwar travel srill become
safer. Thousands upon thousands of
lives will be saved due to the em
ployment of radar in the air, at sea
and on land. Radar sees all, knows
all, and tells all. It warns of pend
ing catastrophe and provides the
eyes for men to see in order to pre
vent accidents on land, sea or air.
The discovery of radar may be
classed as accidental. Research
workers engaged in short-wave ex
perimentations. nearly 10 years ago
found that when eravee were
beamed on a city, there were oecil
lations on the dial when autos,
trucks and other factors interrupted
the wave. Soon afterwards it was
found that planes in the air inter
rupted the waves beamed sykward.
It was the next step that measured
distance in relation to time interval
that brought about the birth at
radar.
What Radar la.
Radar is an apparatus that sends
out short-wave impulses b a naze
row, concentrated beam, impulses
that are reflected from an object
they hit end are returned on re
bound to the receiver. It is based
oo e simple principle, as simple as
the occurrence at an echo.
Radar waves traveling with the
speed of light, 1M.000 miles a sec
ond. streaking serosa space and re
bounding from the target to return
to their starting point.
At comparative kmg range it can
pick up cities, determine water bod
ies; pick up ships b the fog; planes
in the eloads; submarines or ice
bergs oo dark winter nights. The
distance at a target from the radar
transmitter can be determined.
It one-thousandth at a second in
tervenes between the outgoing and
incoming signal, then the round-trip
I i stance the radar traveled would be
ma one-thousandth at 1M.BM miles
? second, or 1M miles. The range at |
the object would therefore be half i
of 1M or >3 miles. Radar has been i
perfected to see beyond the horizon, t
but It will not see through water at <
present stage of development.
Physieal Make-Cp. , >
The actual physical make-up of '
radar sets varies. Cses and mam- >
facturers will develop different <
types, as has been true with radios, ' ?
automobiles or planes. In general, >
however, they are made op of the ?
following parts:
L A radio-frequency oscillator, or '
vacuum tube or group of tubes. '
These oscillating at a desired fre- '
quency send out into the air the i
waves. i
2. A modulator sends out the di
rect bursts of the short-wares, 1 i
which enables the receiver to has- I
die them when they return. Each '
burst at energy is about one- 1
millionth of a second long, the !
pause between the bursts being a
few thousandths of a second a.
length. I
3. An antenna, which directs the ]
waves on their take-off. and beams
them in particular direction and dis- i
tance. It is the beaming on a Szed .
area. The antenna is adjustable to
cover any part of the entire 1? mm
as it terolves in a circle. i
i
on mH w?lw txftci bitte at '
the Mater bwsisdtotety
4. The iw?m is the set eteck
picks up the returning waves, simi
lar to a radio receiving set.
5. The indicator or the brains. is
the device which takes the toforma
twn gathered V the radio waves
and presents them to rte table teem.
The waves are transformed into
tight patterns an a radar screen. It .
may consist at one or mere cathode
ray tubes similar to the ones used
tor screen on a television set. On
this screen- appears a vitihle elec
tronic beam. Returning radar
waves cause the beam to deflect and
It is the pattern of deflection that
tells the story to the operator.
Weather forecasting has been add
ed to the scores of uses tar peace
time radio development. Prompt
and accurate weather information
is already being furnished through
radar installations at Wright held.
Ohio.
When used by pilots of commer
cial planes, all that la necessary la
for the pilot to push s switch
marked "weather," and he gets a
picture of advance cloud formations
on a special screen. Tracking
clouds i^tsed^of^a target, the j
This me of radar, it ia beta ??d.
rill result ia the mat at ?ba?
taada at fares areataHp. ia addattaa
o ^ property^ toaa caned bp Vtamaa
Oarm area. There ia am
Air md will ler i en ir aade whoa
riE pilots be aWe la nwi had
weather, hot they ail be aOtctmma
tir travel, bp doted nap wife caft
ptloc.
caused the tea at timaaiib at bee
n peace time.
caiy n peace, and its imlallUfai
been an important factor ia acoe
rate amine of jjn?-ran?sd metal
rues.
fuEy developed. While radar ?d te
~i at piares. there as sail a i a Bp
heat and rear at aB teeaea. Thde
Tte iinal raiue deshr e peaca
aridaiaiMBMh. ft to
j