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77iJ IGNORANT AND DEGRADED OF E VERY NA TIO.Y OR CLIME MUST BE ENLIGHTENED, BEFORE OUR EARTH CAN HAVE IIOAVR JJV THE UNIVERSE.'
irr
AM) IjU.UK 1.
GREEXSBOIiOUGII, N. C. SATURDAY, JULY 25, 1829.
NUiMUF.U io.
T! 1 1; GKffiNSIJOltOUUI I PATRIOT,
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. , WILLIAM SWAM,
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COMMUXIOd 770.VS
ft
".': fi'i't rrrnem'ier, if you mrim to irasr,
'!) firetx your fi'snt ivtth maUntxi and rune,'
Tor the (incirtborougft Patriot. -No.
II.
-Vt ;nH--Cj'n.K;: : In the proceeding number wc
taken iien rat v iew of o'ir obtaining a portion
it' k i.iw !t-l'e of temporal things, aiul a correct un
ei;.t!:(iiiiL; of our :oc;al duties, in order to tlie pro
: fi!ori ofoiir own and others' ha ppiris?. In this, we
will al?o take a view of the active principle etn
p!ovel in obtaining such knowledge, and of its opera
fio.is iii the human mind.
It m'tst be generally admitted, that the spirit of cn
c,.hi v is a gift of nature, and implanted in the human
tniud by the great authpr of all thin : if so, then
it must be acknowledged, that it was intended for
;re;t and noble purpose:, and not to be dormant and
motionless in the human breast. This disposition for
research this proueness to seek alter knowledge is
more or Ies observable in almost all classes of people;
jud is not confined alone to those in mature age nor
those of great talents, or much learning; but we see
men of but moji.erate capacities seeking after knowl-
d.:e ; and we see, also, 7even youth?, and children
de-'irin;; to know what they do not understand. The
.rj'irt. of enquiry is not only an inherent quality of the
li tmm intellect, and more or le prevails with alt
i.i Hikiiid ; but if traced down to its many and won
'derful "etU'ctf, will be found to be a very necessary
and tsen'.ial part of our mental faculties: for with
out tills, where would be the great and wonderful at
tainments in the arts and sciences, and in the knowl
edge and wisdom of this enlightened :ne Has not
tins, indeed, been the soisl-cnlivening spring tint has
operated m jwwerlully in many of our prtdeeesstirs,
and iu many of our cotcmporuries, as to cause them
to penetrate into the depths of human knowledge,
and from he dark (a'venis of ignorance, to bring up
to hiditaijd view the many volumes of important and
u-ef il instruction, that are now in the world ? Yes.
It i's the spirit of enquiry that has led the astronomer
v lock into the Starry Heavens, and view the won
derons work" of God. It was this that prompted him
to conceive the idea of a planetary slem, and sug
gested the reasonableness of the Sun's being placed in
the centre, and the several planetary orbs revolving
round him at their respective distances, and tin their
idated periods. It was this that demonstrated to him
that the stars (though little points to the naked eye)
are of immense magnitude, and immeasurable dis
tance from this earth ; and" are probably suns and lu
ininaries to other systems of worlds, and orders of be
ing'?, it was this great intellectual ."quality, that
taught him that the whole universe of created nature,
is of infinite extent, and unbounded to human eye
sight ; and that this little (jlobc, inhabited by many
thousands ot adam s race, and millions of other crca
tures, is but a very small inconsiderable point, in com
pa rison of the whole of God's creation. .
But to turn our observations from this grand and
majestic system of the universe, and confine them to
' -i ...i.i l .hi
; our own uuie spnere, wnai dui me spirit oi enquiry
has raised the skill in the VarioUi'mecnaniCal and lib
eral arts to such a magnificent height, as we find it ex-ists-jit
the present periods -It wai ".'irom this fruitful
source of action, stimulated perhaps by various mo
tives, that we now enjoy the advantages of so man)
great and noble pieces of workmanship in machinery
and architecture, as are in the world ; andlhat we de
rive so many new and useful inventions hi the various
branches of art, as are of late sought out. Fcom this
clastic principle of the human intellect, has indeed
emanated all the intelligence of artificial contrivance
that we now possess; and, perhaps, has been deteved
all the great improvements in the works of art, from
the period of the rudest inventions down to the pre
sent time. From this, agriculture has derived treat
1 .! 1 . A . O
soul. ly this, also the qualities and use of the inanc
were discovered, and navigation guided from pole to
pole. It is, indeed, by this that we acquire a scien
tific knowledge ol'the language we'speak, and it is by
the same principle of enquiry, that we arc enabled to
appropriate such know ledge to advantageous purposes
iu the allairs of human life. In many instances, we
are also Jed to. .reflect on n proper course of conduct
towards ourselves and towards others, and deduce
ju.-t conclusions therefrom, by the selfsame principle
of enquiry; and thus we are led to scrutinize more
actions and 'customs prevalent in in the world ; tra
cing them to the principles from whence they spring.
In the former number we have seen the necessity
of a certain portion of temporal knowledge, and its ad
vantages to mankind: and, also, thattheremust.be
some activ e agent in making such attainment. No
tlw vfu:-:f nf itinmri ciif:rft:f a lfutT uc Immrr that anrrit
as beitici the fundamental and moving principle of
the knowledge of men and things as the life-giving
and mainspring of the intellectual powers, which, if
sullicieutly encouraged and fostered, would put them
sll in due action. This must be evident, When we re
flect that we must first desire to know the truth and
enquire after it, before we are in a capacity to receive
it. And this very desire is the essence, or spirit of
euquii iiseu. : .vJ
v I would i icommend to .my 'fellow-citizens thd en
courag
edge; to obtain a correct knowledge of men s facul
T will cjosc tbis article with the following Query :
If Montesquieu's theory be a true one, how long can
ours exist Without a reformation? -'
T. GRACCHUS.
J'jr the Grecnsljorough Putiot.
Mr. Em ion : 1 confess 1 have formed my seuti
mcntS on mo-'t of the stil)jects? which have been of a
public nature: nor do I think this unworthy an Amer
ican who has a lire Government. Men who have
no sound wisdom or discretion, are ever ready to con
demn any decision of character as obtrusive, and of
fciuuve to Uujir delicacy. They conuot hear, with
any fatience, broad Scutch Irish.
Among other subjects of public investigation, as to
the lunatic establishment, 1 think il is not sufficiently
Icopispus to hold all those who are agitated with in-
5an.il. ineirare many amug us wno snouui 'at
helrebarc and sail to
What would a citi
zen of i!ind mind thiiik, were he led into the secret
of bur town worthie-: were he to come in upon them
and catch them al the very insane act of dam in with
their pwn sha-d i'v, or as a kitten plavs wi.l!i its tail,
'and thinks itself inthe act of cmciing ft monsd Yet
these are the men w!u are ever charging their neigh
bours,(of more wisdom and sound discretion, ofgrea
terage,,and more uuivfirsal reading than theuwlves)
will) uiadncs. there . is . nothing vvanti'ig to cure tlu-e
patit;Trt"of their t,MMpli4. bt to iApurl- Ihii Avniy),-.
Delaware and Raritan canal, in New-Jersey is 'JO
miles in longth ; and the Legislature of i'ennsylvania;
in granting permission to the company w hich has un
dertaken this work, to supply a feeder out of the river
Delaware, hive annaxed "a condition that a canal
shall, in the opinion of (he United States board of en
gineers, sufficiently correspond with the Chesapeake
uud Delaware canal.
This, il is supposed, will require the canal to be
eight feet deep, so as to be navigable for bay vt-sscls
and not to interrupt the noble line of interior navi
gation contemplated to run parallel to the coast for so
great a distance.
Pennsylvania. The canals either actually under
taken or projected in this state, extend to every river.
In 1792, Schuylkill and Susquehannah navigation
commenced ; now open, l.'Vja. 1T'J:5, Delaware and
Schuylkill abandoned; 11 10, Schuylkill, now lUJi!,
nearly complete; 1821, Uniou canal from the Schuyl
kill to the Susquehanna by the Tulpebocken and
Swatara, open, and completely navigable April jt
l.SJa; Lehigh navigation by White and Hazard, from
the Delaware at Easton to Mauch Chunk, nearly, if
not altogether complete. A great chain of inland
navigation to unite the Ohio to the Sjsqtichunuah, is
in progress.
Del.vw a it i: and Maryland.. The great thouirh .
comparatively short canal, called uTbo Chesapeake.
-Hd -J Mh wrt,:aii!V..t.4iite...hesijv.lvvo bavs. wj
toms of it. to the nubhc and this act would be a nm I . -u i?-,7. 1-770 .x ......
ties, as well as to know the true limits of his powers: 'nnMi hhi.irr rn cnriHv. who :we iofted with fb.se LA.. 1 ,t.: " r .... 1. ..') ....... '.'.nV-rrm.
. . . . I , , , , - . . 1 ;i - iimur, in 1 1 ll'M 1 11 1 1; i n mm nii i.i millil Willll II 1 1 11 1 I (JJ
iehWemen ! rnmrattf
1. ....... ....... ' j ' inv,
CiMJiilrv ' wftHr vn rmnmiMirpH hu rltriii utiwwl t.O'v Yr
I -itiv revived and new board organized, lu.'i; canal
.... .
-1
and also to" have x gcncrat-tnoviedgcri)f -aTt-and-sct--;' serf-thlpoWiHrt -mt)nev-made-or lawMnadegei
ence and the works of nature c. so far as is nccessry . fo- il,,. tutxinm vntmurs of our villages and
for our own benefit, our usefulness toothers,- and the towns nrod.uv nnuv nalients of this description, t
proper regulation of our conduct in the world. When the nuisance of botli town and country. The people
the rising -erm of this faculty appears in the youthful ,nvc witnessed them about the house of justice,
mind, let-it not be suppressed and Smothered down, .Competition in Clei k-biis and Law'shins and Doc-
nor nipped by the frost of disippointmetit ; but, ra- tor.,lnps, is a sufficient excitemi at to set these vermin
ther let it be fostered, and a proper turn given to its to work, Oae ..yumtom of'rcat importance in tlie
iuwiu, in n u mi-iii s.jooi out in a rigni mrecuon.
Yea, 1 would most ardently recommend forthe )oong
to seek after useful knowledge, in order that they
might be diverted from that which is evil, and be
made serviceable members of society. Although I
am a sincere devotee to the study of literature, and
general knowledge of art and science, and of those
subject that relate to the uecesssary illairs of life, as
also, oflhose that are intimately connected with the
good and permanent happiness of the community, and
indeed the world at l.u e ; and do mo.-t aidently desire
my fellow-citizens lo enq jiie deeply into ;ltese thing,
and esoeriallv to em n'ir;i.r(. il,.. I
l . . v . .......... . ..vtl I. U J'vlIJ f 11111.711 llt.
iouth of our day ; yet, 1 am far l'rca.i.i Jeli':'. i.ng . that a
proper regulation of our conduct oujlit chi ily to de
pend on more liuman a quocii,.'nts ; 4ul, thiil lnunai
acquirements may be made Mil.-en tent to good pur
poses under the influence of reason and re!crion. or
and the final route chosen.
as .viurry exprcs'.eo it, loi y ma v
maids to virtue.'"
be
ioaue
lo "ila:.d-
E.N'QL'IRLPt.
Mr.. Svvaim
For tin C itinboroiu'li Patriot.
Montesouieu. in .eakiii! of the dif-
1 " ' I
history of their complaints, is the accumulation of
wind ; which is ever di- h u ;iug itself through all their
actions and even word-, in the faces of their fellow
citizens, and upon even peaceable men, who hail ne
ver given the smallest cause of such vapouring I
say, should not such men (the productions of miasm
and faif) cat hellebon I feel mye!f able to cure
them, if they, would but report their cases fairly, and
("it !uici:s tu their slradows, and sporting with their
taiJe;for t!n- self-importance i- the worst symptom of
tlu-ir m tl.elv. This m.iv serve for the present, but
more and pi ii?;er Scotch- Irish sha.ll be at. hand if
needed, k,r rhese )oiite, learned and dignified town
main;ic,ks ,u h) have nev er once had their snouts be
yond litv ii- own turajin shell to looLabroad, indepen
dent ol.tliir lucre but for defence of themselves
.-Jiaice t he. in juev at voti and strut on as urkei
TIMOTHY 0UUN
'H
SELECTED.
advantages by implements of husbandry , and rnanne
of tillage. Ibis has given rise to manufactories of
every kind ; and taught the labourer in all occui-a-'
timv-to work-vv it b kill mxi -moinV'j'"'6ctentr!ie-knowledge,
in ajlits varieties, has been no less aug
mented bythc operations ofthis principle, than artifi
cial. . Gcografihy as well as Astronomy, Philosophy
and Mathematics, and all other branches of J iieraturc
have received their. advantages, as well as derived
their cjtistencQ from this moving spring of the hitman
lerent forma oi Government, say;,, For a Republican
form, virtue is and must he the basis: for a Monar
chal or Aaristocratical form, honoris and niu.st be the
basis : for a Despotic form, the fear which the sub
jects are kept under, is and must be the basis."
If MonlesiiuuMrs theory be correct, il is time for
every true patriot in this country to be aroused. Po
litical virtue seems to be banished from our land, and
its place usurped by ambition. To seeTlic means re-.
soi led to, by those who aie candidates for posts and
ollices under Government, is alarming to any man of
reflection, w ho has the good of his country at heart
means of which they themselves must ic ashamed,
if they have any sense of virtue left. Rut in excuse
to themselve and others, they say that it is indispen-
saoie, aim mat no man can succeed in his election
without them 1 mean the practice of treating the
people with "good liquor." My honest friends, pause
a moment, and reflect you are sapping the foundation
of that Constitution which, if elected to the place you
desire, you will be sworn to defend; that vou are
murdering the liberties for which your fathers fought
and bled ; that you are destroying the morals of vour
fell6w-citi2cns, or at least a considerable portion of
them, and rapidly bringing them to the level tf beasts
and savages.
What man who has any sense of propriety himself
or respect for il in others, will become a candidate un
der such circumstances? Therefore the reins of Gov
ernment will most likely fall into the hands of knavjwi,
or men who are entirely careless of their duties
I next appeal to the voters for olliceis, assembly
men &c. How can you brook the indignity of it
". I ml 'it i i" sji
comfdaint, and almost irur.
.- bring Jorlt nothing rte.i'.
CANALS Or THE UNITED STATES.
Canals in the United Stales commenced iu Massa
chusetts. ' The company formed to roust met, what
is called the Middlesex canal, was incorporated l7b"J:
commenced the work 1790, length, JO .5-1 miles, an
entire fall 107, by blocks ; 2 1 feci wide with four fee! ! constitute together, a chain of unequalled important!
r. uies s on after mi j eu i
.January, 1 !4 ; work began April lo, IB.'i, route
commercing on the Delaware, and thence by Sf.
(code's creek of Delaware, and back Creek of Che
sapi ake ; the canal i to be ivtv feet wide at the wa
ter line, thirty six al bottom, eight feet deep, le?s tha;i
11 miles long, and lined with stone.
ikgiua am) NoiiTu-C.vaoi.iA. have an infer,
romimniicating canal through -Noif.dk county of 'he
former, and Cmdeii county of the latter, called, "The
D;mal Swamp Canal i!iis canal admits water of
seven feel draught, and iim 75 to 90 tons: it is 22
1-1 mile iu length. In those fwo states, except some
minor operation on some of the ri vers, canal projects
remain unalienated.
Soi tu-Caroliva. Sanfce and Cooper river canal
h (vvenlv-two 'miles iu length, uuiliog banlee and
Cooper river. The ground rises from Santee, by an
ascent of ,j feet to the summit level bv four locks ;
towards Coopt r rfverthe deseent is (i6 leet, which i
overcome by nine locks locks tiU by 10 feet ; top
waler hue .5.5, and bottom 'JO, 'with four feet water,
navigated by small vessels ot lucntv tuns.
Louisiana is the. first stale southward, and south
westvvard of Soutii-Catolma, where any cai.als wor
thy of notice have been executed, and in I..ui.;ai:at
tin; "mall canal Caroudclet, i the oulv vvoik of the
kind deserving attention. It cvtci. 11 I-'2 miles
I from Bayou St. John, into a basin dirrctlv in the rear
of the city of New Orleans ; ij about 30 feet wide,
and four in depth, without locks, as by it the tide ilows
into the b;isiu.
Uuio. This newly populated state is now prose
cuting a line of inland nav igation, which, when com
..L.ti.i ..;u ii,.. rC x ;u ;,. i.e-
i ill I I I .11 ...iii VI 1 auu LL'il.lltri.i,
man s supposing he can buy your vote with a drink
of grog ? and I will simply ask in what other light you
can view a candidate's treat; for 1 have heard it re
peatedly asserted by some of the ruling characters of
the county that a man cannot be elected to the General
Assembly from this county unless he docs treat
the people with.ugood liquor.11 Those who have
never thought oflhce things I would have them to
remember the fable of the faithful dog, whose mouth
the robbers souirht to stoo with a niece ofhrrsd.
O 1 1 . w . -,
while tlvcy broke open his master's house; "no no"
says he, "for while I would be eating it you would
rob the house and get clear off.'1 I would have vou.
aW-emeibh-eamp
Gen. lieed, President of Congress, in time of the
Hevolutionary War, when the Commissioners of the
Ministry of Great Britain threw but a bait f ten thou
sand guineas to swervehim from his duty ; he replied,
"Gentlemen, I am poor, very poor, but your King; is
not rich enough to buy me !" . . ...
water.
In Connecticut, canal operations have been mostly
confined to the melioration of t ,mec'icut iier,
which has hern so much improved as to admit vessels
of considerable, tonage to ascend to, and decern! from
the Fifteen Mile falls, 2.Q miles above the mouth.
Thegrealest, however, of all works ofthis nature,
yet executed in America, are two great canals of New
York. Tli; western canal from the Hudson river lo
Lake Eric, was first suggested by Gouvernetir Morris,
about 180 5 ; surveys were directed by a resolution of
tlie Legislature of New-Yprk in furtherance ofthis
project, 1300 ; fii-sl board of commissioners organized,
1310, consisting of Gouvernetir Morris, Stephen Van
Renssalear, De Will Clinton, Simeon De Witt, Wil
liam North, Thomas Eddy, and Peter B. Poller.
Law authorising the actual survey of the ground, pas
sed April 17th, 181G ; this great work was commen
ced, July 4th, 1817 ; completed and the water of Lake
Erie let into it, October f2Cth, 1 15 25 ; employing b'
years and 1 44 day. The completion of the northern,
or Lake Chatnplain canal preceded that of Erie, and
both taken together ! nnsummate Jjie inland communi
cation between the G rtat -iTay of Hudson, and the ba
sin of St. Lawrence.
,i Canal Ucvi.m.'K. The amount of toll collected
on tlie Erie and Champlain canals, for the past year,
amounts to .!5j9,Oo!5 4:5. The amount collected in
li2'j, was $70 2,003 6' showing an increase of $97,
Ool Thv aggregate of 1 1527, is 9,000 more than
the estimate of ihc commissioners of the canal board,
and $1 1,000 les than that of tlie canal commission
ers. :
A surplus of 100, more or less, after discharging
the interest of the canal debt, is therefore left to be'
applied to paying salaries, repairs, Lc. after which
diere is still a large balance to be appropriated either
to the extinguishment of the debt, or to works of pub
lic utility.
. ItiesJima canals iiidepei,l Liverpool and Manchester rail- w
dent of tlie income alrcady'llcfivcttailfi thprn'rxfnuslruf tion.
feeding the interest on the cost by 2 1-2 per cent,
jiave increased the, property of the stale, to the value
i)fa hundred million of dollers. '
. New J KRStY. In this state two canals are in pro
gress to unite the Delawafe and N. York bays.' The
1 be water ot tlie Ureat Jlinini was let into a sec
tion of this canal on March loth, and the navigation
opened from that river ta the citv of Cincinnati on the
17th, !!5J8.
Rail Boads. Bail roads first used near Newcas
tle upon Ty ne, about 1650'voodeii rails, four to
eight inches squair, resting lipon-tratisv erse sleepers,
two feet a pari, win' in use for many years, when
rails of tin; same description, covered with thin plates
of iron wi re substituted. The usual load for one
horse on rail roads of his description, was forty-two
cwt. Woolen rails in pretty general use, to facilitate
mining operations prior t the year 1760. Train
roads, with rails of cast iron, first introduced at Cole-brook-dale
iron works, at the instance of Mr. Bcy
nolds, in 1767 ; at the Sheffield colliery in 1776. .
Stone props, for the support of the rails substituted
for limber 1797, at Newcastle upon Tyne. .Edge
rails were brought into use by Mr. .lessop in 1709, at ,
Loughborough. Malleable iron edge rails adopted at;
Newcastle in" 1 306, and at Pindalq IVll in 1 008. The
improved malleable edge rail now in use, was inven
ted by Mr. I'iikiusaw, in 1820. A locomotive en
gine propelled by steam, was employed for the (irt
lime on the Me'thy Tydvil rail road, in Wales, in
U;0i. Bleu
rtllisops
locomotive engine, which oper
ated by means ot cog-whtrls and rack-rails, was in
vented and applied to the Leeds rail road in 1811.
But the locomotive engine that has gained the great
est reputation, and .been most gem-rally adopted is
that invented by Mr. George Stevenson, in K5M.
Tins engine has undergone a variety of improvements
since that time, and is deemed more efficient than
any of its predecessors.
The only rail roads in the island of Great Britain
designed for general use or reciprocal transportation,
are the Surrey, commenced in 1804, which is a train
road ; the Stockton and Darlington, completed in
1 82(5, on which edge rails are employed; aid lie
ay, now in progress
The only considerable rail 'toads in the United
States, already in iuccessfiirpperatiiuk, are . the .Qmn
cy, near Boston, Mass. 3 tfiiles long, and the Man Ii
Chunk rail road, on the river 'Lehinb, about i.i ,e
miles long.
These were constructed for the purpose
31