THE IIlllIIGil "KNOWLEDGE IS IN EVEIiY COUNTRY, THE SUREST BASIS OF PUBLIC HAPPINESS." Washington. Editor & Proprietor, N E W T E R M S run li:;coln republican TERMS OF rUIJLICATIOX. The Liscdlv Ki:pciilicax is publiahej every yil'liursuny at ? oO, if paid in advance, or 3 i! jiaviiM-r.tlic delayed three months. .No suas-riHon received lor a less term than ' welve. months. Xo ia;er will be discontinued hut at the option of 'the Editor, until all arrearages are paid. A failure to order a discontinuance, will he con sidered a new engagement. TERMS OF ADVERTISING. AnVKRTisr.MKXTS will he inserted conspicuously for SI 00 per square for the first insertion, and 25 cents for each continuance. Court and Judicial advertisements will he chargeJ 23 per cent more than the above prices. A deducion of 331 per cent from the regular prices will Le made to yearly advertisers. The number of insertions must be noted on the manuscript, or they will be charged until a discon tinuance is ordered. TO CORRESPONDENTS. To insure prompt attention to Letters addressed to the Editor, the postage should in all cases Lc Paid From the Microcosm. A WORD TO PAKE NTS ON EDU CATION. The notion is too generally prevalent Among parents that children should be sent 1o school before they can speak distinctly or even before they are fairly out of the nursery. The little creature is posted off to the teacher -its brain is vexed with hex agons and parallelograms and if its mind lo not embrace and retain at a glance eve TV complicated principle of science, the knowing ones .-ire quick lo call it a dunce the parent is discouraged the teacher frets aiid appears to be sorry w hen, in fict, heoftei: knows the tiselessucss of the task, be is attempting and thu chin! either lrags itself through a course of studies or i-s takeu from school and is phu?d as a forlor" hope in a shop or behind the counter. Now this is wrong. Let the children play when they ought to play. Do not 'hope or attempt to make men or women of thetn too soon. Their minds, to a certain extent, are too weak to receive instruction or if strong enough are diverted from "their studies by the novel things of nature, and of the world. Do not suppose any child a d-.ince because it rejects its books or even because it seems dull and devoid of perception. In our boyhood days we are interested by a thousand objects which lose their novelty when we attain m&turer age. We love the things of nature we delight to stray by the banks of stream? to construct our mimic darns to 'bathe in the cooling i'yods or lo pluck trie fl-iw-rrs that bend over the waters. We look with emotions of astonishment upon the mountain we reason in our minds about houses and woods r.tid fh'lds and even our y on mi imaginations gu forth among the tlells and rocks ami caverns of the woods, and we exult w hen we hear the wind whis tle above the rustled grass or roar in ad vance of the cominir tempest. From eacli and all of these objects, and from a thou - sand more, the young mind learns much treasures op innch because they address themselves to nature because they stand out to its view and the memories of these things never fade from the mind. In more advanced life, they embellish the imagina tion and by the power of association, strengthen and correct the judgment. There is something so noble in the follow ing lines that we transcribe them for the benefit of those parents who are so exact 0Od rigid as to frown down the laugh and ehoutofyouth,as wanton and mischievous : "There's something in a noble boy, A brave, free-hearted, careless one, With his unchecked, unbidden joy. His dread of books and love of fun, And in his clear and ready smile Unshaded by a thought of guile And unexpressed by sadness, Which brings me to my childhood back, As if I trotl its very track, And felt its very gladness." But when the time for merriment and the hours which brought to the child's mind charm and novelty have pased away then begin to give it instruction. Like a Howcr-eed thrown into a benificent soil, it will grow and expand and spread its beauties to the eye. Health, secured by eucli a course, will render evcrv physical labor easy, and support the hotly under ev ery effort of the mind. . "Let children have their play nut." Let them be chil dren when they ought to be children and bo assured, if properly managed afterwards, they will be men and noble men, in due season. If this course were adopted uni versally, we should hear fewer complaints against good teachers bad teachers would be thrown aside as useless lumber and our children would no longer be obnoxious to the charges of i-norauce, imbecility, or stupidity. TIVESTY-SIXTH COX G HE Si, FIRST SESSION. IN SENATE, Friday. January 3, 1810 Mr. Clay of Kentucky gave notice, that to-morrow he would ask leave to introduce a bill in relation to copy rights. Mr. Clay stated that he regretted that he was detained by indisposition this morning, and prevented' from being present when ihe bill was introduced by the .Senator from South Carolina QMr. Calhoun for eding the public lands to certain States within which they are situated. lie had wished to suggest some other reference of it than to the Committee on the Public Lands; but, uidess some Senator would move a re consideration of the order orieference to that committee, he could not oiFtr the suggestion on which he ished to make. Mr. Southard then moved the reconsid eration. Air. Calhoun remarked that he hoped the Senate would not agree to the motion, unless some good reasou should be assign ed w hy the bill should not be refered to the Committee on the Public Lands. It was the appropriate committee, and the bill re ferred itself to it as a matter of course, un less there should be some specific and suf ficient objection. Mr. Clay said he was indifierent as to the disposition of the matter, but, as the Committee was constituted, four of iis five members were fioui the new States. He meant to offer no disrespect lo them, but Uvt iiin-t sny that this wasa measurs which, disguised as it may be, and colorable as its provisions were, was, in effect, a douaiion of upwards of one hundred millions of a res of the common properly of all the Slates of this Union lo particular Stales, lie did not think it riht thai such a meas ure ehould be committed to the hands of Senators exclusively representing the do nees. He thought that a committee ought to be constituted in which the old States sh.iuld have a fuller and fairer representa tion. We should at least preserve the de corum of legislation, and not violate the decencies of justice. Whilst up, Mr. Clay wonM be glad to bam w hether the administration is in favor of or hirainst the measure, or stands neutral and uncommitted, this inquiry he should not make, if the recent relations, between the Senator who introduced this bill and the head of that administration, continued to exist, but rumors, of which the city, the circles, an I the press are lull, assert that those-relalions are eniirely changed, and have, within a few days, been substituted by others of an intimate, friendly, and con fidential nature. And shortly after the time when this new state of things is alleged to have taken place, the Senator gave notice of his intention to move to 'introduce this bill. W hether this motion has not any connonec.tioti with that .adjustment of for mer differences, the public would, be had no doubt, be ,lad to know. At all events, it is important to know in what relation of support, opposition or neutrality, the ad ministration actually stands lo this momen- l i . IS I tons measure; ami neir. v.; uppueu that the Senator from South Carolina, or some othpr Senator, could communicate the desired information. Mr. Calhoun replied, that this was not the'propc-r occasion lo discuss the merits of the bill; but if it were, the task would be an easy one, to show that the Senator had most erroneously characterized it. The question at issue is on the reference, and he must express his surprise at the reason assigned by the Senator why it should not be re fe i red to the committee to which it had been. His reason is that the commit tee wa?, for the most part, composed of members from the new States, and who would, therefore, be too favorable to the bill. . No one knew better than the Senator that all bdis should be referred to committees lavorable to them. There is no principle better established in the parliamentary code. It follows, that the very reason he has assigned fir not making the reference, is the strongest to prove that it should be made. Hut the Senator did not limit himself to objections lo the reference. . lie introdu ced other and extraneous personal matter; and abked whether the bill had the sanction of the Executive, assigning as a reason for his inquiry, thai, if rumor was to be credi ted a change of personal relation had taken place between the President and myself within the last few days. He (Mr. C.) would appeal to the Senate w hether it was orous or proper that his personal rela :ons should be drawn in question here. Whether he should establish or suspend personal relations with the President or any other person, is a private and personal concern, w hich belongs to him individually to determine on the propt ietv, without con sulting any one, much less" the Senaior. It ws none of his concern, and he has uo right to question me ia relation lo it. ; Hut the Senator assumes that a change in my personal relations involves a change of pol tical position; and it is on ttat he lounds his right to make thj inquiry. Us judges, doubtless, by his own experience;, but I would have him lo understand, said Mr. C. that w hat may be true in his own case on the memorable occasion, is not true in mine. His political course maybe governed by personal considerations, but, mine; I trust is governed, strictly by my principles, and is not at all under the con trol of my attachments or eumities. Whether the PruLlent is personally my friend or enemy, has no intiuence over me in the discharge of my " duties us, I trust, my course has abundantly proved. Mr. C. concluded by saying, that he felt that these were improper topics to introduce here and that he had passed over them as briefly as possible. Mr ('lay wished it to be iindeastood, thai his objections were not brcau&e the committee w as composed of a majority who were friends of the measure, but that a majority were fro it. the New States, who were deeply interested and that litis major ity were to judge of the terms on winch they would receive this majnilieient dona tion, lie contented that his question, as to whether ibis was an Administration measure or not, was a proper one, as it was important for the public information. He again referred to the rumors of Mr. Cal houn's new relations with the President, and supposed from ihe declarations of the Senator, that these rumors were true; and that his support, if not pledge, was at least promised '-ondilionally lo the Administra tion. Was it of no importance to ihe pub lic to leain that those pledges and com promises had beeu entered into? that' iho distinguished Senator had made his bow ia court, kissed the hai.d f ;'ae monarch, was taken in favor, and agreed henceforth to support bis edict! Mr. Calhoun said the Senator had spo ken much of pledges, understandings, and political promises, aud sudden change of personal relations. He (said Mr. C) is much more experienced in such things titan I am. If my memory serves me, and if rumors are trJ be trusted, the Senator had a grpat deal to do with such things, in connec tion with a distinguished citizen, now of the other House; aud it is not all surprising, from his experience then, in his own case, that he should not be indisposed to believe similar rumors of another now. Hut wheth er his sudden change of personal relations then, from bitter enmity to the most confi dential friendship with that citizen, was preceded by pledges, understandings, and political compromises on the part of one or both, it is noi for me to say. The coun try has long since passed on that. Uut, said Mr. C. I will assure the Sena tor, if thera were pledges in his case there were none in mine. I have terminated my loug suspended personal intercouse with the President, withont the slightest pledge understanding, or compromise, on cither side. wouid be the last to receive or ex act such. The transition from their former to their present personal relation was easy and natural, requiring nothing of the kind. It gives me pleasure to say, thus openly, that I have approved of all the leading meas ures of the President, since he took the Executive chair, simply because they ac cord with the principles and policy on which 1 have long acted, and ofu-n openly avowed. i ne mange men in our person al relations, had simply followed thai of our political. Nor was it made suddenly, as the Senators charges. So far from 't, more than two years have elapsed since 1 gave a decided support to the leading measure of the Executive ,and on which almost all oth ers since have turned. This long interval was permitted to pass, in otder that his acts might give assurance whether there was a coincidence between our political views as to principles on which the Gov ernment should be administ'Tcd, before our personal relations should be changed. I deemed it due to both thus long to delay the change, among other reasons to dis countenance such idle rumors as the Sena tor alludes to. That his political course be judged (said M r. Calhoun) by . the ob- jjec: he hau in view, ami not the suspicion anil jeaiousiy oi tus political opponents, oe would repeat what he had said, at the last session, was his object. It is, said he, tn obliterate all those measures which had ori ginated in ihe national consolidation school of politics, and especially the Senator's fa mous American system, which he believed to be hostile to the Constitution and ihe genius of our political system, and. the real source of all the disorders and dangers to which ihe country was, or had .been,.- su')" ject. This done, he was for .giving ihu Goyerhmrnt a fresh departure, in the direc tion in which Jefferson ami bis associates would give, were they now alive and ai the helm'. lie stood where he had always stood, on ihe old Slate Rights ground. He chaug of personal relation, which gave so much concern to the Senator, so far from involving any change in his principles or doctrines grew out of them. Mr. Clay said he had understood the Set v:r as felicitating himself on tne oppor tunity which had now been afforded him by Mr. C. of defining once more his politi cal position, and Mr. C. must say that he had defined it very clearly, and had appa rently given it a definition. The Senator now declared that all the leading measures of the present Administration hail met his approbation, and should receive his support II turned out, then, that the rumor to which Mr. C. had alluded was true, and that the Senator from South' Carolina might b hereafter, regarded as a suppoiter of this Ad ministration, since he had declared that all his leading measures were approved by him, and should have his support. - As lo ihe allusion which the Senator from South Carolina had made in regard to Mr. C's support of the head of another Administration, (Mr. Adams,) it occasioned Mr. C. no pain whatever. It was an old story, which had long been sunk in obli vion, except when the Senator and a fv others thought proper in bring it up. 15ut what were the facts of that case? Mr. C. was then a member of the House of Repre sentatives, to whom three persons had been returned, from whom it was the duty of the house to make a selection for the Presidency. As to one of those three candidates, he was known lo be in an unfortunate condition, in which no one sympathized with him more than did Mr. C. Certainly the Senaior from South Carolina did not. Ttiat gentle man was therefore out of (he. question as a candidate for the Chief Magistracy; and Mr. C. had consequently the only alterna tive of the illustrious individual at the Her mitage, or of the man who was now dis tinguished in the House of Representatives, aud who had held so many places with honor to himself, and benefit to ihe country. And if there was any truth in history, the choice which Mr. C. then made was pre cKUy the choice which ths Senator ;'rotn S'ith Carolina had urged upon his friends. The Senator himself had declared his pre ference of Adams to Jackson. Mr. C. made the same choice; and his constiiuems had approved il from that day to this, and woald to enleriiity. History would ratify and appove it. Let the Senator from South Carolina make any thing out of that part of Mr. C's public career if he could. Mr. C. defied him. The Senator had alluled to Mr. C. as the advocate of compromise. Certainly he was. This Government itself, to a great extent, was lounded and rested on eompro msse ; and lo ihe particular compromise to which allusion had been made, Mr. C. thought no man ought to be more grateful for it than the Senator from Carolina. Hot for thai compromise, Mr. C. was not at all confident that he would have row had the honor to" meet :hat Senator face to face in this national Capitol. The Senator had said that his own posi tion was that of State Rights. But what was the character of this bill? It was a bill to strip seventeen of the States of their rightful inheritance ; to sell it all for a mess of pottagp ; to surrender it for a trifle a mere nominal sum. The bill was, in elTVcl, an attempt to strip and rob seventeen Slates of this Union of iheir property, and assign it over to some eight or nine 4f the State?. If this was what the Senator called vindi. eating the rights- f the Slate?, Mr. C. prayed God lo deliver us from all sueh rights and all such advocates. Mr. CALHOUN said, that he would not be forced, at this stage, into a disussion on the merits of the bill ; but when the pro per time arrived, he would show that the Senator was entirely mistaken as-to it? character, in supposing it made a gift of the public lands to the Slates in which they lav. So far otherwise, it secured one-half of the whole of the gross proceeds of the States to ihe Government, throwing the whole burden and expense of administra lion on the new States. He would not be surprised, if, on a fair statement of the ac count, the .Government would recieve as much, uuder the bill, as under the present system. It was, besides, not only consist ent with Slate Rights, but grew out of them; w hile, at the same lime, verily believed the measure was essential to the peace and harmony of tVie Union. The Senator has said, Mr. President, that I of all men, ought to be grateful to him for the compromise act." -Mr. Clay. I did not say "to me." The Senator claims to be the author of that measure, and, of course, if there be any gratitude due, it must ?e to him. 1, said Mr. Calhoun, made no allusion t thai act, ; but as me Senator has thought proper to reier u it, ana claim my gramuuf . i, in turn, now tell him I feel not the least grati tude towards . him for it. The mersure was necessary to save the Senator political ly ; and as be has alluded to the subject, both on this and on a firmer occaion; i feel t. i . i i . -i.. - . i j uvs'uuu to exp.it;: w;;ut ji.ij'U u.wci v in; have been' left in ohhvion. The Senaior was then compelled to compromise to save himself.. Events had placed him llal en his back, and . he had iu way to recover himself but by the compromise. . This is no after thought. .1 wrote ui-re than half a dozen of loiters homo at thetiu.e to thai ef fect. I shall now explain. - : - W hen a minority forces a dominant ma jority, (which has, converted power into an instrument of" oppression,) by Siate inter position, or nullification, if A'ou (dftase, to lake that by force w hich i'ty bad taken un der rotor of law;" those who receive the least share of the spoils, will noi be dis posed to resort to the hazard of force. Sucli was ihe case of ihe Senator's constit uents. They received, under his Ameri can system, a miserable pittance, or r.ither no pittance at all; and he Would have found it a difficult tusk to bring them to sustain his system by force, as he must have clear ly seen. s Rut this was not the only, or even the principal difficulty wiih him. The procla mation and message of Gen. Jackson ne cessarily rallied around him all the stead fast friends , of the Senator's system. They withdrew their allegiance at once from him and transferred it to Gen Jackson. The Senator was thus left in the most hopeless conditioni with -no more weight with his former partisans than this sheet of paper, (raising a sheet fiom his desk.) This is noi all. The position which Gen. Jackson had assumed, necessarily attracted towards him a distinguished Senator from Ms.a chnsellss, not now here, Mf. Webster. who, it is clear, would have reaped all the political honors and advantages of the sys tem, had ihe. contest come to blows These causes made the political condition of the Senator truly forlorn at ihe time. On him rested all the responsibility, as the author of the system: while all the power and influence it gave, had passed into the hands of oilier. Compromise was the only means of extrication. He was thus forced by the action of the State which I in part represent against his system, by my counsel lo compromise, in order to save himself. 1 had the mastery over him on the occasion. I have never taken any ere dit for itvv agency in the comproir.:se act. 1 claim a higher that of compelling the compromisefand I would have dictated my terms, which was lo allow to the year 1840 for ihe redaction, taking offoue-seveuih an nually of ail duties above fifteen per cent had not circumstances, not proper to explain here, prevented it. My colleague knows, I believe, to what I allude, though I am not certain. I never contemplated a sudden re duelion of duties; 1 knew it would be ruin ous. 1 never desired to destroy the manu factures, and at no time contemplated a ful reduction under six or seven years. Rut although I feel none of that gratitude the Senator claims, yet I am willing to ac knowledge that he is not without merit for his course on the occasion. It was some thing to serve the country, though it was neccessary to save himself from political rmn. 1 accordingly conceded to huu cheer fully the sagacity of seeing what win ne cessary to himself, and ihe skill and judg ment with which he united it wilh a meas ure highly beneficial to the country. Hut his course on this and another memorable occassion has cancelled what claims lie mav have had on me, and, I might add, on the State 1 represent, and the whole South. Mr. CLAY was sorry to be obliged to prolong this discussion; but the remarks of the Senator frotn South Carolina rendered il necessary to add a few remarks in vindi cation of himself. He made no allusion, he said, to the compromise bill,titl it was done by the Senator from South Carolina himself; lie made no reference to the events of 18"i5 until the Senator himself had set him ihe example; an 1 he had not in - the slightest and. the most distant manner al luded to Nullification until after the Sena tor himself himself had called it up. The Senator ought nit to have introduced that subject especially when he had gone over lo the autliors of the force hill and the proc lamation. The Senator from Sooth Caro lina said that he (Mr. C.) was flat on his back, and that he was my mastei. Sir, I would not own him as my' slave. He my master ! and I compelled by him! And,' as if it were impossible to go far enough'in one paragraph, he refer to cer tain letters of his own lo prove that I was flat on my back ! and, that 1 w as riot only on my back, but another Senator and the. President had robbed rre ! I was flat on my backand unable to do any tiling but what the Senator from SojUi Carolina permuted me to'ilo ! .'"'.. Why, sir, (said Mr. C ) I gloried in n-y strength, and was compelled l; introduce the 'compromise', bill; and compelled, too, by the Senator, not in consequence of the weakness, hut of the strength, of my p s' lion. If ifwss ; possible fr.-. the .Sei.a'or from South Carolina to intr'odm v. ('!'.; para graph without fhowing the f-ptom ff his character, he would nt no acknowledge tint he wrote letters home to show that he (Mr. C.) was flat -n his ba'-U, while I e was indebted to him fr that nifra-t:rt: which relieved him from the difficulties. i:i which he was involved. Now, w-hai was the history of the case! Flat is he.-v;.s cu his back, Mr. C slid he was able to. pro - :'-, (luce that compromise,- and to carry il, .' through the Senate, i i opposition to tlm most strenuous exertions of the gentleman who, the Sen tor from South Corolina -said, had supplanted him, and in spite.of his deurininfd and unceasing opposton. There was (said Mr. C.),a sort of necessi ty operating on me iu compel me to intro duce that measure. No necessity of a personal character influenced him; but con- -sidcratious itivoling ihe interests, ll.a pt'ace " a n.l harmony of the whole couiitty. as well as of ihe State of South Carolina, directed him in the course he pursued. He aw the condhion of the Senator from.. South Carolina and that of his friends; he saw. ihe condilio:i to which he had ted need the gaiUnl little Slate of South Carolina y his unwise and dangerous measures; he saw,; loo, that we wtre on ihe eve of a civil war; and he wished lo save the effusion of blood ihe blood of our own feilow-citizens. That w as one reason why he introduced ihe . compromise bill. There w as another reason that powei lu.ly operated on him. 1 lie very imetesi that the tarifflaws were enacr ed to protect so grtat was the power of the then Chief - Magistrate, and m rapidly was that power, increasing -was in danger of being swept away eniirely, and proba bly at the next session ot Congress, by tin . tremendous power of the individual who then filled the Executive chair, and he felt lint the greatest service that he could ren - der it, would be to obtain for it "a lease for a term of years," to use an expression that had been heretofore applied to tha , compromise bill. He saw the necessity that existe I lo save the protective system front the danger .which threatened it. Ho saw the necessity to advance the great in terests of the nation, I. avt rt civil war, and restore peace and harmony to a dis traded and divided country; and it wa therefore that he had brought forward thij measure. The Senator from South Caro lina, to betray still further and more strik ingly the characteristics which belonged lt . him, said, that in consequence of his (Mr. C's) remarks this very iay, all obligation towards him on ihe part of himself, fMr. ' Calhoua-3 of the State of South Carolina; and the whole Souta, were called. And what right hand in Senator to get op and assume to hpeak of me whole South, . or even of oliiIi Carolina herself. If he was not mistaken in hi judgment of the political signs ol the limes, and if tho information which came to him was to be r relied on, a day would come, aud that not very distant fciiher, when the Senator would not dare to to rise in his place and , . presume to speak as he had this day done, as the organ of the gallaut people of the Slate he represented. As to cancelmetit of obligalions, he was not one of thoie look ing out to see what would ensue , to him in ; consequence of thorn; but he contended himself with having performed his duty to the best of his ability, and that w as tho. highest roward that Ins ambition ever aim- ; ed at. His race was nearly ran run by the course of nature run, if yoa: please, . by the course of political events;: and tie haj nothing to ask for from South Caroli na, the South at large, or the whole' coun try nothing. Bat he should go, v.-hen ho ciiose to do so, into retirement, with a con sciousness, that, during the period of a long v and eventful life, he ha.l served his coun try faithfully, zealouly, without being in- . lluenced by hope of reward, or any oilier motives than a sincere desire to promote i's best interests; and whatever the St;ii?h)r from South Carolina might say as -tu the cancetlment of obligations,- he could not deprive him of that delightful 'conscious ness. ' -v ' " ' ; ;;. Mr. CALTIOUN. The Senator brings ajiinst me the vague charge of egotism. He would appeal to the Seriate, in order to repei it, whether there is any member of the body more 'exempt from speaking of himself than he was, unless when attack ed. How stands the fact? ' The Senaior has made it his practice juf laie to give all his discussions with him a person turn. What was lie to d i? If he repelled his at tacks, he was forced to ppeak of himself, and to expose himself to ihe charge of ego tism from the Senator; or, if he remained silent, to stand convicted of his eharges. -Is lhat fir? He has aiu llier practice, not iesw unfair, to make an attack o:i him, and to turn round and accuse him of making ihe attack, u hen he simply repelled it, as iu ' the present instance. lie. accuse itm of reverting tn the part he look in the tra!tar!i'ns of. 18.25. IIn mistake my o'.ject -niir. ly in referring- t' those old transact. on?. It was not to make I a charge against him. Out to make him feel . i at he was the last n an who ought to I make ific accusation he has on the present ' I ofas:on. The course of ihe Senator, aud v ihyi of mvrflf, i directly the oppoMie. ; lie has a laud bill of bis own. ' He brina ' lilt'-., lit? r. fers it t wlut n mmir.ee h ! c hoi ses, w:i!iotit any interference ou my , i prn, -r any personal attack on him; hot ; 1 cai.no! make a wove without hi interCejr- ? ! f i.. m il ai'ark. Biiienouh of lhisV. ". ; ; 1 p-e simply to supply on.e reroaks ' w! i- I intended to make whW last up. t The Seoaior said, as I, understood him, I lh:.l ii w-s .raiter ol Usiutf, Udl I prefer-.'"

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