Altlw'1 'ur lcr,U!.uurc have yet had lut one
tcsiloni care has been taken to provide for
acbooli. 60 acres of land arc in tacli township
signed for the support of school ; and In the
state, one whole townships of C6 square miles,
for the support of a college. Twelve tnlles
south of us Is a salt Jick, it which much salt is
ynade. I know of no country Where a plantation
can be commenced and managed with greater
facility than on these prairies; nor where the
agriculturist it more richly rewarded Tor his la
bor. I Not f Coot of land needs to be cleared. In
first breaking pp our prairies three yoke of stout
oxen, or i four, stout horses, are needed. We
plough once, and plant our corn, with axes struck
through the tod ; and with no other culture, ob.
tain from 20 to 40 bushels of good com per acre,
Wflicu mca mucn ucucr prej wn wc jjui u
rnrnrn. - A firt 'rrtn nf-Whrat U rsiirA hr
f)lough'mg the prairie, say in May, or Junei ind
n the. biter nan of ScDtcmber Xollowiorr, cast on
the t'eedVand harrow it in, pausing lengthwise of
the furrows -or, by eowing-the teed among the
ttanding com, and plough it - in with one stout
tinr. an1 a rmn i7htainrl Imm 2Q to. AQ htiih
els per acre. . The subsequent crops of corn and
"wheat are much more abundant This part of
the stale U settling very fast. Very many have
come, on since last fall. Though we have had a
severe drought this season, the wheat harvest has
come In pretty well. Corn, after a first crop,
?;rows very high. I have seen much already
rom 12 to 16 Tcet bigb, and this is still in rapid
growth.. Many ears arc set too high tor me to
reach them and hang my hat on (hemr'I advise
xny northern friends; who wish to Improve their
woridiy interests; to corse on wun mcir ianuwc
and good northern habits. 1 think they will not
be disappointed. A o health, those who build
in the Umbers, too near the bottom lands on the
creeks, are subject to the fever and ague ; but
i 'u .i i it.
inose wno duuo on loe euge oi me open prairies,
are generally blessed with health. It is found
that the. people who have cdme from the north
and settled in this state, do generally enjoy bet
ter health than those do who have come from the
aouib. I do not find the heat in this country
much different from what it is with you. We
have had some very hot days : but the breezes
which daily sweep across the prairies are very
refreshing.
In a commercial view, I am sanguine in the
belief, that the steam-boat navigation of the Mis
sissippi, which is already very considerable, will
progress in proportion to the increase of popula
tion in these trans-aliegany states, and continue
to give us a good market at New-Orleans, New
York, &c. With the moral state of society in
Illinois, I am agreeably disappointed!. I have
already found many very fine people, and morals
are improving. Missionary labors. are much de
sired, and greatly needed. I am statedly sup
plying A. congregation t &hiat Creek -weiej
abouf three-ycari yorAr trs not wwhiie per
son lived, but where now Usere is a Presbyterian
church of about 30 communicants. As yet wc
meet and worship under the shade of trees in
the woods, and I hope enjoy the presence of Him
who dwelt in the bush. This congregation are
expecting soon to build a meeting-house for
worship.
1 have guarded in this letter against exagge
ration t and have stated, as far as my knowledge
of this country extends, such things as will bear
examination.
Yours with esteem,
JESSE TOWNSEtfD.
ORIGIN OF THE GENERAL DISTRESS.
Jcrom " An Examination of the Tariff proposed by Hen
ry Baldwin, a Representative in Congress N. York,
1821, Octavo p. 268."
After the storms of thirty years, which have
shaken the very foundation of industry, tradcjmd
morals throughout the world, mankind have a
moment's pause ; and seem much astonished at
the consequences of a sudden relief-from the
J;brrors and uncertainties of war.
We are in a general calm, but the delirium of
the fever which is just leaving us, still disturbs
our fancy with strange dreams ; each man under
takes to account for the general distress, and each
,onc seizes on the circumstances around him, and
ascnues an ms misionunes 10 mem ; one attri
butes all to Banks ;: another to want of specie
capuai ; a iiuru 10 casn uuues ana lenaing tne
firreernmnt mnnev to -rKnfrlishmi'n : and . a
fourth ascribes all to a ruinous system of reve
nue, which must be radically changed." What
will all these croakers say, when they look around
the world arid find all mankind involved in the
same general ruin I They are driven to the con
elusion, either that they have not discovered the
cause, or that every nation is afflicted with simi
lar evils in government. In answer to those who
ved, in a measure, of the projections of Asia and
the America J and, on the other hand, iheso
countries had, for the same reasons, but a small
sunnlr of the manufactures and produce of Lu
rone. The productions of every nation were
consequently in great abundance and low, in that
country where they were cultivated or manufac
tured ; and all foreign merchandize was scarce
and high: V.' . V '
This wat the condition of things in 1 8 1 3, when
the capital and enterprizc of tbc world were Jet
loose by a general peace ) this circumstance wat
sufficient of Itself, but other caubci, almost as
powerfulWuted In giving impetuosity to the
tide of commerce. Men who had been almost
for a generation idle,1 or occupied in the various
employments of waMuddcnly and' without ex
pene'nceTtntered Into a iVewTidsinssTlhe ntcf
chants of the world t had become" little better
than speculators amidst the -risks, great profits
ind heavy lotses of -war-' lie, who duly reflect!
on the Jmportanceof these causet, will be pre?
pared to expect the consequences' which follow
cd. The rear 1815 and 181 6, vlelded larra pro-
Ctti-we were all buyersr and the productions of
one country were hurried to another ; this gen
eral exchange was profitably continued during
these years) confidence, enterpriie and capital,
real and fictitious, contributing to augment the
business of the world, and producing, at length,
the melancholy reverse of the summer of 1817.
The markets of every nation were crowded with
the productions, of other countries, arid foreign
merchandize was at a lower price, than it would
have commanded at home. Confidence was sud
denly destroyed, fictitious capital lost its powers,
enterprizc was broken in spirit, the world was in
debt, and ruin was inevitable.
In 1817, and 1818, we were all sellers and
prices, fell. Still the debts of the world were to
be paid, and property of every description, real
estate, ships, manufactures and produce, were
sacrificed for the payment of these debts ; this
sacrifice and this fall were simultaneous through
out the world, as well as the bankruptcies of 1 8 1 8,
and 1819; which together, relieved mankind
from the mass of debt, which they had been
tempted to contract by the great profits on trade
in 1815 and 1816.
The year 1820 has brought us some relief;
wc may congratulate ourselves, that the storm is
over, and we may once more venture abroad.
We are no longer alarmed with the fear of bank
ruptcies, confidence has returned to give an im
pulse to trade, and will, through that, operate on
industry of every kind in the country;
We are beginning a series of years, probably
the happiest we have experienced since 1806.
As ther nations of the world are all now more or
less engaged in commerce, wc cannot expect so
large a share of foreign trade as we had when
they were fighting the battles)! ambitious men ;
but our coasting trade Islncfeasing rapldtyy and
will permanently supply its loss. We shall prob
ably too enjoy as large a foreign trade as any oth
er nation.
Indeed, if we could but forget old dreams, we
might believe ourselves at this moment, in a hap
py condition ; we have a surplus of money, of
tooo, anu oi clothes. Let u have a little pa
tience, and wc shall have something better to do
than totroak about the times.
If men would pay but more attention to these
changes in the world, as natural as day and night,
and trouble their brains less for discoveries of
fanciful causes and new systems, we should all
make bettct farmers, better merchants, better
manufacturers, and better legislators.
ascribe Our distress to a want of protection to our
viuuic3in- tmiu3i.l v, may say inai no nauon on
earth complains more bitterly or loudly than Eng
land, in the full enjoyment of all the blessings of
a system ot protectingindustry iitH-bounties and
nwnopoues. . . . ...... . .., ....
The causes of general distress throughout the
world are, however, paramount to all legislation.
: They are such as ever have, and ever will agitate
uml control the industry of mail and at times
sweep over nations with the shock of a whirl
ivind. - . ' '
, Let Vs lok at the condition of the world ih
IRIS. Kurorjc. A .iA
twenty-five years, the United States had nassed
through eight years of embargo, restrictions, and
0c-r l liiplnr. th.a. I . .1.. ' l .
'-r-n r-'n) tuuusiiy ui na
tions had been disturbed ; the capital of mankind
v, Raited ;m.pri)ortunityt when it might be sain
' fmd Uncprtamlip nt rrimmtrrTiiu l-iv Jr
liibutioncr subicrJptiou, but as a ta: regularly
assessed as other taxes are fur other purposes.
Two methods for distributing the money imon;;
the people are used i lit, the quantity receive)
by each is regulated by its number oi scholars t
2d, the district receives no wore than was raised
in it. Generally for three or7 four months, In the
winter, a master Is engag&x! at from ten to twenty
dollars per month and a mistress for five or six
months, in the summer, at from four to five
dollart per month."- KUh-linq
i
()n the 5tU the ycT)tut5lr,i$'uiyit
hour. He had scare . . q"hted the palace. u
wotf insulting cries were heard, mingled
those of " Live the King .the Vonttitution. .
The body guards who were on duty; fell on iK
mob, tword in hand, and some prions ero
wounded. . f One account says, that iuma tf it,.
citizens were killed. . - , V. f ,
Towards midnight, on the Cthjtho munld.
pality of Madrid tent a request to the Unit, for
tne.msuanuing.oi.iuc pouyyaru.
. .. OYt&lgn. , '.T, ''t w
EDZTCJTKXV.
The Superintendent of Common Schools, in
his report to the legislature of New York, states
that m 545 towns, there ire 6332 common tthoal
districts, organized according to law ; and that in
5489 of these, there have been taught, during
the whole or some part of the year, "04,550 chil
dren Vince 1816, the number of children taught
has increased from .140, 106 to 304,559 : and the
public. monies disbursed on this object from 55,-
000 to 146,000 dollars. Of this last sum, 80,000
dollars is annually drawn from state funds set
apart for this purpose : the balance is made up
of local funds arising from lands set apart Jbr
me usc4i scnoois in mnercni paj-ts oi ine siaxei
kc. kc. one nas not oeen inaiuercnt to tne
JlXW-T0alC,ATRItS7
Thcihipilleuoxndl'akon.arriTed itJ5r4
ton, on Saturday last, irom Mverpooj, , i uc su
itors of the Commercial Advertiser are indebted
to Messrs." Htissell arid Gardner, their attentive
c6Vrf6ri
London papers o the;i6tb of : February r;1)d to,
their London and Liverpool correspondents for
London papers to the eyening of thel9th,
Lloyd's Ust to theToth,"and Liverpool papers" f
the 2 2d,, all inclusive. Hoth ships' tailed from
Uverpool on the 22d of February. ,
JJfair$ of MfileiTht following important
intelligence we copy from Core1 Liverpool Ad
vertiser of the 2 2d of February t
I'ASSAGK OK THE TO.
This movement, concerning which so much
scepticism has existed for the last eight days,
is positively announced, in letters received yes
terday by the way of Frankfort, to have taken
place on the 29th of January, the day originally
stated. The following is an extract of a letter,
dated
" Frankfort, Feb. 12.
The important information which follows is
taken from one of our journals :
" Laybach, Feb. 2..
"The Austrian army passed the Po on the
28th and 29th of January, and is advancing upon
Naples by three different 'routes- Forty thou
sand men will first advance tn the frontiers, who
will announce, in case of resistance, that they will
be followed by 80,000 more !
" His majesty the king of Naples has addres
sed a proclamation to the inhabitants of the Two
Sicilies, in which he orders the immediate disso
lution of the Parliament. He also calls on them
to receive the Austrians as friends ; and prom
ises, on his return to give them a constitution.
" We have not time to ascertain the effect of
this intelligence on our exchange.
" P. S. We just learn that a copy of the proc
lamation by the kin? of Naples has been received
in this place ; and that it accords, in substance,
with what is above stated.
"To the above we must add, in brief, that the
French papr laMreccived contain a vjiety ofj
paragrapni, wnose icnacncy it io conurm wic
ominous intelligence, that the Austrian army had
positively marched for Naples.
The Auirsburg " Xlazcttc Univertclle" announ
ces positively, the march of the. Austrian troops
towards Naples
Intelligence from Vienna of January 31st,
mentions that it is the general belief in that place,
that the army under General Frimont .has pass
ed the Po. General Paulucei, has received or
ders to take the command of the flotilla fitted out
at Venice. The terms for the passage of the
Austrian troops have been concluded with the
courts of Tuscany, and Modena.
An article dated Vienna, the 4th of February
states that the Duke de Gallo, had sent out on
the 30th of January from Laybach, with the.
matum of the Sovereigns for Naples, and that it
offers to trie Neapolitans the chance of seeing
among them 150,000 Austrians as enemies, or
40,000 as allies.
'A private letter from Borgofort, on the Po, da
ted the 27th January, states that an Austrian
higher-Mchooh 4 but during tlv present session of i-Amessenger from the court of Austria, arriv
her legislature, she has proposed to endow two
of her colleges, and five of her academies with.
handsome sums. These acts of munificence re
flect great honor upon New York. If Virginia
has not done quite as much for education as she
has, it is partly becaustf 'we gaveaway, almost
for nothing, the whole dfiour western lands N.
W . of the Ohio river ifwhereas New -York has
sold out her back lands to ereat Idvritaee," as
the tide of population flowed westiraitlirrherice;
she derived greater facilities for theuvance-blf
her public, improvements. .
tf he"8
upon a different principler The state is 4' divided
into 450 townships, each six miles square and
subdivided into seven or eight school districts,
making the number of school districts, in the
whole state, 3,600.
No,; scholar, says the' person who givesthis
account In the newspapers, "is obliged to walk
more than three-fourths of a mile from the ex
tremity to the centre of the district, where the
school is. situated. . Each-township is, by law
obliged to raise money for schools, not less than
8300, li 1 mistake not, and as much more as it
deems proper. The sums, raised usually .vary
fromj&yej- fifteen hundred dollar fe'ac,h town
shipscf.sH'jinlt: ta?th 'tmes piisr lnhabtrari&
ediof whom pays his pfoporti6nj!tt Si a .com
garrison entered that city, conung from.St. lieri
edetto, from which place he had marched at elev
en o'clock on the ruht of ,tne;)8th. The Slut
terhem division 22,000 strongpassed the'Po1)h
fhe Globe, in alluding to the above article, ob
serves :lf Had the passagebeene (Tec ted 'so far
back as the 1 9th, the fact inust have been clearly
known, long since.-We-therefore do not attach
any iihportance to Jthls Milan article.
edal London on the 1 7 th of February, with des-l
paicnes lor ine.AUsinan minisier, wno lmmeui
ately had an audience with Lord Castlereagh. -
In the House of Lords on the 19th of Feb.
there was an interesting debate on the affairs of
rvapicsa summary 01 wmcn will ue lounu in a
subsequent column
Inaurreftion at Madrid. A second edition of
the London Courier, ot the 1 2th rebruary, states
thattrletterfrom Paris has been receivedj'of which
the' following isari extract :
" While closing this letter, a note from the
SpanlsVB'mbasVy in forms me, that yesterday a
courier arrived in about Six, days from Spain,
bringing news of a general insurrection at Ma
drid ; the King's guard massacred, his person
threatened in short, a most terrible catastrophe
This I unfortunately consideiCoflicial."
The fourth edition of the same paper, contains
advices from Madrid to the 8th. On the morn
ing of the 4th his Majesty communicated to the
muriici pality, .that he. had heard some insulting
expressions used towards him on the preceding
evening, as he retired from the promenade, and
he hoped that they, would take thejiroper meas
ures to prei'ent such an oiience in luture. 1 he
measiilre . w hichjtJe mjraki polity -doptf 4Vwcre
ta send- rmid ' 1 trrrgi&frie tti ita rle notlnd'
paUe,
ike
MTheKinDf ordered in diirisslon, and thai
persont4CQmpolngkwill receive torao other ap
pointments,' -, . - .
,. nl 11.- f t ------- --r- - -
wVJiAP roupicipifiy.oiuuu, in announcing
this intellirence.to the people of Madrid, dechr-.
ed that the person of tha king wat tacred and In-
4 The quarters' tho body eutrd were act-
rounded by the garrison trooni, during the nl?bt
fJJrhUh'rarliam'trtOuT last adrtces oroaVht
mcir- proceedings 10 me vt l'eoruary".. f in the
house of lordtV'on the 12th, lord Koseh In tl-
ludin to the affairs of Austrii and Nanlc, said. 1
"that thif'ronduc6Tlhe0y
garded the tten they had taken' with Nap)et,wat r.
not exceeded in the history of nooapirte. Jha,t
raosi exiraorainnryvc 01 violence, na uough(,
might produce the mo.eriouf 'effectt ori'the
peace of Europe, andoCthe; world.1! pafl Grey
rose to express "his horror 'and detestation, at
the blond-thirsty and infamouscoaductof theaU
lied soyereIgns.r C' is-4. t .'. .
In the House of , Commons "on Inejl 2thV nu- J "
merous petitions were presented praying' the
restoration of the Queen's name' to the Liturgy,
on which debate ensued, which occupied most of
the evening. On the 1 3th Lord Castlereagh sta-
ted, that at present government were in posses
sion of no official information relative to. the hos
tile Intentions of the Holy Alliance towards Na
ples. Mr. Hobhouse presented a petition for
paruameniary rciorra, wmcn causcqsomc ueuate.
Mr. Hobhouse taid, l.that reform. must, come.
some Ume or other ; if not by the constitutional
means which the Noble Jxrd (Castlereagh) in
his youthful ardour advocated, we should have ,
Lord Chatham's Reform from vithout. Come it
must, not so soon as some, but not so late as oth
ers seem disposed to imagine." T k
Vcracow, jaw. 30.
u Only 1 7,000 Polish florins are yet subscribed
towards the monument for Kosciusko; yet it
stems determined to execute the plan on an ex
tensive scale. Tfcejnound, or twnuht$ is to be
so large that the expenses of bringing or casting
up the earth are estimated at 40,000 florins. On
the top is to be placed a block of granite of pro-,..
portionable site, to be hewn from the rocks on
the . Vistula, and which is to bear no inscription
but the name of Kosciusko. It is farther intend
ed to purchase xhehole mountain on. which the
mound is to be raited, with a piece of ground as
far as the. Vistula, to plant it.in a useful and a
greeable manner, and to people it with veterans
whdhave served under the General. They are
tohave the land and dwellings as freehold prop-
eny, ana 10 iorm a ume society oy tne name ui
Kosciuko9 Colony. It is also proposed to support
two young daughters of Kosciusko's brother, who
are orphans, and in narrow circumstances. In
order to obfain the means of doing all this, the
committee who direct the subscription have re
solved to apply to the admirers of Kosciusko in
foreign countries, and to invite in France, Gen
eral Lafayette ; in England, Lord Grey ; and in
North America, the late President Jefferson, all
friends of the deceased hero, to collect subscrip
tions." . . ... .''
Mr. rtroughams testimony to the Queen's inrtceence.
On the 6th of February, in debate on the mar
quis of Tavistock's motion, concerning the con
duct of the ministers, Mr. Brougham observed :
.iSSlt could only: be known to her majesty her-
bcu, )iii;iiicr 111c marges wcicjuji ui uyvi"'j-
Her own conscience told her-she Was innocent
6f tliosc acts "Which had been falsely imputed to
her, in charges which had been, as they were
now told, finally abandoned.-! have stated thus
mudr." continued the hont and learned trentle-
mah; as to the conduct of the queen.- It is fit
I should now , discharge a .debt of grautude to
her..I know it has been invidiously and malev
olcntly-asscrtediianoLmosUndustriouslyircuja
f . t 1 1 ! AMrv
ted lor purposes wmcn must dc oovious w
man, that my expressed opinions of her niajes
ty's conduct are not the same in fact with my
own conscientious conviction. It is necessary,
sir, for me, with that seriousness and sincerity
which it may be permitted to a man upon we
most solemn occasions to express, to assert and
I do now assert in the face of this house that it
instead of mi advocate, ! had been sitting as a
udRe-at -another -tribunaU-L, slwuldbayebee1!
J 0. ... if- ! i .Uw. Intra
found-among the hurabcroi mose men .mm .."
in? their hands unon their hearts, conscientious
ly prbrrounced her majesty " not guilty. - tot,
the truth of this assertion I desire to tender
every pledge that may be most valued ana my
fj 1 1 ...'u mr U in r-ve.rv form whlCll
l Wlali vv iiiv - m
imprecate on rnys
horrid or most penal. . . f
It would be-difficult to describe the earnest
emphasis with which this asseveration was cie
livercd, thVdeeplfltcrcst wlthhich if E ''
tehed to, or the enthusiastic and general.chcenb
with which it was greeted. ..
'phi
Having tSjeii absent frow tc, HV ef ,
" ' .. 'r