J
V
a-".
iM the imported article i not only to
tViae its price, but alio, in the
proportion, that of the di:c-.lic aril
t. of ihc same kin J, (or 1uch pur
...r, whrn Intcti led for f rotation, u
i ia" fact hid f and of tourse, in de
?,:rmifting where the system ultimate,
ly placet the burden in reality, ibi ef.
feet also, mutt be liken lata the eitl.
cute If one of sections cxda
lively produces such domcitie articles,
fir! the other purchases them from it,
then it is clear that to the .amount of
such increased prices, the tax or duly
on the consumption of the foreign sr.
tide; wooldbe transfered from the
' taction producirtgthe domestic ; articles
t9 the one that purchased add coo.
' iimed them; unlets the latter in tarn,
Ttr fodemnl6d by the increased price
t t the obicctsof it industry, which
-none will veotufeMtllo be the
with the treat staples of the
country, which form the basis of our
rtpons, the price.'of which is regula.
ted by the foreign arid not the domes
'lie nwkef. T those , who grow
'tween, the increased prjee of the lor-
and domestic articles both, in
' conrrquence of the duty on the . for
mer, Uia reslity, and In the strictest
sent, a tax, while it is deaf that the
Increased orica or the Utter acts as a
b.iuoty to the section producing them
that it the amount of such 1a
creased prices, on what it sells to the
other section, is greater or Icsa, than
"iM dutv if pays on thejmnortect ar
tides, the system will in fact operate
ns V bounty wr tai ik greater the
difference would be a bounty t,il less
tax. t
Hcato. the operation may be ernal
tn every ether respect, and yet theJ
pressure of the system, relatively, on
the 1 wet .section! , br rendered ve ry
Vnequal by the appropriations, or dis
tribution. If each section receives
back less, snd the other proportionally
' more than it paid, then the difference
io relation to the sections will be to
the former a loss, and to the Utter a
pnini and the system in this aspect
would operate to the amount of the
difference, as a contribution from the
one receiving less than it paid, to the
other that receives mote. Such would
be Inconiestibly its , general effects,
taken in all its different aspects, even
fcn the theory supposed to be most
favourable' to prove the equal action of
thTsvstcm; thitlhe consumer payfin
the first instance lhe,whole amount of
-thrttxr--- "z
i0 f s,eff how, on this supposition,
- -the burden and advantsges of the sys.
- i ... Il J' ..!L...
trrti would aciuauy uwuuuic mem
actveirLlTCTTrfeTr-Thrmitrv
7 J.. .... I
' rarrv me too .far into details : but
V&el assured, after a full and careful ex
' mlnatior, that they are such as to
MnLin. what otherwise wcnldseem
--nnlnblp.-that one eectnn shoul
consider its repeal a calamity and the
other a blessing; and that rocn op
fiosiie views should be taken by them
c to place .the, n in a state of deter
mined conflict, in, relation to the great
. .fiscal and commercial interests rt the
country f-f: Indeed were mere no sans
: .faciorrexplaoation,the oppnaite
fcwa that prevail, in the two scctlons
ns to the effects of the system, ought
ro satisfy all of its unequal action.
There can be no. safer, or more cer
. -
tain rule, than to suppose eacn portion
of the country equally capable of on-
Uerstanding tneir respeciivc micreaiaj
and that each is a much better judge
the ejects of any system of mea
. Wres or its' peculiar interest, thaq the
other can possibly be. . ;
But whether ibt opinfoo, of its une-
.fiunl action, be correct, or erroneous,
nothing can be more certain than that
- " rt'i -'-"Ti
the impression is wiaeiyexicnuing
.lf that the -Watern. under all its
.nd if to that be added, a conviction
till deener. and more 'universal, that
cverv duty imposed or the purpose of l
)rnffrfirn HI TtOl OTilV OlCqUCU. VUl
. alio unconstitutional, it would be
fatal error to suppose, that any.reme
dy. short of that which' I have stated,
can heal our political disorders, v
In order to understand, more Tully,
. the difficulty of adjusting this unhappy
ejontest, on any otnergrounu,' k may
riot be improper to present a general
view of the constitutional objection,
hat it msy beTclearly seen, how hope
hss it is to expect that it can be yield
ed, by those who have embraced it.
. They believe that all the powers,
tlcsted by the Constitution in Con
gress.sare not only restricted by the
limitations expressly imposed, but
fljso by the nature and objecj. of the
pdiwers Ihemidvejr V h.5h
';, r.Vir ! :
granted i
At du'.ics :i
. ts
: i 1 t:rmi, wit..
other cxprets imr.uuoris, i.n i
t i.i'-y
lull be COI', and r." preference s'uU
be t-iven p'.jrtsof ons suie over
thono of another, yet us Ik'u ;; a ji-r-lion
tot the taxing power, ,ivcn with
the view of raiding tevenue, it is from
it nature restricted ti that object, as
much as is if the Conventi- d nad ex
pressly so limited it j aad that to use
,.irt.nv other purpose, pot ipcactero: the claims r.
clfied ia the Constitution, is an in
. - t . :
fraction of the instrument, in its most
dangerous ' form j an infraction by
perversion,' more easily made, and
more difficult to resist, than any other.
The same view believed to be ap
plicable to the. power of regulating
commerce, as well s all the other
powers. To surrender this important
'principleyitis conceived, "would be to
surrender all power, and to render the,
government unlimited and despotic j
and to yield it up, in relation to the
particular power m question, would be
in fact to surrender the control pf the
whole,, industry and capital of the
country to the General Government
and would end in placing the weaker
section, in a colonial relation with the
stronger. For nothing' are more dis
similar in their nature, or may be more
utequallv affected by the tame' laws,
than different descriptions of labour
snd yroperty'i and if taxes,; ty, in
Ceasing the amount and changing tVe
intent-only, may be perverted, In fact,
into system of penalties - and re
wards, it would give all the power
that could be desired, to subject the,
labour and property of the minority
to the will of the msjority'to be regu
lated without regardiog the interest of
the former, in subserviency to the will
of th latter.. Thus thiokinjr. it would
leem'Lnreasonable to expectrhat any
adjustment, based on the recognition
of the correctness of a construction of
the Constitution, which would admit
the exercise of audi a power, would
satisfy the weaker of the two sections,
r i -..I. i . i. ......
pirilCUiariy vun un pctuuar iuuuujf
t d propertv, which experience has
shewn may be o injuriously effected
by its exercise. Thus much for one
sule.
The i-it claims of the otner ought
to be equally respected. Whoever
excitement, the system has justly
caused, in certain portion! of oar
country. I hope, anil believe, all will
comfeivi r'tharfhc"change, should be
made with the least possible detriment
to the IntereitaLinoseizwhn rnsy.be
liable o be affected bjrit,-tonststearfy
with what is justly c'ue t! others ard
the principles of the Constitution.
. .. r 'f J -V- ... .
spirit of conciliation, and the utmost
skill out, even wun inese, u wiu oe
impossible to make : the transition,
without a shock greater or less j
though I trustfif judiclously effccted,
it will not be without many compensa
ting advantages. That there will be
some such, caonnt be, doubted. It
will, at least, be followed by greater
stability, and will tend to harmonize
the manufacturing with a'l of the oth
er great interests of the country, and
bind, the jwholejn . rautnal jffection.
But these are not all. "Another ad
Vantage, of esserXlal importance to the
ultimate prosperity ot our maoufac
turinir industry. Itwilt cheapen pro
duction i and, in that view, the loss
of aoy one branch, wilj be nothing like
in proportion to the reduction ot uuty
on that particular nrancn. livery re
duction will, in fact, operate as a boun
v to every other branch,' except the
one reduced and thus the effect of a
general reduction will be to cheapen,
universally, the price of production,
7 cheapening living! wages and ma
terWf -to. as to giveTif "f equal
profita ; after the reduction, profit by
no means reduced proportonally to the
duties t an effect, which, as it regards
the foreign market, is of the utmost
importance.- It must be apparent on
reflection, that the means adopted to
secure the home market, for our irian
ufactures are preciseV the opposite of
those necessary to obtain the foreign.
In the former the increased expense
of production in consequence of a sys.
tern of protection may be more than
coniperisated bythe increased price-ar
home'of the article protected but, in
the latter.' thii advantage is lost, and
as there is no other corresponding
compensation, "the increased c6st of
production must be a dead loss in the
orciirn marker. But whether these
advantage and many others, that
might be mentioned, will ultimately
compensate to the full extent, or not,
the loss to the manuiacturer on me re
ductton ofthe duties, cert ajoil is, that
v-r u.u .i U n.ichl iNr'!.
Ir Lived '! t!i.tthe more ro.n,.i.
i
mrt, tne lcs ruutim'"
there wl'.l bf, and the scaler iu.
and calmness fjr a ea-uious and .v
fnlopeniioainmakiogiheiransiiiont
and wWth it becomes those more im.
m1i.itclv interested duly to consider.
Nr ought they to ovlvk, in conn,
dcrin? the q..est?oothe diff rent thai-
1 nrL
no advant.je, but simply to b let
alone in the undisturbed possession of
their natural advantages, and to se
cure whfch, as fares was consutent
with' the ether object of the Coniti
tntion, was one of their leadwg mo
tives in cmerintr into the Uoioni whne
the other.side tlaiml, for the advance.
ment ot tn:r proprw
rrictlv cbrcnat
sdvantsges of the other. He who,
lookiog t6 all of the causes in opera
tion j. the near approach of the final
payment of the public debt, the grow
ing dissffidion and resistance to the
system, In so large a section of the
which opposition to it is gradually turn
country, the deeper principles on
ing, must be, indeed, iofatuitcd ntto
see a great change is unavoidable
and that the attempt to elude cr much
longer delay it, must finally but in
crease the shock, and disstrous conse
quences which may follow. iJ,
In forming'the opinions, I have ex
pressed, I have not been actuated by
an unkind feeling towards our manu
facturing interest. I now am, and ev
er have been decidely friendly to them,
thou ghIYao not concur Tn - aIIofthe
measures which have been adopted to
advance them. I believe, considera
tions higher, than ' any question of
mere pecuniary interest, forbids their
use. But subordinate to these higher
views of policy, I regard the advance
ment of mechanical and chemical im
provements in the arts with feelings l
httle short of enthusiasm j not only,
as the prolific source of national and
individual wealth, but, as the great
means of enlarging the domain of man
over the material world t and, there
by, of laying the solid foundation of a
highly improved condition of society,
morally and politically. I fear not,
that we shall extend our power loo far
oer the great agents or nature; M,
on tne contrary, i consicer SUCO en-
largement of our power;aa tending,
more certainly acd powerfully, to bet-
ter the condition of our race, than any
3ne of the many powerful causes, new
perating to that result. With -these
impressions, I not only rejoice at the
general progress of the ... arts in., the
world, but in their advancement in our
own country j and, as far, as protection
can be , )c,identally afforded, in the
fair and honest exercise of our consti
tutional powers, I think now, as I have
always done, that sound policy con
nected with the security, independence
and peace, of the country, requires
them-to-bel protected, but, -that we
cannot go a single step beyond, with,
out jeopardizing our peace, our har
mony and our liberty i considerations
of infinitely more importance to ut !
. t . . .
man any measure oi mere policy, can
possibly be. r
In thus placing my, opinions, before
the public, I have not been actuated by
the expectation of changing the public
sentiment. Such a niotive, on a ques
tion so long agitated, and so beset
with feelings of prejudice and interest
would argue, on my part, an insuffera
Me"vanityjr and a profound ignorance
of the human heart. To avoid, a far
as possible, the imputation of ei-
trier, l nave confined my state
ment on the many and important
points, on which 1 have been compel
led to touch, to a simple declaration
of my opinion, without advancing any
other reasons to sustain them, than
what, appeared to me, to be indispen
sable to the full understanding of my
views and, if they should, on any
point, be thought to be not clearly antj
WpKTff"olxi6pe"cT, it will", I trust, be
attributed tn my solicitude to avoid
the imputations to which I have allu
ded i and not from any desire to disi
guise, my sentiments nor thg want of
arguments and illustrations to main
tain positions, which so abound in
both, that it would require a volume
to do them any thing likejustire. I
can only hope, that truths, I feel
assured, are essentially connected with
all thjt we ought to hold root dear,
.it i
.v tht
f-'t m him' f
i, 1 1. ' !,-rn. I. t!ie.'Uct '
w i . H. .i i i .
tt . I . ftrrrilL tiiCttlt
... i .... .i,i'i,.r da tnV l'-i
due not hope, in lakU. " iho .ir. 1
luvc, to escape tbe imputation ol vn-
mrtllvM i thouch I Inve with-
Wil l tvri v""-"
mi
l
i reasoS f bdievr, tha .UifJ
c such, as. v. ill conciliate pubic fa
liiv
are
vour, but the opposite ;
which I pre at
i . .T Kive ever Placeaanigri
otimate on the ood opinion of. my
Mlow citizens, llat be tnat k ns.i ,
I sh4ll, at least, be sustaineu uy
in of conscious rectitude..! hvc
rnrmnl rov op'.nloos after the mast
t i i.t'.u.p 9minition.
carciui jnu uinunirt."-
iviih all ofthe aids, whiclf, my reason
and experience could' furn.sYi I Mve
u j-
ffects person-
nterestmt; to
toi little tm
portance, (o be taken Into the tst.m
ate, where the liberty and happiness
of uur countrr are so vitallv involved.
JOHNC.CAUIOUN.
Fort Hill, Jubj Wh,m.
rut jctin4 vkt Miir.
AUGUST 22, 1831.
E XI XI A T A. -
jCT At the botom of tn pr or mir
piper of twUy ftiu. reI hleislnpto the
reaoteat tfierttidni but iC
MR. C1UI0UX.
In our Tut prcttUcJ tw fire wr re5
Mr. Calhouii'a upon the re Minn hicfc
the States Inr to the j;enrl j-oerttmrn j
W now to the eicliuion of almost titty Vwg
else fulfil that promiie. The Interert hich
hat been felt upon the lubjeet, tha muteHjr
proJuctioo ilieir and the frbled atemenit
which have been made upon the aubjfct by the
interested and teinsb, all urged us to this course
and we trust no one will regret it. W aay to
every nan look, read, think. Let every man
form his own opinion. Let no tnao liaten to the
Interested and perverted statements of others.
Let tbe piece be abstracted from pasaing event.
Let it be considered by itself and we .duubt
not bat the sentiment, contained in it, will be
responded to by every friend ofthe constitution
aad democracy. It ia useless for ui to cite au
thorities In support of the docirinct contained
ji(l 0-,e jmbHcar.on5-Trii Mr. Calhminhaa dYne
j himself j-thUlm been ine by oureurmponJ.
Cnt a democntic nepubiican," fr whoae
j pjf ce we now nk n nuitive pcrul.
Like all frrat men who have anpirc.: to ui
tinction Mr. Calhoun has hia enemies. I: i thej
policy of those to mure present bis opinions;
they are a stumblirg block in the ay "f many
political - aapirant,lh'e who during the
last war were plotting the dismemberment of
the Union; who were building bonfire a arfl
rejoicing at every defeat of our gallant aol
Jiersi they a-eihe men who hate Mr. Calhoun j
h opposed their .unholy attempt; he
crushed tbem'i hi gigantic mind carried
through happily and gloriously our second rtrug
g!e for political existence j he labored in the
cabinet, on the (lotf of Congress i Gcr.
JACK50N Lbored in the field. Their combin
ed efforts uvea the republic. Thou very men.
who then bad aell nigti destroyed tbe only
hope of the lover of freedom and w hi were
only prevented from doing so by Mrr Calhoun,
and hi Co-laborers, in the great cause of po
litical freedom, now charge Mr. Calhoun with
nullification. Mr. Calhoun a nullifier? The
charge is falas. He is no milliner, he is no
disunioniat,-..he is as pure a patriot as the world
ever taw. Look to bis long and well spent
life Look at bis piee?, Do you see any null'r
fixation there Do you see any disunion and
'rim visaged war" , No, you see a plain and
ungarbled statement ofthe democratic Re pub
rr.
lic-an doctrine. t Yon see that docUineoitlTney-nftd. goodshespeMhacr'ther-nnee-
whieh Patrick Henry, Samuel Adams and other
distinguished patriota acted, rhen they opposed
the wording of the contitulion MWe tbe peo
ple" and wish 'din it stead." V "the states," and
whose opposition onlvceaied upon th under
standing that We "the people" meant the peo
ple of the sts'et respectively, and not the peo
pie of the United States as a component wkpc
For this those men,-the very rnen who put the
ball of the revolution in motion were called
demagogues, nd tlisorgarisers, by the enemies
of freedom and erpialitf:
You see' the doctrine upon which Mr. Jcffer
fon and o'hers actcrt.Tw hen they opposed the
arbitrary forms oCGovetnmeut, which were at
tempted to be introduced into this Country by
Alexander Hamilton. You, see tbe doctrine
upon which Mason, MadUon, Jefferson, Nichn
las, and others acted, when tbey opposed the
arbitrary enactments -of old John Adams and
fr which they were called emissaries of France,
di'organisers and other 'bard names.
lousee 'the (Vclrine whirh Mr : tl.v.. '
'H-ri 'V.-.I..S' wv,'Sfid- !Vr
,;V.!.;r'-t-.! i!.a .
f vry fr'm j t f I.U CU'l'l'iy. ret t-t" li'H.U .. l
t',t.f of I'll eficrwiea of let Jfortrntr.f nt.
ace llio ciunn 'rnfri
JirU i into p ir In 13. S and wUicU Laia
u'hk I h'na ln.iiiUtra'.ion ihaifr.
Ymiare Iht J ictfine, In tint, upon t! prj.
tl;'ic of wtticU rtatt ttf permantuy af our
Snalli'iii.'' ierpuiort of lt Union and
the f.eeiloin and Independence of the hUa
liyrnin race. lf the mi!a bich ih lutrrt.
led time aerrf r,-lh eur of party, he ltrJ
nd coward bv Uiron around tlitro L4 tooi
diwlpaif d and mr tbey lUnd eonf-J ,
on'y princip't npw whi'-h freedom and t j 14. ;
ily can be tectred ta til mankind. tVhcn thU
dr anises the ahacklct of iKn anra
thrown oir, tbe tira4eircr will iluk Into tbi
contempt and fmif iilficance mU'a.U he dcicmi,
the minion of poer nilh'e teraicbelfroin iU
y. of human bcing'f and tbe pa' riot will :
forth in hii own mJeiy whith will couiU in
Ida harinjf well aervrd bia God and hia Cm
trf.'wlxh ' notbina: M oliA cV"J&ki"Tiuai . - '
se jc-ve ourrcadcra, to Jay, web addition:!
clrctiun return, at hav com to h-ndi f..
Congrtw, tire (uWam'wg f enlbjmcn l.r bei ,
elected without vppoiiiioni In the Duike $m
trie, Samuel P. Caraoni In tbe Salibtirv
Irlct, A. Rcnchcrj In theCie!l Jiit.ict, .
II. Shepberdi In the' U'ilket dialrict, Lr;a
WilHama, In the Wake district Danb U It .
ringtri In ht 6'ranrllle dulrJct, Robert Toi.
ten In th Hr.fi dia'rict. Hon. Jno. Drancl,
In the Wilminppn diatrict, Gee). McCT- la lie
followSnf diairictt, thf election of the old ere,
bert wii eppoaeJi la the L!ncn!ii dittrkt
Henry W. Qinner wu oppoard by Hartlert
Shipp but- wat elected by a majority tf
i Totei In the Fafeljevtna E.lrict, Mr.
IVberry kai beeo f Irctedby a majority of two
" : ... vj-i
mm VVIItH tjMl t f
baa beeen elected over bia opponent Mr. ftajS?
In the Craern diatrict Mr. Sbeppard va ep.
pnaed br M'. WbeeW..we baw aot teen eon
plr t reliirn fmn tbU dittrfct Foribe Itaie Lr(
eii?at qra the folIosic art iba addiiionil returw
DniJmn. Chart Hoover C.John Hc
ran, Eq. and John M. Tfc.tmaa.
Mil Cement MarabaJIt C. vVaa. A. Morrii
and AWiandf Little.
8. Daniel Ilnka, C. VT,r XT. HI.
rmibi' and llenrr Cajf: Sutte fib Pl
It 1401. Perrrn Hnhrt t292. For C
gres Conner I67fl. Khinn OM
on.
f i.Wa.-a Chfulnjhr IfpVVnr, no off,
si'ions P. Danl. U pirnger A Wm, Vrl.'.
tftht 7..'. Ha-flrr, fif. Mrl S6.
C.eorge t'rv3l. J. tv. lia;i..n yrg Tor
Cooe'e... Shipp Porter .11?.
Mrt tVifr...... H'v MB,U ... r.
I t"Sn INH and l.m.., Dnhrrtv. Xw$fti'
?77: P.i?l.e-r VM. IfjrtrM KlrVnafirk
71, r 'i- 160. Fnr Congress. Conner 10
Shir.. ",1
C. Grr F nnvi.lwn JftB,f, X Tt.
.on. C. Par I V. rourt, tn, erf. Jr. Zacha-
rt -1
Sfr.W. Tr5n Hii?, in nnilon. C. C'.
Lec"tH Ziyi- -n j ci n';. '
';i."Mfi.ie . .. J. A'l-. C.J rtrrvard -.'
t cui-tr,. ?MMJf tt,0 rr. ? oi.p
cV;f ITT" "r ! ?- ,r(,r"' 90) J.. Clayton
W6. H RKnn 6C4, A. Jm? Pit.
.VtntirmrTv..&. Rtvh'n KeidH . C. C tT.
MrCvn a-1 P M, ;,, tf ,lf pt!l
d. '1409 Lilly in-. Mn.797, Mn.k M.
Thot).M D'lnn 1Sfj.
rus. ihrrr Wells C. W. H Hr.
won. md Ruit.
'W-. - S j. ff Uwtin,. Ci Jn n f
and Thoma II J,fkio.
Crit-rlr.- S Jorh,n Lird.ay : C. Jno. 5
Jona and Berfcmin SJmmnn
n .......
ohm.. -3 nodie: C. fien.J. Arrkr-
ton and R. Itoddif.
yrnHn.. tVm. P. WilliaTi
Hlrnn ad James Pavia.
C. Gidei
B-af,t Wm R. Rowland, C. R. II. 5jt
ner and David C. Frcemsn.
An argument hn been nrjjed snd rf
urged in favor ofthe present bijh rs"i
of duties at which wo are surprised ;- I:
is really the greateu presumption upon
the weaknes of humn nature whirh srs
have ever seen. The advocates of "the
Tariff still maintain notwithstandiog the
many able refutations ofthe anomsly thji
two and three make one, or that the low
price of goods is owlnp to the high rats
of duties which are laid unon thera
ere and tlo;y ascribe it to the Tariff.
Hove then are the low prices of those ar
ticles upon which no duties are laid ac
counted for ? Thii they cannot answer
But we will tn.swer it forth'em: .Thj
low prices 'of goods, botfi upon whick
there is a du'y and itporll(rhlch there is
none, "are owinp; to caijftetition and an
Uncreated facility In ' their production;
? his they a"ttett'pr todiicle. Th?r f
know its force and ther are afraid that if
will be found out. It is needless to take J
an exsmpleofthe effeet of compeiiiioo
upon the prices of goods ; this every ore
has seen. It will be too tediou lo men
tion many examples of the effect of a"
iucreaitdac !ty in the production of a"
article in reducing its price. Wc
take tbe eTamp'e of common domes""
shininpj : Before the invention of
rempJirty.ed Icir saving ' nrwcjllncry T?
- , v'.;. j lZ..- :
, A ';.:':"., ' . ''"'K:..f.'' ': '
' '.. i .-Vf.... .. . -.'4'.
. V,, '.:'Vt:'? 'n-m4 -V-pr'-v-vj-.,
1
m
v
-Z
,J - SL -
":?