North Carolina Newspapers

j j. . j y. , J J It 11 even i Th" if'im " to a' fl : ' liuf, v T i el 1 ! .j I 1 1 t 'i n i ! t, h IV1 t',1 i ' i of i;if 1 1 1!! which fi;J id r no in ill hcal id the citizen, l . I which will la v:.'!',il with littt mn ,,.. . ' V, ('hannin?. . in i u nmrros ciuim:. SALISmmV, ROWAN' COUNT!', N, C,...MOMAY AVIWU 2, 1813. i 411. Ill V" ,1 . . p, whsTMiy C.illOUSIANii f-i,J niwt a. trtrk fll tiro dollars ixr r . :-,', milkla llrrt mmuhif e lira fvi ctntt,titl f S a. rii ( fear. -Vo i.orr . uWi-i' witil all arrtaran art X uhtfriptio till be ncriotdfvr a leu ...Tlfie4JV 4 ii'fW to otifl tU frl'dof of A 4m I !,u-itiuf, ot moulk before the irpira- iar .-t V. CHJ! 4 iy prrfo pr Muring tit toleeni tub' friW to the Cofpiiai, AiJi-aa a .1 -..Hi'HAvirlHinrT at tti rail". . '. , ill Mtrri aJJrttttd to the Editor imutt I, rj u( or thtf will not be atterfed to These icriM win oo wncur u' m. . m:mte of u, statks: -r iirtrTU CAtoLtxi. . -f rt, i if h.i- ;ufirr io proline jot iat cot- .... . .i . Urtion of ilutifi on Imports. OojrnsceD. I . (n t" an spirit we are IIJ, thtl the f i nvitl l bremirveJ, withiu( rxr4 t ii it n. Anl linw i it pmpmrntl to ,..m' the Umoiif By force! I Hum n i.i, in hi rn', believv thtt thi r riflrf itnictqr'ht Hfiiooi4m a. ft a .1 no (A Mates, prtKJiieed Dt iitsjotM ( of all, ciui Ite breamed by force t if I try iittrolticti'io wiil tia certain do- rrr t'".r.'T- u-.iuiol thii f rueni yin hi. noj n w i ciihM keep the Sure united in their t. MtutMial and fcleral bood by tune. f ,'i-e oiy, iiKleed, bold the part tozeth fr . n union w'iuId'tie'irie1Hid bff' mier aodaUw a uuiuaof exaci Ii- i .0 iMie ide and ot unqualified obtdienet wW tter.'-TW 'obiJtuci whicd we' I ' t. .U by the Senator from Peuiivlvan- .1 III .1 tT m. I T B ! " ' lian" " l"V v'rrrn j - i j i 'ii fn the aide of the master; for thi It-, bill i inlttdd t' collect what can L 1 if r called taxes the toluntary t , i i 1 1 f a free peopl ; but tribute, ir i . i c xlcted uodr the ovmiOis oj ,ft.mT Tjur (hwton bouse is alrea- d I'-rrnd to arriwxi, and that gar r ' villi it battenes turned, not ajminst " Kjit of yourcfwrtrr; but on ubjcU, i not say citizena.) oo whom you to levy ciwitri but ions, lias rea itj.l fr.io our borders?. Have we ccav r:rt-!Ct f It w inadness to suppose that ii n' caa be preserved by force. 1 . "i, plainly, that the bill, should it pus. , w - ; - ci . ! tM eniofced. It will prove only a U-wayour atatutc booll,.n'pro?h i - . .rrauJ a diiraca:to the American b- I repeat, tlwt it will not Utexo- c. . J : it will rouse the dormant writ of t4jiplefaad .open tbeir. eyes JL, t.he tp pr.. .ch of despntHin. The country has mi ,k into avarice and political corruption d'f a wUicb pothin cvabL tttnn ji bat Kn mastife o toe- prl f the oiru m ut, of folly nd iiwdness, auch as that a uiwler ewqratj.jW:V!r!, l)i'uie it as you may, the contiroTem h i- h -twecn power and liberty, and he wouiil tell the gentlemen who are oprd t.i linn, that ua strong as might he the hive of power on their side, the love of ljbert is i"!ft fruti-?r on our History runiwhew mi:iv iiisiainej of simiUrstrugjflcs, when-t!i- tove o( iibtrty has prevailod airai nt powTr. tinrtrr vwry disadvantage',-and -a-hi. tiu-iii te more slrikuu; than that of on wii itv dutioii ; where, as 8trnsj as iiil- tiaieut country , and as feeble ai witi; ii ciloni:s, yet, under the impulau ol nin ny and thw olcssing of (iod, they jiUini'.ly. triumphed in tle contest.- 'J .-rc w re, indeed, many and ntriking ai a! .wiim between that and-tlio prcbcnt Con t: cr i tliey both originated nubHtantuU l in the same cause, with this difference, tin, in (tie present cao, the power of tax' a1 1 m is converted into that ol regulating in l.idtry iii that the power of regulating in.lusirv, by the regulating .f commerce, a aiWinpted. , l . b yeriod jnlo the pnwer of taxation. Were he to trace tne " analogy 1'u ithcr'; "' we'Wtmld" tind-that-the perversion or the taxing power, in ou'e ease, uus, given precisely the same con trol to the northern section of the Uuiou -wneft - tne- power to- regnlaie .coinaierce give to (ireat liritain over the industry of the c .1 lines; and that the very articles in win.-. i i tie colonies were permitted to h.ive free trad'), and those in which the mother ciuiiry odd n injnooly, are almost iden-.tr.-.t; Iv'tiie siitiits tiS Woa under -witieh the Sontiieru Stdttjs are permitted to have a free t ra le by act of 12, and which the ti Ttii'jru States have, by ttio siirhn act, ie. "or l i n oiiopoly ; the only diderence is i i Lin ,n:i,n: in the foraior, the colonies wurtj , r,nitted to have a free trade, with fill con; u nog wth of -Cape Fmiatere, . a cape i,i the uortiiJin part of.Spain ; whilo north of that the trade of the colotiies waa p' hibtte,d, except through the mother" i'Vi'itry, by io mus of ber commercial reg ul i t.i his. Ii we compare tire "products .of the country north and south of cape Finifc ter. we will find them almost identical with. tin' list of'tfie protected and unpro- . t ; i e4 ii'rticti-a cnntarm'd in the act .last lo v termi.iate the r'Hiiui 'iKeinetit of the American r I'.uii.to, i itm lui Jinare adoptixl, and the motives asKigned to bring on that eon test, (to eidorce tlte law,) are almost idea tically thu sriM). r.ut, (aij lr.CAl(jpx,)toriturrrn-rn this ill ;n-iori to the consideration of the bill. Whalevr ti;iiui.n nav eiit upon other points, there is one m which he I would nuriiH m there crwld bo none t that una out rvms on principles, winrn u carr cd out, will ride over Htafe aovereignties, aod that It will be ttllo for any of its advo rate hereafter to talk of t ate right The Bcnator froin Virginia, (Mr. Utvts) say that he is the advocate o titato rights but be must permit roe to tell, him that, a! though he way Lfl5r in prmuci fcomtha other rrnilemaa with whom he acts on this otxasioo, ytt in supporting this bill he obliterate! every vestige of distinction be tween him and thrra. saving oniy that, profusaing the principle of '04, hit exam, pie will be more pernicious than that of the most open and btttei epponeiiU of the rights u Ih States, lie aruuld also add, what be.wa comprllod t say , that be munt consider him (Mr. lure) as les consis tent than our old npponrnts, whose concla sions were fairly drawn frona their premi sea, whilst hie premise ought to have led hi m to opp wte c ioclu-o. The ft ntle. man ha told vsthat the oevr fangM doc lnwa,uhchofle trcall them, bad brought State right into disrepute, lie must tell hiro, ia rply, that what he called new fangldf-ara bet the doctrines of .'Si ; and that it t he, (Mr. Kivk,) and other with him, who, profe-wng tliese doctniM-s, bad derak'd thrm by explaining away their meaning ami emracv. lie i m. is..; naa disclaimed, m behalf of Virsmw, the an ihoTHhii f nullificaUou. -Mr. C would ik4 disiaite that point. If Virginia chose to throw away fM oi ner ongniest wriM uteuu, be munt - w4 - hereafter . compbio that it had bee nue the property of anoth er. But white as a Represents live of Car olina he had no right to complain oT the disivowal of the -Senator frm Vtrginie, Ira must believe that he (Mr. R.) had done his native state great iiijtwuce, oy declar ing oo thi door, that when she gravely re solved, in 'tH, that ' in cases ot deliberate and dingertus infractions of the Constitu ttoa, the State, as parties la "!he compact, have the right, aod are in duty bound, to interpose to arrest the progress of the evil arid Jo mainUiH, waUw their respective limit, the autb"orit1esV r7ghfvlid liberties appertaiiHng to them, meaht oo more than toordato the tizht to protest and re monstrate. To suppose that, in putting firth so solemn a declaration, which be afterwards sustained by so able .and elubo rate an argument, she meant do more than to :a,mrt whnt :liytW:-..b;:?rL:H'l' would be :to suppoee that tlie 6ate Jiad been- gwilty of tlie most ear4gioiu tritLiur, tnat ever was exhibited oo so solemn an- occasion. . -.. ... .v...., . .. Mr. C. snid that, in reviewing the ground over which lie had passed, it wnitd be ap parent that the urtio ia coutrov Mrsy a folved that inost deVple imporunt 4 ali- political tjueslious, whuiuer ours was a luu. rat or a consolidated : (JontrnuieoU .A question, on the decision" of which uVpeuds ii he solemnly believed, the itbf ny ine ieople, their happiness, and the plact wlnttt we are dei.im to hold in the moral aud intellectual 'a, of nations. Never w.i t iereai--.tiuVersyin which morcuuporia t - Mihetjueuce were involved ; not xc.i nig thit between I'ersia and Greece, dou Jed by tlie buttles 'of Marattioh; Flatva, and Salami; which gave . aaceodency to the genius of Europe oyer that of Asia ; ami which, in its consequences, has con tmued to effect the destiny ol so large a Mrtion of the world, eveu to this day. fhere is, aiJ Mr. T., often clwe analogi es between eveot app.irently very remote, whtcn are strikingly illustrated m inn case. In the great contest botwteo Greece and Persia, betweeo Kuropeao and A-aiiC nditv and civdization, the very question between the lederal and CMlsotiuaiwi lorm of Government was involved. The Asia tic Governments, from the remotest lime, with some exceptions, on the. eastern, shorn of the Mediterranean, have been based on tho principle of cuusoli latiou, which con sidcrs the vh ile community as but a unit, and consolidates its powers in a central point. The opposite pnncipie ha prevail-i-d iir Europe---G recce, thrmihiur all Iter States, was based oo a federal system. All were united iu one common, but loose bond, and the Governments ol the several dtates partook, for the most part, of a com- nlex orraniz.itiou, which distributed politi cal power m ng diirsfent mouther oflhe community. The same principles pre- vailed ancient-Italy ; and, (I we turn 1 1 the Teutonic race, our groat ancestors, the race which occupies the. first pltce in pow. '.. I : I ...I. ..I. er, CiViilZiUiou, ana scieu-e, aim wujtu poHsesse the largest and the Purest part ol Eur pe,we will find that their Governments were based on the federal organization us has been., c leaHy illust rated by a recont and able writer on the British constitution, (Mr. Palgf ave) fom whose writing he in-j troduced the lollowing extract? " ';" - ') ,0 this manner the first establishment of the Teutonic Slates was aiUted.- .. , . lh n- wei .isseiiihrages ot sepia, clans, magistrate and cliieflninsjeat h rd hom was originally indcpeudeiil, and -ach of whom lMt portion of hi pri-tinrt iu.lepeii dence, in prp(rtionas he and bis compeer became united under the suprcmncy of a iovcrein, who was superinduced Un (he Mute, first a a military, commander, and aiterwards a a mug.. HI, ootwithstand ingthi political conne I iim, each member ol the S'sto continued to retain a consider ahfe Prtion of tlie n'gTit "of'iofrrtipty, cvory ancient icuioiiiq monarcny must becooftidsred a a federation t it U not an unitt of which-the inallcr'. bodk-a politic therein. contained are the fractions, but they are the integer, and the State i the multiple .which result from them. ., Dy. kedunuaod cuuntur, burgbl aadharotiir., town and towrwhipa, nd hiri, from (he kingdom alt, iu a certain degree, siran. ger to each other, and separate in jurt diction, though all obedient to the supreme executive authority. , Jhia general de criptioo, though not alway strictly ap plicalde in terms, I always so substantial ly and to efloCt i ami bene it becomes oecewsary to discard the language which naa been very generally employed in trea ting on the English c-vixtitutioo. It has been tppoed that the kiogdoin was redu ced into a regular and gradual snbordin lion id Goveniment, and that the various legal districts of which it i composed arose from the diriM Hia and sub-divwion ol the country. But this hypothesis, which tends greatU to perplex our history ranoot be support by fact ; and indeed of viewing the conmitulioo as a wholo, and then proceeding to its parts, we must ex mine.it yntheticIly,aul anime that the supreme' authorities of the 8tae were rre ated by the concentration o the p.iwer origiiully belonging t ) the metnber ainl cortMirations ol winch it is composed." TtTero Wr."l'gaveVay Go the next day, Mr. Calhoun proceed. ed by remarking that he- had omiited, at their proper place, in the course of his ob servation yesterday., two or three point to which he would now advert, before he resumed the discussion where he had left ofT. He had stated that the ordinance and act of South Carolina were directed, not against the revenue, but against the sys tem of protection. - But it might be a?keJ, if such was her object, how hapiens il that she has declared the whole system void ; revenue as well a protection, without di crimination ? It is tbitaucsttnn which he propertied to answer. roller justification would be found in the necessity of the ca- and if there be any blame,- it could not at tach to her. The two were so blended, throughout the whore-, as to make the en tire revenue system subordinate to the pro lection, o esUo Constitute a complete ay, tehi of protection, In which It w.is ihipssi" We to discriminate the two . elements of which it is composed. SMith Carolina at least could not . make .the discrimination and she was reduced to the alternative o arqtiiencing in a system which she believ ed iq be MucoiiHtitutionnL and which she fell oe?twptHive and ruiou,,r to cunl suler the whole as oneiullj routaminn tiid .through all its part, by? the uncpustifu iionality of tlie protective portion and, as micli, to be resisted by tlie act ol 'he state. - . . - l - ' ' ' "' T tie maintained that the State had a riuht to regard it in the latter -chaiacter, and that it a loss of revenue fdlowed, the fault was not hers, but of this government, which improperly Mended together, in a uvinnernot to tx separated by the State, two stems wlnJly Jnsiunlar. . If the sinccri ly "J'the Slate be doubted ; if it lie upp- sed that her action is against revenue as well as protection, let the two be separa ted ; let so much of the duties as are mten ded for revenue, be put in one bill, and the residue intended for protection he put in another, and he pledged himself that the ordiunnce and the acts of the State would cease as to the former, and bo directed ex clusively against the latter. ile had also stated, in the course of his remarks yesterday, and trusted he had conclusively shown that the act of 1816, with the exception of a singlo item, t which. liaMd.Jliludewaji,' in" reality, a revenue measure, nd tnat Carolina, and the utuer States, in supporting it1, had noi incurred the slightest responsibility in re latiou to tlie system of protection, which had since arrowii up, aud which now so deeptf "distracts t he count ry Sr,aid Mr. 0., 1 am willing, as one of the repre souiattves of Carolina,' ami 1 believe, I noak the sent i moot of the State, to take, that act of the basis of a permanent adjust ment olthe taritl, simply reducing the du tios, in an averuge proportion, on ftll the items, to the revenue point. I make that oifcr uvyM'Mh? "''y'SL1!0 tho protec tive system ; hut I must, m candor uitorm them, tnat such an adjustment would dis tribute the revenue between the protected and unprotected articles more favorably to the State, and to tho South, and less to the manufacturing interest, than an average uniform ad valorem, and accordingly, more so than that how proposed by Ctiro- jma, through hor convention. A n 0rp.rt.i, ,a ul who valued his Alter such candor; 7!. 1 e r,, , - nv m r.itii-iiieo to ihe ooint under con- - ua omrnoa biso. uu ym.f.ji ov lice a remark of thi Senator iVm Virgin - w.(Mr,Utv) ,)tliat the only dilFicnlty in ad i'Minj the larif grew out of lb ordinance and the acts of South Carolina. lie mu.t attribute an. assertion, inconsistent with the facts, to aiiigtioraarc of the occurren ri-st-f Hie lust few years, in rfferince to this subject, occasioned tv tlu) aWnre . of the geiitlumatl from the United Btates to wjiirhji himself has alluded ' IA -ri re n7arV. ' If the Senai'or wiftlike"j)aTn4to inforut himeu, he will find that thi pro. I retire system advanced with A continued and rapid step 10 spite of petition, rcpiuo (trances, and protests, of not ody Carina but also of Virginia, and of nil the South. ro . State, uoU 1 Wwheo Capioa, lCit.lhia.first tiusve Jiwgt'd-JUbebjvracJ.ei Y her retistanee, by holding up her reer ved right a the shield of Iter defence agninet further encroachment. Thit tti lude alaie, unaided by a single atate, ar rested the further progress oflhe system, so that the question frinn ' that period to this, mi the part of the manufacturer, ha been, not how to acquire more, but to re tain 'hat which they have acquired. ' He would inform tho gentleman that ii this Attitude tiad not been taken on Ihe'partof the .State, the question would not now be, how duties ought to be repealed, but a ques tion a to the protected articles, between prohibition 00 roe aide and the duties e tahlished by the act of 1 324, on the other. lint a single remark will be Mflictent in reply to whal be must consider the invidi. on remark of the Senator from Virginia (Mr. Ri ins.) The act of 18 W, which ha not yet anno into operation and which was passed but a few month, aiacc, was declar ed by the suppTirier. the ytetn to be a permanent adjustment, Ac the bill proponed by the Treasury Department, not essenti ally different from the act itself, was in IHienimme'decla the adaiinistration a a permanent arrange ment. What -ha occurred since,- exrepr thi ordi wiesvaodthea alatswdw. atiU Atf the calumniated State, to produce this mifbty revolution in reference to this odit 011 nyntein? Unless tho Senator from Vir fiuia can assign aomo other cause, he is Ixsind, upon every principle of fairness, to retract this unjust aspersion upon the acts j ii .a r I ' 01 ssHiin Yamuna. After noticing (aid Wr. C) another mission, he would proceed with his re narks. The Senator from Delaware, ( dr. Clayto!,) a well a other, had re led with great emphasis on the fact that we are citizens of the United State.. I ,(aidMr. C.) do not object to the expres sion, nor shall 1 detract from the proud and elevated feeling with which it is as sociated r but-he trusted that he might be permitted to raise the inquiry, iii wJwt man.n'TJ.flre 'ft ciwnrrpf:rihe'- United Slates T. without, weakening . the . patriotic feeling with which he trusted it would ever b uttered. If by citizen of the United Stales,-he meant ' a citizen at large,., one whose citizenship extended to the entire geographical limits of the country, with out having, . local. , pit iaei.shjp inom Mate ona croiory, a wrtqf auzcaof the world, all he bad to say was, that such a ciliaeu would be a perfect aon descript; that not a single motviuuni 01 tins uescrip- tion could be found in the entire mas of air population. Notwithstanding all the pomp m.d display of eloquence on the oc eastonr every citizen is a ciliva ot some State or Territory, and a such, under an express provision of the Constitution, is entitled to all privileges and immunities of citizens in the several -Slates; and it is iu this, and iu no other sense, that we are titizeus of the Uuited States. The Sena tor from Pennsylvania, (Mr. Dallas,) in deed, relies upon that provision in the Con- stitution which gives Congress the power to establish a uniform rule of naturaliza tion, aud tho operation of the rule actual ly established under th authority, to prove that naturalized citizens are citizens at large, without being citizens of any of the States. He did not deem it necessary to examine the law of Congress upon this subject, or to reply to the argument of the Senator, though he could uot doubt that he (Mf. D.) had taken an' entirely erroneous view ofrhtB irabiect. ; It wassoiaeieot that the power of Congress axi ytu4 the establishment of an uniform rule, by which foreigners might be naturalized in the several. States or Territories, without infringing, ..W, any, ot her wspeeL jo refer . ence to naturalization, the rights ol the States, as they existed before the adoption of the Constitution. Having supplied the omissions of yester day. Mr. C. now resumed the subject at the 001 tit where his" remarks then terminated. The Senate woutu rememuer, mat ne sta 1 .1 . . .' ... ted at their close, that the great question at" issue was, whether ours is a federal or a consolidated system of Government j a system, in which the parts, to use the em phatic language of M. Palgrave, are the Cite r8. and the whole the multiple or in which the" while is a unit and the part the fractions; that he had stated, that on the'ducisioh of this question, he believed, depends not only the liberty and prosperi tv of this. ctHintry, but the place which we are destined to hold in the intellectual and moral scale of nations. He had stated, also, in his remarks on this point, that there was a st riki'n'jj analogy between this and the great struggle- between Persia and 1 Grece, wroth had been decided by the I battle of Jfarathon, Plate, and Balami, 'and which had lmmor1aliz"d the names o Miltisdes and Themistot les, lie had il lu'drnled thi analogy by allowing that Centralism, bt coiiJim!ion, With Jho ex ecption of a few nation along the taster border oflhe Mediterranean, had been ifie pervading principle in the Asiatic Gov merits, while lie federal aystcm, or, whal ii tlid Miu6lnpriiK:ipI'(haTtCiii wblcll orgauifs a community in reference to it part, bad prevailed to burope. 1 ttjong 0 few exccpfifsi in the Ant- ic nations, the Government of the twelve tribe of Israel, ia if early period, wm I he most slnkinff. .Their Government, at lrit, wa a rnere eonfederation," without f- . r -. -t- . it- any central power, 1111 a military cnieiunn, with the title of King; waa placed at it nead, wiiiitfuf, merging me original or ganization of the twelve distinct tribes Tiii wa the commencement of that ecu Iral action among that peculiar people, which, in three venerations, terminated in a permanent division of their triber. - (t is impossible even for a carelew reader to peruse the history of that event, without being fercibly'atruck with' the analogy iu the cause which led to their separation, and those which now threaten u with a similar calamity.. With the establishment of the central power in ibe .Kin?, coin me need a system of taxation, 1411, under King Solomon, waa greatIC Jtcrcased to defray the expense of rearing the. temple, of enlarging and embellishing Jerusalem, the aeat of. the central Government, and the other profuse expenditure of bia mag oificent reign. . I--kwjJ UxaHrwa lollowed by it natural consequences 01 content and complaint ; which before his death beiran to excite resistance.' Oo the succession of hi son, Rehobnam, the ten tribc;1iBwlc(h :bfhntotomrtimitdri;' reduction of the taxes ; the temple being fiiHslied and the embellishment ol Jem jalcmBinJcteand Irjemrwe which had been raised lor that jmrpoee being no longer reqmred t or, in other words, the debt being paid, they demanded a reduc tion of the duties a repeal of the tarilT. The demand was taken under considers lion, and after consulting tlie old men, the counsellors of '94 who advised a redue lion, he then, took r the opinion of I he younger politicians, who had since grown up, and knew not the doctrines of their fathers; he hearkened unt their counsel, and refused lo nuke the reduction, and the secesnion of the ten tnbm, uiier Jerobo am, followed. Tlie tribes of Judah and Benjamin, which had" received - the..dii bursenieuts, alone remained to the house of David. HBut, to return to tne pnmlimihedlatcTv under consideration, - He knew that ii waanot only the opinion of a large major ity of our country but it might be said t be thenpinion nf the age, that - the very beau ideal of a perfect .Government was the government ot a maiority, acting through a representative body, without may teatihia .theory byexpertence and reason we .will find, thatso far from being iMrR rf. the neeeniarv tendency bf all Governments based upon the will of an ab solute majority, without constitutional check or limitation of power, ito faction, corruption, anarchy, and despotism ; and this, whether tlie will of the maiority be expressed directly through an assembly of the people themselves, or by their repre scntativea. I know, (said Mr. C.,) that in veuturing this assertion I - MMervthat which is unpopular, both within and with out these walls ; but, where truth and lib- rty are concerned, such considerations ihould not be regarded. He would place the decision of this point on the fact, that no government of the kind, among the many attempts which had been made, had ever endured for a singlo generation ; but, on the contrary, iiad invariably experienced- the fate which he had assigned to them. Let a single instance be pointed ut. and he would surrender his opinion. But, if we had not the aid of experience to direct our judgment, reason itself would bo a certain guide. Tlie view-which consid cts the- eommunky-aa-a-umty-aud . all-ila eartaaabasinj a s.mitarjraexCftfc.Jjnqii. Cally eTroncous; However small tlie com- muiuty may be, ami however iioinogeiuous its interests, tho moment that government is put into operation, as soon as it begins to collect taxes and to mane appropria tions, the different portions of community must, of necessity, boar diflereut and op posing relations in reference to the action of the government. There must inevita bly spring up two. interests ; a uircciioii and a stockholder interest; an interest profiting by the action of the government, and, interested, io .increasing jts.. powers and action ; and another, at whose expense the political machine is kept in motion. He knew how difficult it was to communi cate distinct ideas on such a subject, through the medium of general proposi tions, without particular illustration; and, io order that be might be distinctly uu derstood, though at the hazard of being tedious, he would illustrate the important principle which he had ventured to ad vance, by examples. Let m then suppose a small c immunity of five persons, separated tr 10 ile iei it tu wotldi aod W umbo euiaflo strotigj let UuppoM llii'm ll 1. en " gaged in th same pur.ult, and lo be of equal wealth. Let u further ii.i'o that they determine lo (wrt tho c iin munity by the will of a loujority t and, to rtmke the case a strong a powsihl. Ir! 01 supjKine that the m.ijonly h order tu meet Ihe eipeysca of Itie 'government, ny an equal tax, say of f 10(J on r ich iifliviifu d ol thi tittle community, Their ircinury rwuattf'COflWlff fivt " hundred' v'ti o"arau " Three are a majority and lhy, ly up position, have contributed three hundred a their portion, and the other .two, (tho minority) Iwo hundreaV-; The three Me the right to make tho' appropriafioti(JU they may think projicr. , I he question ii, how would Ihe priucipie'tiflhe absofute and ' uitcfieckeJ majorily o'ierlftTbtidenTe'.'o' circumstances, in this1 little commuo'tv ? II the three be goveruod by a sens of justiceif they shnild appropriate the .1 . if t 1. . . money 10 ie oitjecu lor wnicn 11 was raised, the1 common and equal benefit ot the Que,' then Ihe object of the aswaUtiori would be fairly and honestly a fleeted, sod ' each would have a cummin intereot ir the governmeut. - But slntuld the maj nity pursue "ho opposite course ; sli.iuld. they appropriate the money iu a manner Id Is.-n v eni their own particular interest, without regard to the interest of the Iwn, (iud I hat they will so act, unh-es there be some e(fi. ' cient chock he who best know human na tura will least 'doubt,) who doe not - see that the three and the wo would have di', . rectly opooNite interests, in reference tl Ihe action i ihe government J-.Tlif ihref", who contribute to Ihecoiorocsi treasury but throe hundred dollar, C' u)l,.ia' fart, . by appropriating the five hundred to tbeif ', own use, coovert the action ol the g Vein - ment into the means 'of niaknig tu nfy p and, of consequence, would hava direct " intcTefttO jncreasing' the:Js put in three hundred and take isit five 5 that V V they take back to ihemsrjves pll thnt they had put in; and, io addition, that, which wa put in by their associates ; or, , in other word, taking taxairni aod appro - .- . .1 .t.-i t- -- priauon logemer, mey nave aineu, h w their associates have ot, two hundred 1 II . Ml I .1 louars v) i ne nscai acuoo 01 uie g ivrrii . incut. Andippoeite interest, in rvietyf eoce 10 me action 01 ine g ivernmeniy . . L ' . t .1 . X- thus created betweeo them: lht. oneiiav-- ing an inleretit in favor and theothelr" " aguinsl the taxes ; the one to increase at.d , ne other to docreatKi Ihe taxes: tho 110 o retain the taxes when themoney tsnO mger wanted, and the tmier to 'repeal ' tiem when the . objecUr. for which they - were kvied hav beerfcxecuted. . '- . - - Let ufe now suppose this "Commanityrof - Cvcto be jraised lb. twenty f ur itidmrtuats, 10 D9 governed in 111c uiaiiiier oy ine win tf a Hiaj.fitJ it is obvious that ; the saiiio r principle would divide them int. Ii- terests-uto a majority and a,mia-rityl -thirtern agaiiisl 'eleven, 6f to some other- troriortino;. and that alt tbeconseoueoees. AKich he had shown to bo applicable to the ..-ii ..re. . .1 1 1 .0 - KiilUII tuillllluuuT ll'r, wimiii m rijUililV applicable to the reatefrr-lhe. .caunoj depending upon the number, but, nr-wr uti necessaruy ir.oni tne acuon 1 e g.yero. ment itself. - Lei u uo w noiip ioh',' io- stead of governing themselv-' d'ftly fa an assembly of the whole, witho it 1 lie in tervention of agents, they slioufd ad -pi thi7 representative principle, and that, ins' ad of being governed by a rmj nty of thetn-' selves, they should be -oerned by a tua-" jority of their representatives. It is oh-. vious that the operation of the system . would not- be effected by -tlie C'latfgtythe : representatives being resonsib;e to those who choose them, will conform l ihd .will. f their constituents, and would act asihev w mld do, were they present, and acting 1 (or themselves ; and the .same condu l of- interest, which we have shown would ex ist in one case, would equally eti.-t in the ther. In either case, the inevitable re sult would bo a system of hostile legista ion on the part of the majority, or the stronger interest, agaiunt the minority, -r- the weaker interest ; the object of which, on the part of the former, would be to ef. -J act as much as possible from the latter, . wnicn wouia necessarily oe resiteo by all the "means in thei r power."" WarlaferiT" : tween the parties, with the sameToliject and uot less hostile than that which is car ried on between distinct and rival nations r-Uie. only distinction w. uld lie in the in.. struitients and tne mode. Enactments, ia the one case, would supply what -ould only be effected by arms tti the other ; and tho inevitable operation would be to engender the most hostile feeling between the par. ties, which would merge every feelme of patriot ism that .oiing which embraces the whole, and suSntuie iu its place the) ie'teleot-.Sai4yatMchiueiit f ie4 "in J stead ol having one Common center of at tachmeni, around which Ilia nff ctiong of the community might rally, there would, iu tact, be two the iutcreuts of the ma joi ity, to which those who constitute ;hat majority would be more at . nrh d thao they wt uhl be to the whole, nn ? that of rttisj iiiiiiochv, iu which iney 111 line maslnef would also be more attached than to - tho lutew-sls of ths whole. Paction would thus ta!te the place of pttrioiism, and, witlt the loss ol itatriotistn, corruption musi ile. cessarily f How, mid, in its train, artnrt y. ana, auaiiy, aespoueoi, or too CSUoUfia heio.. The very arumvuto9rteH a - by fruHet ''.iiiasSSS':'- ,.-.. '- . '.. X - ..... ; - ., i ' , :'' .rv'-"