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tiie pRi:sini:NTti Piwu:.r.
' Tbe Const itutim make tlie ll.siee f Represent
itivea thafKluiv inIi:, in the'f M in-i.ifire,
gf the qiKMum whctir the President bm commit
led to jrnpciK halJA iM'(m:i. A majority of the
Hennas, whose iufertcn'nce wirh Dm preliminary
3irtion bus, tr tbe best of all rraMi, Wh tu.
.iulyeicfcidMi, aniK-ijwlo th action of the I liaise
of Ueprcsciitalivea, awsiii not iady the function
whtrh wlonga exclusively to Unit body, but convert
fliriiirlvf lUtu accusers, witne, council, and
ttfclir and pfj'K'g lw wlndn case. Thus prn.
.uling tlte ajH-suiiig sist-iai-ie, ta a free Male, of
jnli!t- tfpwg thrvtijrti lalmred prcpanttiiai for mi
i.iiikiftuJ n nrinjf and Ct 0.111, by h prcvusis rx
I,,r1r iuvutiialiiji and sentcnco ugaUMt tlto sup
posed nlKIMJ'T.
There i uo moir. wtlW axiom in flint Govern.
iiM iit a hence we thrived I lie mmM of this part of
itur CsistilulMi, thau tout M the Jori cannot i ti t-
li'li any to thciiun-l.es, nor join in the acciisatiisi,
bcuux ihry art judgr" linli juixicntly tif tlx'
"iirral n'o.m in wliicli lliut ruin in CiuiiiWd, iu
jr.'jirwly bikI imNirt4ikr an grttuty iiirroa! by
luiiin of lit"' iiiijw iirliin jf r. . Tli ponrr
1 rp a triliiiiml whi irntiurtj tnny cxm-t i!h-ih
l,M.fii llM'irjwMt iiil brawl flinii m iiifaiiMiuis ia
'iiiinrirtly a iilnr rt'iia'ily a n'onsly (fc-nigncd
j Iw t'lMplxvi'd f if lln-jiroli-OiiHi of priviil? ritflit
.imr'pKiLIiv ""filKfrfy'njiaiiisI' "fTi-''hlMrujrTiijii:4'H'r
ml f h Hxirn-4MotiU tuliitT4y power. IIul
franwm of th (' m-tiliiii'in wr ali urnkmlil.
'Jiy aware that this f rinulalilt iuMruiix nl hal
vn him) ini(ht be alu--l ; iuh! llin', fnxn il cry
lutuP!, an iuiM'.i(-liiia'iit for bih riun aihl iuil'-iiK-aiiora,
wliaii-vrr iniglit he ifa r--ilf , wouM in
ni Ml Cifl f n-'inp.iiiHsl by riiitch of ilinhotior
ntal reimucli, aoik Kinlfi hikI KufS-nnj;, at hi ifiulifl
tin power of preferring it one of tin; bihe.-il m
leiiinity attd nnxirtaiM-c.
It dm ! ! tmth tin? errf4f mttfft that tbr
nnearhiii power hIvhjM bnbxlivl iu (lie. han lnof
iImxt who, tr im tin mode of their election and the
xmr?'ir lMfm&mMmri('vnrrtjer
preM (fie pojiular will, and at' tho autno tiniA I
a d.ffciiy ant afxWity anwnabtfl w thA IVopbi.
'Mm tlimiry of tlieno wir and, bctiij;nsuit inteDtimui
ix, in I he prencnt cam, cfloctuully dtfoatiii bv the
pMcpehiiK of the Seiuile. The tnorubera tht
ixHly r-preeut, not tlie Teopb;, but the Stalca ; aiuJ
ilnMigh lliey arn uiwlotihlially reKpiamhIa to the
suiea, yut,lnm their cxteinknl term of xmici",
iho t'lli-ct of th;t rspotwilality, during" the whrjo
period of that teriiij mu.it vnj mtirh depwiil npoo
ftM'ir own iiiiprt's-i.HMi of it oblipiiory f rre.
Vi Iua Iim1v llnui. funJkliiteft ivTiireMu. 11
Immt, it- ojmii. in" a jKiHin.lar rpr. aM thu.
directly mvitet a prosecution, it not only aiiinea
-a- powor mtemlelr wiwe tm Hint, t a eiwirined
to otliera, ImiI k . Jii-Li flto UlXvr faun ibnl eeti
mvo and permul rcKpuinibility WKterm hich it was
m'naied iff r ieM'ier,TnT 'reverieT tlieiiwlwte
'heiHeof llm pnrt 4ke (uMHteni. -
Suili would be miiie 4 the olihrtiiaia to thiii
procedure, even if it were admitted iliat there i.s
L'i "VVUUI'.j 14 II Ta iVf UMIIf(lTt 11111 .1
traces dinrsed m-tKe re4irti.Hh - Hot if. on the
other iwualj tiwt U-jtWR-of- ttcpr aaX atiaet.italr-'-tar
ef-mieaHt-4H-i.iwaim-4o(cu
tiie.ni upon UhU,ajkl slmll tlieri furo deem it impro
per to ftiJi-t. MtLiJiwi:i4, thco- a ill tuo hJ.
tionif pnvilck'e as it rcptrtJ tliotilonserof jris
fico an it regard the President, ayd of the Consti
tution, M it, relates to both, lie only tiie moif com
spiciw'ius and iir.pre-?ive.
The constitutioiu'il ni'"le of procedure on mi im
peachmeiif lias not only been w tiolly diarepardtI,
but some of the firit principlea of natural riht and
eulighuiueJ. jtuiapnideiKt. Iwve, bA'Ujlolated in
the err E'Tin the 'p'wilution. It- carefniry all
afaiiislfoni i aveTnnjif'in 'whTo1i"or tft1i'e"linrrji)'rVK
cecilinjp, hi ndatiow to the jmhlic revenue, tho Pre
rioVnt" ha. ' Mwtmed npoh hinrw-lf authority and
pwef-oif eooferrenl by theiVeoititinn amt taws;1
It carefully abntaiiH from sjn-eifving raof lawx or
what fxirt of tlu C'mHtitiition fmve been violated.
Why wa not the crrtninty of the ollence " the
nature aial can.; of" the nceiwition" -set out iu
the manner mpiired tlie. t 'oixtitution, before
e en the hitinhlest individual, fir the aiiKille4 crime,
can be exposed to condemnation t
Such a six-'cification was due to the accused1, that
h micht direct his .defence, to ihcrcal pouiU of
jJCT J'IO'Wr'pei?) vj"miniicanjt wi
d'TstaiHl m what partinitara their instimtiinw have
been violated ; and to the truth and certainty of
ur public annals. A the record now stand,
wltilst the reioi.n plainly eliur-w iifkin tlie Pre.
-ident at leait owe iet (' itorintion in the late
executive pnweedings in relation to the public re.
e!me,nari(li ao framed that those Senator who
ht:licved that one such act, and only one1, had been
committed, could a&wmt to it ; .its language is yet
broad enough to include several such acts ; and ao
it may have been regarded by some of thoae who
voted for it. But though the accusation ia thus
comprehensive in the censures it iniMes, there is
uu .-.h rtaiiity f 4iiaft,ilaee, o eircunwlance,
l.tQjexhibit Jjhe jparticular coneliwon i of fact or
law whicii iiidneed airy bneBemtw 'Corbie ttC
And it may well have happened, that, whilst one
Senator hollered that '.aonie particular act emhra
ced in the rewhition was an arbitrary and uncon
stitutional assumption of power ; others of the ma
jority may bare deemed that mrf et -both connti
tutional and expedient-rr, if not erpedieut, yet
ftill within the pale of the Contitirtion.
And thus a majority of the Senators may have
W11 enabled to concur in a yasrue and undefined
aeusation, thai the President, in the course of;
" 1 ha late executive proceodinjrs in. reLition ia the
P" iWic revenHe,' lia3 vltilited the Conufioh and
laws ; whilst, if a separate vote had been taken in
repect to each particidar act, included within the
jrieral temw, the accusers of the President might,
on any such ite, have b"en found in the minority.
Ptill furtlier to einlilifv ihia fi-alur f ihl nm.
rir;t"c JUi io'puruuii-A wwk hi u
i4utMi, u originally offi rrd hi tU fttnatt, pa
ifslt tilth a(kiwt prutUioB.'wrtaJo acta ti th
IV liideut, hicb a denounced u a vtoUiion of ftw
(Vmitiition Ind Li iumJ thai it wat iui unlit
tlie rery (lmi of f h deUte, and heo, perhap,
11 iiniH-wieu 10m a Duij-rity night oof au.
Ui:t the apoeilic arcuvttiua Contained in it, tliat the
rluti.i a av inotlifwd aa fg uuit iu preamit
form. A more atntiiifj illuatratijn of tho nund
ne anrl Heredity of (lie ruh t which forbid tagtw
and iinlefuuto Kenrrmlitk-a, fcid rwjiiira a fwwoiiaWe
certainty in all judicial allifiratwfHi, and a more
l hiring iiii4aiMre of tlie violation of tlicxw rue, Laa
wmIoiii UM-n tluUteJ.
In fhia mw of the rfIution, it mH certainly
lie trpinUui, iKit at a vimucatiun of any particular
prutioiou of the lav or the Coiwtitutiun, but aju
ply aa an otiMial rebuke orenudfoinatory atntetic',
too iiM'ral and iiukfiuile to bo 9.iy P-pt-Qed, but
yof auluciuiuly pm i5 to ban; into dirredit the
conduct and VMitivvt of the Eiecutivo. Hut what
ever it may liare bwo Intnndi-d fa acoompliah, it i
obvifmathnt the Tayre, geneml, and abstract Iirm
of tlm rcwilution, ia in perfect keeping with thoae
otherdeparturea froin fint principle and aultW iu
prmCnvntu In juriprudiic, ao properly the boast
'to nnx'h to any, of the abole of theae proceeding
that if they ahall bo approved and aiutuiued by an
jiitelligefit people, then will that great coateat wih
arintmnr power, which had etaWihJ tn a1atutcn(
iu ImIU of rii(ht, in aacred charter, and in conMi.
lutKMi of Government, the rihf of every citli'ii
to a notice tieiore thai, to a hearing bulore ciaivic-
tion, and to an impartial tribunal for dot nling on
trie citarge, nave ueen waged ta rtin. .
If the reaolutiiai had been left iq it original
form, it ia 0(4 to be presumed tliat it could ever
have n-ceived lb awnt of a majority of the He.
nnie : for iIm acta tberein apecified aa viUiiK) of
1 ho ('omititulion and law were clearly riilnu tlie
limit of. the Kxeciitivt juthontyi.Jl'lwy are the
" diiniiinii tlia late Secretary of the Ta-aaurv be
cause he would not, contrary to hi aenne of Ilia own
diity.n-mi.YB lhrjaaBjfobgJl
mte with me lionk of the t. stutua and its bruuthea,
m conformity with tlie rfHteftt m-jmrnfi jand ap
poiiitibff hin aucccMor to cflict auch removal, which
haa been done. , Hut aa do other iecihVation mn
been wilwtitiileil, and aa lhee were the " Kxeeutivc
proeeinga in relation to the public revenue,"
princiiiallv referred Id in the oourae of the di-ru.
iai, tliey will Aaibtleaa be generally regarded aa
the acta intended to be denounced at uan auuip
lion of aiitliorify and power nof cwifrrmt by the
jLVmatitutiofl or Iawa,1xit in derognlion of both.
It ia thorctbre due to the occh.kiO, that a&Hiderued
r.f",r)r
to Ihem, ahoiild be tier exhibild,
.Bv the CaiMlilutiuo. the Enncutive- power j
yii3i tna J:rrrt.lnntp.f ..thJLf. Siatc. Amonj.
the dutiea nnponeU upon tnni, and whi(h he Lixwom
to Uwklliijt.lakiiig.'a) ra lli.il .tWkwa bo
fiuthfgllr executed' Jcjij.t.hus piade KV-iule
tor the" entire action of the Etcpttvt)lpajtmont;
it wax wrt reaHmble that the power of appomtin
' . I
laws u power in its nature exocntive should rn
right, but the Coiwtitiitioa makca ilJiis duty, to
" iionu.iate, and by iiJ wim the a'jvico ttJUCotwnT
onrie5cnuLS.ajiI)o)t
?uu!a none appowuncnu are not in uie lamuiuu..
lion otherwise provided fiir,'' with a provwotkat the
appointfiH-nt of inferior officers may be rested m
the President alone, in tlie courts of Justice, or tn
tin; Heads of Di'partmenN.
The Kxecutrre powtrr vrstextiir tlie- Serwrev
neither that of unHninating ? 'n6r u nppoiiitmg.w
lt(ls merely a check upon the Executive power of
appointment, ft wwivjduaia propwed for appoint-
mottt by-4he- rVsieWj-w-twlhenr-tJeemed -in
competent or uaworthy.lieyinay-.itiili4J their
conmitl and ilie appointincnf " cannot be niaile.
They encckiue acUou'oiihe J&ccuUulailCftnxK
in rx'lation t tnosQ very tamjecrs, act memseives,
nor direct him. elcctions are still made by the
President,1 and the negative given to the Seonie,
wifhouf diminishing his responsibility, furnislioaan
additional guarantee to the country hat the wib
o,rdinarc executive, as well as tho judicial omces,
shall be Glled with worthy and competent men.
'ihe whole Eswmre power being rested in the
PreNident who i responsible fof its exercise it is
a necewnrT consenuonce, that he stuar!(r have a
rigtif id Mil6yftgen1Si of nrf ovWeht'Wtd
him tn the performance of his duties,' and to dis
charge them when he is no bsoger willing tobe re-
(ponsiblg M :UMUiJMrk;tMnm9i.M
this principle, the pwer of removal, whicii, like
that 'Pfsiuptaiittupnt; n an original fa
cr, is left unchecked by tho-Constitutiw in relation
to all Executive .officers, for. whose conduct the
President is responsible, while it ia takep from him
in relation to judicial officers, for whose acta he ia
not responsible. Ia the Government from which
many of the fundamental principles of our system
are derived, the Head of the Executive Depart
.merit oiffltiallyjiai lytnow
aTwiliai
moval, and thus nmke them imiependent of tne
Executive, (hat the tenure of their offices was
changed to good behaVKJur. JSor is it conceivable
whv they are placed, in our Constitution, Mpon a
tcntire.,di(lFrcnt from that of all other officers ap
pointed by the Executive, unless it be for'tliejsaiiie
purpose.
But if there were any ground for dmik on
Ae face of the Constitution, whether all Executive
officers are removable at the will of -the President,
it is obviated bv the cotemporaneofls construction
of therument; dn& ffitd UhiCrffl pTacticnrndet if
The nower of rerrwraWa a tofSc of solemn de
bate in the Congress of 179, while organizing the
administrative departments of the Gorernment,
and it was finally oVuM tlwt tlifr President do-
rived from the Constitution the ftower of irmoral
ss fir-w it-repurds thtr tVptrtrnetit r whose im
be U npotwiU.' Although the debate covered
tha whole gnxind, embracing the Treasury as wi ll
as all the other Executive IVpnrtiiK'iits, it arose on
a Dsnioo to strike out of tlie bin to establish a De
partment of ForcigtvAffiurs, awica called the Pe.
pertinent of Slate, a claue doctarinf the Bucretary
M to be removable from office by tlie Preskktil of!
IM LmtoJ Btatea. . Alter tliat motion bad becfi
decided in the negative, if wu perceived fbxt these
wonla did not convey the rn of ,fhe Houae of
KepreaenUitivea in relafisi to the true sixirre of
the piwef of removeJ. , With the avowed object of
preventing any future Inference tliat this power
was exercisea vy tne rremdent tn rtrtae of a rrsrjf
from Cungress, when in fact .that body considered
it as derived from Ilie Ciasitiiuf ion, the words which
bad bean the subject of debate were struck out, acd
in lieu thoreof a clause was inserted in a proviskai
concerning the Uertt of tlie, l ssirlineot
which duclared that 44 wh-never tlie said principal
officer shall be retooved from offk by Iba Presi-
dent of tlie Uniled Stales, or in any titer case of
vacancy, the UneT Clerk slusild, during such ra
eancy, have charge of Ilie Doner of the office
This change having beeu made tor Ilie exurena pur
p-e tjf divlarmr lit) setise of Congress, ihst the
FniMdeuioWrvod tiraHweriiHvJ (fHttfim
(onstitution, the Act as it paused baa always been
coiwidWd sVa' full expresKiiinoT tlie sense oTTlie
Legistatnre on Ihu important part of Jlie Anrt
call Cotwlitulion,
Here Iben we have the concurrent authority of
i restovur v axhingtoo, of the renale, and the
House of K"pn senlntives, numbers of whom had
taken au active part in tlie Conrention whieh
franr-1 the Cofistitiifiisi," and in the Stale cxsivem
tHns whieh ad'fted it, that the President derivej
an utHmalilied power of removal from that insru
nient itself, which is u bevond tlie reach of lyegiuU
live autlwrity, Ub'si this principle the Govern-
iiient has now been steadily administered (br atsait
forty-live years, during winch tbf te have been du
Miensis reinovnls maile by tlie Prestilont or by bia
direction, embracinz every trade of Executive of-
(ktm. fnaa lias U vf fMpartnifiits In llm nrs.1
sengers of 1 Wires us.
The: Treasnry Deiartmcnt, in the diacusaaion
of 17HU, was cmiHiden-d on tlie same (siting as tlie
other Executive Di jiaiinieiit, and iu the Act estab
lishing if , the precise words were incorporated, mmIi
cativaof the sene of Congress, fliai the Presiditit
denrea his pwer to remoretlie Secretary, from the
Constitution, whieh appear in rhe Act establishing
fhefapnrtmntof fcireictt Alrairs. An'Autant
fecrefary-of "the Trensnry was created, and it was
nrnviffe:! thnt fwi nhoiil.1 litke rlmrMi nf llm TvuXtt
and tsH.m of tlie Dopurtineui ii Wuv ito, R.
eisnry ehatl be rrswerf-fretti Wiir Hr tne- fret
detif oT the niile(Tires.TUo Wrcf;itry:iirib.f
JtpMjry rj'lg.r.,tlHlthe Pjv'lejt4.fttd
ing coiwiilf red as ciMwIitutioimll iriiiuaoluJ.by
him, it appears never tl have isreiirrod lo any one
Mt thfti mgsew of J 7 &,-of-sJ nee, toitil -er y- seel
ccntly, that he wu other f ban ati Executive officer,
tlie mere instrument f Itwr Chief Mstrrf-fn
the exeiiition of the lews, subject, like all other
Heads, ef.pep.ylnicntsjjo his fjijiemsioii and con
trol. No such iden as nn officer of the Congmis
lait he" f sW-ia tim t'oitstitiit ion, or apoarj ti ha ve
suggnsteu ibteii in tiiose wuoTorgarjuna tne xim
vemtnent; -'i'liere are ofhWs-of xadklluu-setllici
ppiilTitrnoqt of y Irjch is euthirirdjy the CMisti.
tuiwsi, but all officers rcAirred to iu IhaE lustni
as- coming- within- the- appomttiig-- power of
Ilie President, whetltof established thereby, or crea
ted bv law, art officers of the United States."
in joint power of appointment is given to the two
Hot ise ot Con geese, nor ia them any accountabili
ty to them as Mt6 body: but as aoon ms any offiter
is created by law, of whatever name or character,
-the appointment of (be peroa or porsons to'fill it,
derolrea, by thw Cotistmihorii njion ihe rrestilentt
witn tne axmce ana conwnt oi tne iscnaio, unicss
it bo an inferior' officer, and tbr appointment be
.ay.by. ttia hi'itA'fXjfifUbi Pi!j.M.aJjiB
(be courts of law, or in the Ueads of IVpart
ments' '. -r -- -f! -- . '
But at the time of tlie -orgnnitntion of the
Treasury I)epartmentf an incident occurred which
dutinctly eviiK-es the niianiinons ciatcurrence of
the first Congress in tho principle tliat the Trea
sury Department is wholly executive in its charac
ter -ars. responsibilitiea'"' A motion was made
strike 'out the nroviidon of the bill making it the
duty of the Secretary to digest and roport plant
rrtbwin1prwelhfi
venue, and for tha support of puhliccredit," on the
grouiMlrlhatvit-onld piv tlie Executive Depart
niet4 pt Jbe. Gprernmi'nt too niucli" influMW e and
en-he ground flint Ilia SocraUry-.iU3lig
mvuTvauux
of (Jongrcas, and responsible to that bod v, which
would have boea conclusive, if admittod, but on
other grounds, which conceded his Executive cha-1
meter throughout.' , ' - - ? -.;-
The whole discussion evinces an imnnimouj eon-
currence in the principle that Ihe Secretary of the
Treasury i wholly an Executive officer, and the
struggle of the minority waste restrict- bia powerj
as aucu. r roia mat time uown ro tne present, tne
- --i ww v.- 1 . .1 . .1 .
KciUryTSnlirTnsnm M-I reasurerKegi lf
ter, ComptMllers, Auditors, ini Clerks, who fill
the officejsof that department, hare, in tho practice
of the ifovcriimentiliexin consiihmid and treated as
tjie same footing with corresponding grades of
officer in all the other Executive laipartmentsv :
Tliie i ciistwly of the miulic proprlvTunwir'tajicli'''
regulations M may be prescribed by legislative au
thority, bas alwavs been considered an appropriate
function of the executive uepertment w mis ana
all other Governments. In accordance with tins
principle," every specits of property belohging to
inafiuiitea ciaics, (exceptmg jnaj; wnicn ts in xiie
use 'of the several co-ordinate- depart menta of the
Government, as means to aid them in performing
their appropriate functions.) is in charge of officers
appointed by the President, whether it be lands, or
buildings, or men.Uw!ifce, ur jlrwisiotia, or cloth,
tnfrwannf tnatnumtion 6T itf.TM auprrio.
tewktiita and lux-pen of the a hole art tiouilcd
tj ins rreetdear, and removable at his wui.
. J'uUic tnuorv ia but a stwciea cf MiUte oroocr
hr. If raravit be rained iv taxation orrustoina.
tior brooyht into tlte trrawry in any other way,
except iy uw out whenever or howsoever obtau
d, iu custody always baa been, and always must
be, unless tJ Conslitutioaj U changed, InUuetad to
the Executive IVpanment. No t-ffWef can be
created by CWrrai for the punose of taklns
charge of it, whoae,appointniei)t would not, by the
vonwiiuiion, at onra W!V(v on trie rrehnienf , ana
who would not be re doom U to him for tlie Cutb
ml nrrfiirnMUice of bis duties, r The lridatiri
power may undoubtedly Uitd bin aod tLe freiH-
deut, by any tiiw they may tliiuk proper to enact
they may praacriba ia what olaca particular pur
tiona of tlie public .nxsiey shall be kept, and for
wnat reason it hau be re moved, aa they nay di
rect that supplies tor the arrpyor tury shall be
ke4 in particular alorva J and it, iU brtl,duty
of the President to ace; that tha law.l Milly
xecuted yet will the custody rtnuiio in the Exo
cutiva Di-partniciit of the CovcunWit. Wert the
Cougroaa to aasuuis, with or without a legislative
act, the power of aptKHiitinir officra, tndependentlv
oTtf. PriIoMt,to taka Uw c Urjjs and coOudy of
ttw mimic property contained in the military and
naval anaoiials, Biagazinea and store-nouses, it ia
believed that auch aa act wiaild be regarded by all
a a pulpahle usurjiatiisi of executive pewrrtaub
vi nive of tlie' form u well si the timdunsiitaj
principles of our Government. But where ia'the
difference, In principle, w het be r public property be
in the form of arms, munitions of war, ami su1'II's,
or jii gold anJ silver, or ISank notca T " None caa
be perceived none is believed to exist. , Congrc
cannot, Uierefore, fake out of the hands of tlie
Executive Department 'tlie custody of the public
propuny ov nuaiey, wiuuaiiaa assiimptioa or exe
cutive power, and a subveraioif of tlie jirst prtnei.
pies of the woiwtitution. . .1: 1 : 1
11m CvngrvMS of Dm liuted ptatea Lara never
passed aa act imperatively directing that the pub
In; mimryi iliall L Irntiu aayfaewlar phCCtrf
places. rrnn the origin of the Government to
the ycaf 1915, tlie statute 1mm1 was .'wholly kilctii
no the auhject. la 1780, a Treurer was crea
ted, Mibordinate to fha Secretary of the Treasury,
and through him to the Prexidetit. He was re
quired to giia bood,aafvly to keep and faithfully
to disburse the public nxawys, witlwait any dime
ti'si as to tho maimer or places in which they
should be kept.- By reC rence fo Ilie prmtice of the
Goi cmmcnt, it la found, that from ita first organi.
auTion, uio rsfrviary pi me reajiry, acting un
tier the sofrr-i.n'iif the treKukit.iblffnnlt.t lfv
placea in which thepaWie mtsjeys w-i v.4u-pi,
aist'pecthnyitirecfe4 all transt'era from pbieeto
s -This weetiee wa otaiood, with- ilietu.
kill atiiitceiice i( agTTrtn1ty 4wii fo
HI e: and "alrhisjeh ttiany Banltl were aelected and
dychargeoV and although a portisof thaaieys
were first placed in tlia Nate fhinks and then in
Oie-Tir mar B4i4IliaXnuTiSlaIM;-id Tfpotj
tlie diilutkm of that, were again transferred to
the Slat Batiks, no legislation Vaa thought fwces.
sarv ov ' Csieres,liid aTT Ibe wraliisis were" An-
ifMitd and perlWted by a jocutivt authority. Tlia
Secretary of the Treasury, rosprsuriiie to tne rm
sjdept,andjvith his approbation, niade eontractaand
arrangenienta in relation lalBe jaBole "subje'ertiinr-'
tcrwhich was' tTiiiFeiitlrcly comitnjte"41o the div'
reetion-of tho Presidiit;uiider hir responsibilities
to the American people, and to those who were au
thorized to impeach and punish him tor any breach
of this important trust. . ' " '"
.... .a aa a M .
..Viba.act oCl.310, estaWislnng th? iSanH ot tne
United States, directed the depositea of public tn
aey to-be made in that Bank and ita branches, in
place ia .wVb the said Bank and branches there-
of may :be established j'"41" 'A: :8tryf
tnr ITwistiry anoxua wnerwtse orncr ana Direct,
in which event; he was required to giv his rca
sons "to Con2ressr"Thi was but I continuation r.f I
bis pre-existing powers as the head of an Execu
tive Department, to direct where the dcpositcs
should be made, with the superadded obligation of
rivinfr bis reasons to Congress Hir making tlwm
elsewhere than in the Bank of the United ftutea
and ita branches, ft ia not to be considered that
this provision in any degree altered the relation be.
tweea tba Secretary of the Treasury and tlie Prv
sident, as the aesponsibld .head of-tha: Executive
Department, of released tha latter from bia onstI-
prtiorirfjrAhg
luittifully executea. ' un tne contrary, UKreasea
his respotisibiUtics, by adding another to thclong
list of laws which it was his duty to carry into cf-
tecu
rzrii woma arm lesnmmmjijrmtmjFirjsii
the person charged by law with a public duty, is
one of the Secretaries, It were less the duty of the
resident to oe that taw faithfully executed, than
other laws enjoining dutiea upon subordinate offi
cers or private citizens. If there be any differ
ence, ft would seem that tne obligation is the
sliwger Ja . reitfkx
neglect is in his presoace, and tlie remedy at hand,
It cannot be doubted that it was the legal duty
the Sceretary or tho Treasury to order and di
met ihii denom i esof tlie oublic iiKHie v riS M made
elsewliere than iu the Bank of the United States,
whenever wficimt tr.qtoni ttuted fur making the
change,' If, in sueb'a case, he neglected or refu
sed to act," he would neglect or refuse to execute
Aw i law"."" What woxildthcn be thr aworo duty of
the Presidetit T Could ho aayvthat tho Constitu
tion did not bind him to see the law fuitliAiIly exe
cuted, because it was one of his Secretaries, and
not himself, noon whom the service was specially
imposed t Might he, not be asked whether there
I was any such limitation to his obligations prescri
ffieiil ; in tfie I'Twiitiitioh T---wl'ilier" be" is Sot
equally bound to'taka care tliat the laws be faith
fully executedwhether they impose duties on the
highest officer of the State, or the Joweut subordi-
jj'tuin in anv of lU J-pariinein
Mi
til ! i I - -
. i -
aury did apjdy to tha rrraeJeiit, and obtained b -
fold, Uwt H WaVF-'r lilt 4 wiri-. e ,,f c jii .i ail
exwoijve offkers, from the bh -I to tl.e l-.werf,"
fuillifully to lf.iriil alas service li 'i'ilred i f fj.i lit
by Uw, lUt the ji", j.Iii of flie I'lui. d t uu luvo -. .
inito lini lle ir l lin f MagiMrate, sti. l tl,e Cofkiti-
tutixi bjn rpb'-d bim iwuh tha entire emotive
power of this Government! Tba j.rus:ijlea int.
plied in these quootiiaia appear too plain to land ,
eluekUtiott. , .- --
' But bere, also, we have a coimporaneous. cotv
struct ion of tha Act, which ahows that it was tu 4
urulentood as in any way changing tha relations
bHweea tlie Prtwideut and Secretary of tlK Trea
aury, or as placing the latter out of Executive eon.
ml, even in relation to the oVposiiet of the wl,,j ''
rtssiey. S'or on this poiiit are w Ml to any eVjui. "
vocal fnstimnoy. The dornmeuts tf the Treasury
DepartniMit 4iow that tha Secretary of the Ttew- 4- -
Pjirotmtioo and sanction to tit original transfer of
tlie' public depoaitea to tha present BaiJl of tba
United Ftates, and did carry tba nieasure intoef.
f cl iiubrdicnca to bis decision. They also lww ,
tluit transfera of lb public depositee from tba ,
BrancUea jf flie BaiJtof lha Pmle.l States to Stale -Uiuiks,ai
CliJIwotlie, Cincinnati, ami lesiisville,
in 1J"I9, were made wifli the ajtri'liti(Si of it
riiJwit7aiJ by Jusawtlirily, Tliey aluw, tl,ai ....
upon all iinimrtant rtueiioft aprTftaiiiinir tj flu -i
department, whether tlie rel it'd to the puUh? oV.
poeites or olhet pititiers, it the cwntant' prac'. .
lH-e of the riecn-Ury U lU Tauwiry to Ltaiu Li' -
.." ?r.l" ' JTf,,M AJaI.NjtCjln tif tl)? Pr-"!'ku't
' riiene arts end tlie. prinriplea nn whkh Uh-v
were f aim led, were krxmn to all tlie di-jrtrrn n.
of the G.n-ertitjuiitf,' to Vmte ami the country i' ..
and, until rnnr recently, appear riovcr to Lava Locn
called in question. .
Thus was it actlhHl by flie Conxlitution, the laws,
sn4. jhe wfHil prarlicef the Government, thnt a
tlw entire executive power is vested in tlie presi
dent of fha Unitod Stales; fhaf, as incident to that,
power, tlw right of apjHMniing and reuwving thoo
otlirers w ho are to aid biiu in the execution of. tho
laws, with aijdtuirtrk taiiiia wilvn-the Cwwttt
tost preicribtw, is va4eJ la Ilia fridu thai lhl
n'tn.'lTn"irJ one of those flicera
thai jfba tutidy of lii public prooorty ami snooey
ia an Exeeulire function, which, ia relation to tho
nxsiey, baa always been exercMed through tha Sc.
rretary of the Treasury and bis subordinates ; that,
In the performance of IW duties, he is solijoct tt
the supervision, and cuulrul of the i'jrsblout,' and '
in all Iniportant nieasurea having relation to them,
consults the Chief Magistrate, and olitalna his a p.
nroval aitd sanction that "tUe law ctal4isliing the -
Bank 'JjCwjCltir CouLt SioVctiiii" I h iLti.iir:
belweim tlie Present aod tlia Secretary, did
rleaH tli ririjwm--...-.. t.niinii it, w,tia.
law fait)ifviily-exermt, rrorthe latter frrtni the
Piweleot's sonerviioit end eesvtroTf I hat atlerwafls, -
aintt. bifiii yie. Sef'prtary jji4 ji fart coiisuif. a'tnl "
obtain the, sanction of tlie President, to transfera
awl rmrwti of the public depoirtr,nd tnaf-'al,-
lepartnients o the Ourcrnment, and the.natnsi lU
auUapproi .iaZijuI
ciples, as in strict contbrnuty with our Cwintitulioij
and tawa. . , i
Puriiig UnelaKt year, the approaching, tormina-
Hon, according to the provimon qf ita charter, and
the Soinn o'tinof tb Attirricaa people, of rtj
Hank of the United states, made it expedient, and
ita exposed, abuses ana corruptions maJe n m uiy
"' . '. U- i : e .i". '. ' e .1 t '
ommutil tea dulv .uT ilia ireLixv of ilit) Tresuu
-'. ar r f - - - "
ry, to place tha moneya of tha. United States in
oilier A'positories, Tne Secretary did not cisirur
in that omnion, and declined giving the neoeseary ",r
order and direction.' So, glaring were jlie abusea '
and. corniptions of tha Bank, so i ey i&'nL jb & led .1,
purpose to. perseverance tn I hem, and ao palpablo
its design, by its money and power, to coutroL tba ' .
Government and change, its character, that I deem- v
ed itthw tmjwf tttirt duty of tba- Executive aatbori-.
ytPy" 'be exertion, of every power confided to it
by the Constitution and laws, to check it career,
atolJiiaCk'jl
painful alternfttiv of dismissing the' Head of one i
of tlie Departments, At the time the removal was
made, other causes sufficient to justify it existed,
but if they had not, the Secreury would have
been dismissed for this cause only.
v Ilia place I supplied by One whose opinions were
well known to tne, and w hose frank expression of
them, to. Another situation, and whose sacrifices of
interest and fouling, when unexpectedly Called to .t;
tha atauon be. now occupies, ought forever ta.ka,vu-,. t
riite!dg&ji,B bis cr-:""
.. . .. . r. . ... . ... . . t ..-tsX'.'Wstr.;
meter irons reproaen. in arronjanee wiyi tn .
opiiiiotiilimg before expressed by him, lie procoedVr
edwithjniy sanction, to make arrangements for
dejiljiiitiiig the uioiii'es of tfie United States in otlier
aamlTC!T.TnTfrinjti--7-J TTir..
The resolution of tho Senate, aa originally fra J
med, and as passed, if it refera to these acts, pre. ' C
suppose' a right in that Usly to interfere with this
exercise of Executive power, if the principle b 4
Mice admitted, it is not diliieult to see where it
may eml. If, hy a mere denunciation like this re
aiTulMHir ever Xq induced to""""
act, in a matter of official duty", contrary to the
honest convictions' of his own, mind, incompliance '
with thewiKhes of the Senate, tho constitutional 7
tttdeiiiHPtWnf the-Executive Department vould-"- '
b as effiictimlly destroyed, and its power as effect.
ually tmtuslerred to Iho Senate, as if tluit end bad
been accomplished by an amendment of the Cor; f
stitutioii. But if the Snato have a right to inter.
Pire with tlie Executive powers, they have allhe r -right
to make that interference cfFjctivej and if
the assertion of the power implied in the resolu.
fion, be silently acqtiiwed in, we may reasonably
apprt'hond that it will .ha followed, at some future
day, by an attcnjit ftt actuid enforcement. - Tho
Senate may refuse, except on llier condition that -will
surrender his opiniiMw to llioirs and olx;y their 7-
will, (p jwrform their own constitutional function j 1
to pass the necessary laws to sanction appropria.
timu prop mcd by tlio House of Reprcsi'iitavc,
i
- !
f