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CoiutlUtion of the United States
i Agrttd upon in Congnux bepUwJb&Xitk 176?.
We, the people of the United States in order jto form
tour perfect uuion, eetabluh justice, ensure domestic
Ueuouiliity, provide for tlx common defence, promote
lh general welfare, and iecure the blessings of liberty
to ourselves ami oar posterity, do ordain and establish
Ibis CoMtitiHioa for the United States of America. - -
- At. I. tkc L AU legislative powers herein grant.
which ahaU consist of a Senate and (Low of Repre
sentative '
Baa L 1 1, The House of Representatives tin 11 be
coui poind of members chosen ever accoiwl year by the
people of tti several Hutea t and lb electors in each
State shall have the qualification rwjuisfte fur electors
W lite most numerous branch of too Stale U-gisJature.
2. ip person shall be a RepfesentaLirc who -hull not
Btvv aUamett tint aga of twrnty-nvs yearn, and.
eve years a eitisen of the UmtetJ States, and
hall not, when elected, be aa inhabitant of that Stole
Ul which u snau ne cnasen.
3. Representatives and direct taxi ahall be appor
tioned amotur the several estate vhicn may ne mnu
did witlnn thu Unit jo, according' to their respective
bunibsra, which shall be determined by adding to Uie
Whole number of tree persona, including three bound to
, service for a term of yar, and excluding Indian not
taxed, thnse.fiUi of all .ulbejr. persniis. The actual ran
tumtwo ahall be made within three years alur V;
fmt meatiuff of the Conjrreaa of the United Siaifs and
within erery aulieiu!iit term of leu ream, in uch
manner a tliey khall by law direct The uumU'rof
RepreeenUtivee atll nl exceed one fur every thirty
thouaand, ' ut each State shall liave at leant one R pre-
eotative i ami uirtil inch enmneration wall be made,
the State of !fe Hampthirt shall be entitled to chmwe
three; Mwuachunetli eight; Rhndt bland and I'ro
vidtnct flanUUiom one ; L'tmmctuul five ; York
mx ( Neic-Jtrtty (bur ; 1'rnnnileaan eight ; Mtimttrt
one Maryland six ; Virg in ton ; -JVorA-Ctovina
tire; Soutkdtrolma five; and Uiitrgm three.
4. When vacancltrs hapit-n in Uie Kt'orckentatioii
from any Mtate, the executive authority thereof shall
Imuc writs of election U fill such vuranciea.
ftw The lloaas "of RepresvhtaffvfH "sliiiTt clucwrtheir
Bpeakerand older officer, aw shall have the soie pow-
ft of ..lnip nffiwl. - ' - ......
Sac. I1L 1. The Semite of tlip Un'ted States shall
- b pwd.of two 8iau&m.jn'AiBLs!ff.
)y tne Leriluium tlicrof, Crf six ytais ; and each i&-
nator tmll have one yl'.
2 ImirMfliatpIv afler thev sltall be smembloil in con-
cquncr of the Brut fliwtioM, they sluill be divirled, as
ccuiuly as ndV be. uito three cIhimmi I lie stHiwot the
Si-nttur of the firut cUtw lall be vacated at th riii
rstum of ttie sfrond yfr ; of th st'coiwl cliiMt, at die
expiration of tlic fimrtb ytir : w! of the third diii,at
the expiration of the sixih yoar )'liitnn"-!(iinl nny
be chneen every second yi"ar. And it vscancnn Iimiv
pn, by reinsrnatkm or other rine, during th riT'ii of
fle liepnilatur of any riuie, tiie Executive tin'rt'
Buy make temporary appointments until the next mert
uifir uf Um Leirislatura, which ehall tiiun till such va-
(vtiiciea.
3. Ziu Demon eliall be. a Senator who hImII not have
tinteif tn tn areof tkrrtf yem a4 Vt fiMw wuri
a citizen r the United stnte, ami wtio siniii noi.wnfn
elected, be an iuhabiuut uf that rJtata for which he shall
bu cbiMen,
4..Tha ArkivPreiiident of theUniled States Khali be
Prexident uf the benate, but shall lve no vote, iuJia
Xhey be equally divMbnl.
5. The Senate shall choose their other offer am)
also 1 PrWtent pro tempnre m the abawM f UwVicss.
I rremoYnt, or when be shU exercise the uUice ut rr-
Sulpif.fliejyjtei States, .
; b The, ignite saIftveherptwTtntrfh,
" impeacliftieuts. When aitting Ibr that purpose, they
sliall be on oath or affirmation. When the President
--V--tHe-VaiUid.-Jutea.uL.triext.thtt.CW Junttce shsll
X ft&ifa t and no person shall be convicted wiUniot tlte
concurrence or twu-thirdsot uie memnen preecm.,
7. Judifnl aeJ of
I ,r 4 furUier than to removal from office am) disqualifi-
1--W. - J. at:oa t tejd- aad aa anjt jwe of .lonurKtnuU. or
profit, nmlet the United States; tMrt tue party wmvicrro
shall aeverutelesa belkWe lh4 lubject to fivlictmetrt,
InaUjudjfraotit, and pnnnmment; aecordin? te- law.
Sac. IV. t The ttmea, pfaees, I ltd manner of bold-
...i. . tag. akbuw Ibr tienatota and ItepreaenUtivea, shall
taprpwbr4ewcb8tatof the U(paJtute thereof
. nut lit Confess tuajat anf time, by h.w, make or at-
W0l7ri'flfajioqoaewthp
y SemUHS, ' " . .'7' 71 --r--. -
(I Ti ruanissa sluH sssnmhls it lnsit nrn r in eve-
4 I
tf teat, and ataaa oaatiaf auaHet ea Use (list iWj
m Oeeetabe unlaat tbe aliail, b; lav, appoint a dJ-
furent nay.-""' "" '
&K.V. I. rVh Hooe sliall be the Utdye of the elec
tions; returns, and qualifications, of rt ewa members ;
and majority of each ahall aonstitute a quorum to do
business i hut a smaller number may adjourn from day
today, aad may be auiuoruwd to compel the attendance
absent meinberarui sac awnnw aad aoder such p
BattiasasaMih lLuse may orovide.
i. tVh Ifouee may dettirmine tlie rulof its pro-1
CetaiiljTS, ptiuiau lU? iiieiiiucr nx uoutirc tj
ami. with the euacfirreuot of two-thiris, ny expel
& Kadi lloiisejhalt Jtepp ar Journal of da preeced
WiwIM tiirt tirtinw aaMtstttrw-isMiixenta7
such aaits as ttiay m Ihetr iwlaiBent reqiitra secrecy J
and the yeas and nays of tite mem'ners of each llntue,
! ou iyqui'um,lidlttV desire of, w;s-f:r4uftVe
J T'"rPsf'n rCTtet - 1
4. Jititber House,' during the eeawa oTrjrw"
tiw.;tBe4.yJto ,ttf..
- wWa Dm Iswileaaaa sJiailJstaiUjii,.;;
J - Bur. VI The SetiaWe ami Repreaootativee sthalt re
1 . ceive compensation Cir thir sorviecs, to he a,trrrtain-v--
- - - ed try tnw. and paid ent of ti Treasury of lha United
- rtttesr- Taejr eiiall, b-ali eases, erpt,treasptw.fclony
t.ao-1 hnnch or the peace, be prtv ilrjrrd from arrest Jur
r I'lij their attend inoe at the se.ina of their respective
' "T.r .inadii' iniirnr W ?r ritrn nir frnn the fame:
' '?'?,'alFf'ai,v ,iech ut debate in wJw 11mm, the; tdjall
awl - rfittiar'Htlll'al 11
, 4 !j Heeator or llpreiienUiiee shal), JurmThe
" time (or which he was eleoted, be appointed to any civil
- ktrca hkr the anthoriy of the Umtod SUtea, which
T aluill bar beea cmated, or the emoluments whereof
stall Kaea been iAcreeMd, dunnf w.h time J and no
per hoLjinr any oflice nnder tlie United btes, ahaU
be i member ofertaej Uausejuring hie continuance in
Haa VIL 1. AH wt mrimir revenue innnors.
f inate io the House of Represenuuvea ; but Um Senate
giny prgwasy or sjoneqr -with ameudinenU as on other
2. Every bill whieli aall kare passed the flotree of
RoiireseatHtirea and lite seaia, anau,amoiB oixoms
a law.be aresented to the President of Uie United Sutee;
it h. annroee. e shall aimi it l but ff not be a'lall re
turn h, with hie objeciioaa, to thatjllouse in whiph rt
' sliall bare oriffM&tod, who ahall enter the obteetiews at
large on thnr jonmal, and proceed to recowidey it i It
ailer such reonsleiulton, t woliiphi of Uiat I louse ahall
ajrree ta pw tiie bill, It shall be sent, together with the
Objections, to the other Hoow, by wkwh it ahall like
wise he reconsidered, and if approved by lo-tMrde of
that Hoase, it aU boowna a law, ' But ill all eocli
casea, the vote of both Houses shall be determined by
rena aud Mya, aad the wimee of the paramia totinsy for
jfal aiffinst the bill ahall be eutered on the Joujrnal fif
each II win. respaotively. If any bill ehatt aot U re
turned by the rwident withia tea days (Sundaya
TJ&mSrifi- slraaaxiHtedJhirn
Jnl .I..JI.U a law la like manner aa if he had auped
,ti nnlert h Conrreee by their Adjournment prereat
r!-'3f bci caetj jf piaujii (pt
ii. Every order, reeotutico, or vote, to wh ch L'.e con
currence of Uie feenate tad JIou of Representatives
iigy teTigeitiT.-rFaaytoii qmntimi of aifjournmt.nt)
sJiu Jl be preienW to the Preiwfeut of tlie United SUtes;
and before the nnsjshsll tnke eht-ct, shaU'be appreved
by hun, or bemtf disapproved by him, sliall be repassed
by two-tlnrds nt llw iS nate and House uf liepreaentv
lives, according to tlie rulers and limitations preacribed
Bac. VII L I. The Cotfjreee sliall have power To
lay and collect taxt, outiea, imposhv and excises, to
pay the debts and provMiebrihewrnnMs Mmoa
g wnu WLiiare u kw vuiieo riaies; dui au uuiics,
inipotttw, and exemt-a, shall be uniform throughout the.
United States:
U. To borrow money on the credit of tho United
States:
3. Totepihita commerce with foreign natimn,aud
aiHong the severnj btaten, and witli tlie Indian tribe :
4. TooiUbJtf.h an nniftrm ruleof nataralieation, and
uuiforiinws on the subject of ..bankrupWioB through
out Uie United Ktit-'s: ' , , ,
S-TecoM nMiiK. fccruliteJhe value tlicreof. and of
ioreigncoih, liid1 the mu&tiLrf.iii(&U'VKi
surest
6, To provide fTr the jmiiinhment of oMiiiUrfeftfn
the st.-rurilie and current eom of tlie United Stales :
7. To entahlish purf oluceit and purt roadtt :
H. To promote the protrrew of science and us'fhl arts,
by securing, for limited tunes, to antiiors and inventor,
Uie exclusive right to their respective writings and dis
coveries
aTo constitJita.JUihwi'Hjjif'rior tothe giipremej
uonn : i n qenne ana ptmwQ piracies ami leionies coin i
milled on tlie high staa, and otTooces spin.l tlie law of
nations: .
10. To decJai-4 war, jfrnnt letters of marque and re
psinal, and make rules coocernuuj captures on land and
Water:
11. Torsiee and support armietr but no appmpna
tion of money to that use shall be r a longer term
than two years :
Yi. To provide and maintain a navy :
13. To make rules fur Uie iroveriiiiieut and reirula-
tion of the land aad naval force ;
14 To provxle ior cuIIibs forth the militia to exe
cute Uie laws of the Union, suppress iusarrectioiii-.aiid
repel invasions;
Jo. To provide for orgnnizini, arminp, and diwipli'
ilnif te iiiiTTtia," and" Cir 'iibvernlnFin'i')) "ptWtSfUmr.
DUIg I
mtt ...A u k ....,..!. ...ri .n fl... . ,f ,1... ' ..I
mm hhj Mr rmniyTi.il III Hirr iwri UI ITU I,' l Kfft LUq,
reborvui lo the Suites reejpwlvely tiie ap'poirftrnent of
Uie others, and Uie author. ty of training the militia,
r4 tutltedisuiphMt-prescjulHid Ly Uougread:
ltt To ejiexciM! exclusive lrgislilion in all caws
whatever ov. r micli diKlrict (not exceed ing ten milfn !
piii a uty ly eiwiuu ut prticuliu.Slattuv iind Uiu
acceptance of Congr'-, becoine the wat of the (mvern
merit uf tin iJim.i Suites, and t xrcie like autho
rity over all plan fmrchased by the consent of the lo
gihlalure of Uie .-4ate in which the name hnl he, for
Um eruclion ot t'uru, magazines, arM'iiui, dock yurtis,
uiiu otner neeut'ui i)uiluiiih's . and
17. io unite all laws wh.ch olmll lie npcfunary knd
prouor fr carry mi wU tJcccuUun tlie foreuuui nuw
er, and all oUter powers vested By Una Constitute n in
Uie Government of the United Slates, or in any depart
ment or otliccr Uiereof.
Sac. IX. 1. Tlie migration or importntion of such
pvjsrme as any of- the butws now wunif -nail-tawe
proper to admit, slisil not be prohibited by the Congress
prior to tlie year one Uiouaand eight hundreu and eight,
but a Uu or duty may be imposed on such unpuruttioii,
Hot exceeding ten dollars for each pcri-on.
5t The prtrih-peof Wie- wnl of hia oorfus..liaJl
not be suKpeniei, unless when, in cnw jf rebellion or
invaaion, lite public aafety. ruuy require it
3. No bill of aluiuder or ex uibt facto law sliall be
bashed.
4. .Mo cnpilation or other direct tax shall he laid, un-
! in primrtion In Um chiijj ot i-iiiiiin-fatiuiy lieretn
betbre uirectud U bs uLcil,
& Sd lax or duty sliall be laid on articles exported
from any State,. Ao preference sliall be tfiven, by any
reirulation of commerce or reveinte, to the ports of one
Stated over tiksemf anoilier ; aor siislf vewc-is bmiud u
f .ftuss-i'it-iiiy 'aQigwl w eStt'dcajyur pay du -
ties, in another. -
ft. No money ahall be drawn from the treaaurjvbut
in ooiwsoc of apptoprjtitions trtarh? J la w : ami s
regular ataoement ami actouiH of Uie jecnipu ' ihif ,er
pendiUirea of all pubh money sliall be puo.isiieu from
time to tune.;
7. to tiUe ofiaAiiity sJilf lie granted by the Unitedj
Stsie; and no ocrsou tiolaint- any otl-e el in it or
trust under them, shall, wiliuiiit the' coUBPiit of Conr
press, aceeot of any presut, euioiunicuu. ofjice, or Ulle
id anjf" Xi'iid whwi' trMk ttxf Kiiigi VtmK M
reign Slate.
t'ao. X 1.-No HtateshaH enter mto any twatyral-,
tiancerat Coederatioti, grenl lettets of warqUB End re:
prisal; coin money; emu ouis oi creuu; mase any
thinir but Sold and silver com a twxter to payuMnt ol'
delits: pass any bill of attainder, ex pool Ikcto law, or
kw inipau'iug Uie obligation ol couuacu, or grani any
tills of notulity.
: 3L to State ahall, without Uie consent of the Cun-
gTs lay oy jppot.ot,Uutiea,oa .imiiorts or exports,
.went what ma DC ausuiuieiy necessary wr execuimg
its inspection law ; and Uie net produce ol au duties
and imposts- laid by any StaU m, import or exports,
l -II L.V- .1.. . e,!.. ....... l'ilaJ Ml.iaa
man us 9D wiv uma in miv mwvuij v " v,
and all such laws shall be subject to Uie revision and
control ol tha.GmgreNoState ahall, , witlssit the
Uaa-aC
troo, or snips ol war, m lun peace, enter uiio any
aa-raemeut or compact wita aiiother Bute, or with a
furemn sower, or eiurave in war, unless actually inva
ded, ur in iucb imminuut danger as will not admit of
dBtljrr , ,
Ai.Tj1L cbc. 1. ! exocuuve power snau oe vest,
d id a lresioe"nfof tho United Stales oTATliflTica.
Ne sTiafT hoM awotBcw starme; the leravof W Veara,
ami, logo'Uief wtlfi the Vk Prwrtent, cwsjow i the
me term, bo elected as follows;
2. Each Slats shill appoint, in such manner as Uie
leeislature thereof may direct, a number of clectora,
equal to tlie whole number of Senators and Reprrperii
Uves w wmca ine snaie uisy ue cuiumi iu uw um-
gress; but no Senator or jupresx-utauve, or person
ttolduif.aoy 0t"ce jf troet or protit under the Raited
Stales, .lis II oWmtalaiLE!!!!1!
HTnr electors snsU-meeKn Ota respecliva &afcsV
aad s ota by ballot lor two persona, of whom one at host
snail eel oe an iiiiianiisni ui ura muw uwc im-ut-selves.
And Uiey siiail a list of all Uie pi rw
voted for, and of Uie tmmi"' or yotec lor eich; whica
list Uiey ahaJl Uga and certify, and transmit seaUfd, to
the seal of government of -the United States, d.rected
to the Prusuicnt of, Uie Senate. The Prvaulent of Uie
'BirrafrrfIrmie preesjnee or the Aratlc. and Houac
of RepreeeBtaU'Viis, open all Uie certificates, and Uie
votes shall Uvea be coOBted, The person having the
fret test arnnbor of votus shall be the President, i(snch
uumtiHr be a maioritr of Uie whole number of electors
ta'l'lsLlf tfhere be more than oe who have
SOCt, a mijs:iiy, ana navtran eqiiavi hhiuui vi
Uia th I louse of Representatives sl,all immediately
chsw by ballot one of them for President ; and if no
pnrwm have a. majoruy. thea from the five bigheet oa
the IK the snsJ Hou shall in like manner ehoose Uie
Presskut But in chouKinji the President, Uie rotes
shall be uUn by Statue, tho representation from each
State havinir one ente: a aunrara for this purpose shall
consist of a aieuibor or inembers from two-thirds of the
Slates, and a majority of all tSs State shall be rtecee.
asrv to a diobia. In ererv rase, after the ahowe of a
Prr ident, he person Imving tiia reMest aanjber of
rotes of the electors, shall oe we v u:a rrasmein...
it there ehouUl wmaia two or more who have equal
antes, the Senate ahull chmme fmra Uiem by ballot Uie
Vice Prli-nt (.4ianWrd. ' re tmendmrnlir Art
hit
.4. The
rirriwii miV aVterminefie time of clwoamg
I th electors, and tlie duy op w juch tbey ahall jjive tbeir
"vote; fcUAdty aiU betheeune throuiout tteUui-
ted States.
&:ve parsop, srpjU natural burnf itiiten; nr a ctr
tixen of th UmtedMates at the time of tlie adoption
of this CorwUlutiof ahall bp eligible to Uie office of
President; neiUier iall any person be eligible to mat
office, who shall nobave attained to the age bf thirty
five years, and beq fourteen years a resident witliin
lha United State. 4 " " " , ' ll
. In case of thffemoval of the President from of
fice, or of his deal reflation, or inability to die-i.-l.r2e
U-a powersind .duties of the said office, Uie
same shaU devoIve i fle Vice President nd the Con
gress may, by law'provida tut Uie case of iremoval,
death, reeij-nation, r inability, both of tie Presideftt
and Vice l'resuienfdeclarin? .what a&cel ahall then
act as President, a such officer shall act accordingly,
until Uie dhabihty j rempved, Lor a President ahall be
elected. . " V," .- -
7. ITie Preaideat shall at stated time receive for
his servicie a eooMnsation, which shall neillier be in-H
creawid rur diraaiaSed during Uie period ,for which he
siutll havt been rteeted, and he ahaD riot receive witli
in Uianmcd any other emolument from Uie United
Sfae," Mi J them. :
a Bobre he eater on the execution.of Iisat office, he
hall tkle Uie'flilLrfvinff mUl or afflrTnatlon
9. "J do solemnly a wear Jot affirm) that-1 will faith
fully eecute the office of President of the united
States,ind will, to Uie best of my ability, prpsmert
protect and. defend, the Constitution of the yniiea
Stntr
Six IL 1. The Presioent shall be commander in
rhirfy Uie taw end navy f tlie.UnJted Sutas.and
of Um militia of Uie several States, when cailea inw
Uie atuaJ rervkje of the United States; he insy re
quire ho opinion, in writing, of the principal officer in
each the executive depirtments, upon any subject
relatiig to tlie duties of their rppTOive offices ; ami be
shall mi ve power to grant relieves and pardon for'of
fence) against UieUnited States, except m cases of im
peaehnent 2. le shall have nower, by and with the advice and
conseit of the Senate, to make treaties, provided twi
thirds if Uie Senators oreent concur : and he shall no
mmate and by and with the advice and conxcut of the
Senate, shall appoint, amtmswuhirs, ouier nuniic nunin
tent, aid consuls, judges of the Supreme Court, and all
other officerg of the United States, whose appointment
are ant hereuv- eUtttrwisa provMdJt.aiid,whicli .shall
be established by But the Congress may, by law,
1 J j IT k
appoihtimiit -of rochnm'Mw tTiwr as. they
think proper, in tie President alone, in Uie courts ol
law, or in the hrndi of department
3. The Presiilent "shsJl have power to fit! op all va
esitcies that may happenidiiriug the recess of the Sen
ate, by granting ccHiiiniwidiis, which shall expire at the
enp of thmr nwit sessieiii -
Sac. III. 1. He hull, from time to time, give to Uie
Congress infonnaliotl Of Ue slate of the Union( and n
coininend tu their coniration such measures as he
shiill Midce necewsirv and expeilient; he may, on ex
traordinary occasions, onnene both houses, or either of
them, and in rase of ntaiijreement between them wim
respect to he time of adjournment, he may adjourn
them to such time sjtie shall think proper? he JtalJ
receive amhasMdurs aul other public ministers; be sliall
take care that the buvs be faithfully executed: and
shall commisbion all tie officers of the United States.
civil otlicers of tlie .. ffmjUat Stiles, "shatt be removed
from ollioe on impeachment for, and conviction of, trea
son, bribery, or other high erimee and misilemeanors.
Aar. III. Stc I. 1. The judical power of the Uni
ted Statos ahall...be. vested injMie .Suprornc Cotirt, and
in such inferior Courts as the Congress may. from time
to time, ordain and entahliidi. The judges, both of Uie
Supreme and inferior Courts, shall hold their offices do
ring food behavior; and shall, at stated times, reeeive
for tlioir services a cowpsiwation, which shall not be di
iiitinstM) uuiiimi mcii i.r. ...... te
KiEcTirir Ttif jndtcml powernhatt eTtend to all
casek, in law and equity, arising under ihisComtiintion,
tne Ihws of Uie United . States, and treaties made, or
which shall be maJo, uiuler- Ihei'aiiLliority ;. to. all ea
e arleettmr amtisjeailors, other public in misters, and
jeoneuis; to all eeaeeofadiuialty and maritime junav
1 pinion; to pmuwMwi iu ua.u ure vi; r"7
riction ;
hall be a party; to controversies between two or more
SuiAC-betwaea Aate tod iUrei s of another State,
befwoew erttvwos' of 4n&nuit ilules, between citizens
of the same State daiminf lanils under grants of dif
ferent Siafes; and- between a States or ie citizens
thwonf, and fbreien Wates, erttzene or eeojovta, S&
Auwnduutnts. Art XI.
2 lo all esses alfoctinj ambassoJbrs, other public
miniFtera, and cwoK and those ut which a State shall
be4r)'
rimlict ion. la all the other cases befcire" fiientioneit tS$fm"
SupremejCourt shull .have appellate jurisdiction, both
-4k.(iiotV'Witk' atiri exceptions, iwl under
tVVreguTatwni, as tlie fhifTess sha) tnsklS " ""-
li. .Tjie trial, of all crimes, except in casea of in
peaehmect, shall be by jury; and such triala shall be
beM in the State where Uie said crimes' shall have been
committed ; but wben not committed within any State,
Uie trial sliall be st such place or places as the Con
gress mav by law-have directed.
Bsc. Ill" I. Treem"agiTnst the United Slates shall
consist only m leiying wartgainst them, or in adlie
ring to. Okht sHomii, g.Ving them aul and oomfbrL.
No person sliall be convicted of treasnn, onresson the
testimony of two witnesses to Uie same overt act, or on
oonltMiiun m open court
-Ttw-Gmirwwe shall base power to declare the
ponrshment of Crraeon; awl oe emuuder of Ueason siia4
work enmipiioM of W.d or forfeiture, exv-ept durmg
the life of the person attainted.
Abt. IV. Sac. L 1. Full frith and credit shall Le
riven, in each State, to the public acta, records, and in-
diciaT proiieetfinffB; rjf rerr tithe'H4f-.AAiae Um-4
gress msTy by geaerai taws, pr escribe Uie. manner III
which such acta, reonHs, and proceedings, shall be pro
ed,.ajd,iiiaellltter '
Sac. IL 1. The eitixensof each State shall He enti
tled to all privileges and immunities of cilixens in Uie
several States. ....
8. A persrm charged in anyitate, with treason, fu
lony, or other crime, who shall flee from justice ami be
found in another State, shall, on demand of the Exeeo
live authority of the State from which be fled, be de
livered up, to be removed to the Slate liaving jtinsdie-
.BUH Ur1 tlft mm', '- ,
8. no perwn held to sen ice or labour in one State,
nnder the laws thereof, escapmr into another, shall, in
eiwseqnence of any law or regulation therein, be dis
ebarevj fnan suc.1. rrirt or lurwur; but shall be deli
vered naon claim of Uie party to whom such sen ice or
lahour may be dne.
' Sea IlL 1. New States may be addmirted by the
Conirrese into this Union ; but no new Stste shall be
Pirmrfc erected withia the innadictiott jof any other
State, dot any State be formed by the junction of two
or more States, or parts of States, without Uie consent
of Uie Legislature of the States concerned, as wsll as
of the Conirresa.
i The Confess shall have power to dispose f, end
make all needful rules and recrulationa respecting, the
territory or other property belonging to the United
States; and nothing in this Constitution shall be so con
strued as to prejudice any claima of the United Stale,
or of anr partirnlar State. , . .
Sea IV. 1. The United States ehall guarantee to
evrry State in the Union a republican form of govern
ment, and shall protect each of them against invasion ;
and en applicatisa of the Lrfiblatiire, or of Uie Execu
tive, (when the leg datura cannot be convened,) aga inst
dnmeirfift vinlencs. ' '
AM; V-TUConirresa, whenever twnhirds of both
Housea shall deam it necessary, snail prorm-e annuo
menta to Uiia Cnwf itntion, or oa the application of Uie
IHisUtures of twMhinh) of the several States, shall
call a Conrentk for proposing amendments, wWb, in
either ease, atial ae valid to all mtimw spa purposes, aa
part of (hie Cjiiatitiilian," w'uya ratted ry the IgnaV
tures of Uuee-fourthf ut the aeveral State or by Con-
eritioii mUiifourUis"if,ajUieonp(Wtheother
au.ut of raiiticition lnav bu oropuseil Ly the Congress,
PrmTiied;ttiat-tte smuuiuniiil whif li ftitixM.jRlE'j,
to Uie year one
ahall 10 any maimer
in lha ninin Met'tioa
Suite, without its conseut, shall be deprived of lis equal
sullraie in the Senilie, .
Aar, VI, All debu contracted, and engagements en
tered into, belore the adopuou ot Uiis Unistuuuon, snau
be as valid against Uie UuittxL&UUee under Uiis CoiwU
tution, as under the-Coufodtratiott.
-14. This Constitution, and Uie laws of the United
Suites which sliall be made in pursuance thereof; and
all the trestles made, or which shall be made, under
the authority of the United Spates, siiail be Uie supreme
law of Uie laud ; aud the judges in every Suite shall
be hound Uiereby, any tiiuig m Uie CuiuUutiou or
law of any State to Uie contrary not withstanding.
3. The Senators and Representatives before men
tioned, and Uie members of Uie several State Legisla
tures, and all executive and judicial officers, bothot the
United States and of Uie several States, shall be bound,
by oath or ailiruiation, to support Una Constitution ; but
no religious test shall ever btetiuired asa mialificaUoA
to any othce or public trust under Uie United atates.
Aar. VIL-1. The ratification of Uie Conventions of
nine Slates sliall be sufficient for Ufu establishment of
Uus Constitution between Uie States so ratifying the
sun ID.
Done in Convention, by Uie unanimous consent of Uie
Suites present, the seventeenth day of September,
in tlie vear of our Lord one thousand seven hurt
dred and eighty-seven, and of Uie Independence of
the united Slates ol America, the twelfth. In wit
ness whereof! we have . hereunto subscribed our
iiiimee,
GEORGE WASHINGTON,
Pmident, and Drputy from Virginia.
New'Jlawp$hire.... JOHN LANGDON,
NICHOLAS GILMAN.
.Vn-AusMi...... NATHANIEL GORHAM.
' RUFUS KING.
Connecticut WILLIAM SAM'L JOHNSON,
ROGER SHERMAN.
.Veto Vort ALEXANDER HAMILTON.
Acid Jitkh .-WILLIAM LIVINGSTON,
DAVID HRKARLV,
" "WTLTJ.VM "PATFRSON,
,...... JONATHAN DA VTON.
I'tliiuyhiiniu......... IIKNJAM1N FRANKLIN, V "
THOMAS MIFFLIN,
ROIintT MORRIS,
GEORGE CLVMKR,
Tl 10 M AS FITZSI M M0N8,
jared ingersolu
james Wilson,
governkur morris.
Delaware GF.ORG E READ,
GUNNING BEDFORD, jr.
JOHN DICKINSON.
RICHARD JJASSETT, '
JACOB BRCX)M.
Maryland, JAME MTIENRY,
DANIEL of St TIkx JENIFER,
DANjEI. CARROL
Virginia JOHN BUIR,
v JAMES MADISON, jr. ;
North Carolina...,'.. WILUAM BLOUNT,
- RICHARD DOBBS SPAIGHT,
HUGH WILLIAMSON.
South Carolina JOHN RUTI EDGE,
" ' C. COTKSWH WNCKNEY,'-
CHARLES PINCKNEY,
PUiRCE BUTLER.
Georgia.....: WILLIAM FEW,
ABRAHAM BALDWIN.
'" Attest: vritiXUAAi inu . ,
- Oeerrtury
Anntnimentt thall appear nest axrJLJ
UTERARY.
: PROSPECTUS ....
" " " ----w - - .
THE WASllINGTON INSTITUTE :
Being Uie .plan for a SbiruiKlTtoatiih Wasliihj'-
tofl City, t. C:, m which two hundred Student will
.defray "the expense of Uieir education, board, and clo
thing, by laboring ia a printlngluce.
Our oonuectioii with tiie public press was acci-
dental coinmeocing in Iecemher, 1623. Up to
and less witfi newspapers. (ir daily obsmatioti,
fii:c then, has convinced oe that there is radical
disease io the press, anrl he will ba a public let-
factor! who contributes to its cure. The youngest
apprentice in a printing office is called the printer's
devil, because he i I lie drudge, the errand boy, the
menial of the establishment. Io the infancy of the
art, it was difficult to obtain educated and respect
biff apprentices ; and to those who reflect oa the ia
fluenoe of early associations, it is matter of surprise,
that so many bavo nscn above the Caste ; that so
few, wiic'n they 1ihve attained hieHa eateretJiain
what they were a mere printer's devil. It ia be
cuue tlie avocations of a printer are intellectual,
ami thul, under a proper course of instruction, the
proleiiMi is calculated to liiipart wisdom, and to
uiculate correct principles. J et, printers are but
men, sum! tieing men, they, like other men, y ield to
tho pressure of circumstances ; this is exemplified
m "the history tf the party press, and inont of irJ
passes ure "of that Tlirw.) - How 1 the evil to-be
retired I Our plan U-iiius at the root.
It elevates
tlie liiora! of tlie press, bV edpciitinB tffid icwirrjnff'fwpitafi of mrmteM-riccv f "hnnit-mtL9tvtrr
independent tlumu to whom it must uecessarily bo
committed. .
Of all the jnechanic arts, printing ie best suited
to a manual labor school. We propoee to establish
a school cable of giving constant employment,
and thorough cFawical and scientific eduatjon, to
Iwfi htmrlml bom; -. .
Our plan is as
No student to be ad-
nutted under eleven or over fourteen years of age.
ipon his introduction into the school, each ts told
tlmt his coutiiauauce there dependj upon hunaelf;
that bis object in coming there ia to obtain an edu
cation, at tlie same time he learns a useful trade ;
that he ia expected to defray the expenses of bis
education, as well as lo pay tor his board and cloth,
ing tliat eight hours per day will be allotted to U.
bor, five hours to study, and eleven hours to re
fresiinieot, rocreation, and sleep. That he will not
be required to perform any menial duty ; all of
which is done by survanta employed fur that pur
poee -that all corporeal punishment ia forbwlden, and
solitary confinement substituted (hat no one in the
school, from the prim-jpal to tlie youngest student,
shall at any lime use abusive language repnof
anau do iu uie tone ot admonition, and aa appeal
always had to the principal,
He is told that these regulations are made to
protect his feelings, to promote a lofty spirit of in
depondenre j and by Inculcating a proper sense of
bat is due to others, ta teach what is due W Jus
own honor and character ; thai those who are edu
cated in a tost of our public inrfitutions, ore edusa.
ted and c kit lied al tlie exponsa of their parents and
frierrrs rthat h h abrart tn educatr; fred, and clothe
Jiuofclf; lliat be iU do moiri ibr, if be ia in-
tdustrious, afV, ! first year ha can regularly",,, "
fro,a 0ue to.Uura dollars tier week, beyond ,L
puwe of bis educa tion, board, axultlothing ; Bd Zl
all IdHBllUnuljiuk, ,B
( SB " WWS.IMIIS,
r.u.. it I I li Sis A.u.Bk . M ... ,. .... as
wu " opponuiuty lor a prudent
iuvetniciit occurs which sum is to be repuM u
suiull annual itwtulnieiiU. He i told that comne' '
tent persons will give him iiwtruction in the Ll '
guages,, arts and sciences, and. that all' he could
learn' at the best oublic iiutitntion i. -,;.i- .. ,
ii .... . . uin ms i
reach. He ta almi lohl thnt tl.o l,:..i . .
T I l- . "igncai nonors
which his country can bestow are epen to hi anv
bition, and tliat the purpose of the institution is to'1
qualify lunj to fill then -and aa evideuce bTwbiit
industry and intelligence can do, he is invited to 5
peruse tho life of rranklin. gut above all, he U
enjoined to take as his guide i and counsellur the
Bible a copy of winch is presented to him. '
Parents or guardians are required to receive jj
provide for the miport of any atudent who may be
tJismiseed from the achoot account of wrsnbordi.
iiahon, mterHtartptrrbad abwto payr
any extfaordinary exjienses for medical attendance. V
l"ich is placed in a class, under the charge of a t
monitor, who is at alt times responsible for hisaV
portnicut. lie is at first set to work on printed I
copy, and eacli is required to raatyrrect bi' '
own proof; if tlie first is foul, a rcvi uf taken. aad
anotlier revise, until tlte errors are oorroeted y-irsr
aeveral slips are first e.xuniined by the monitor, the
errors counted and noted, when it ta paseed to tlie
proof reader, who, in a memorandum book, credits
each student with the composition and charges him I
with the errors. These credits and debits are re. I
gularly carritfd into a ledger, so that at the end of ,
his term, each student will know whut he has dona
and the rrors he has made in doing it. Tais .
leilger iiirnis a prrfoct merit roll, which always k
sjieaks lor itself giving a wholesome stimulus ts
industry, without tho envy asuuBv generated
schools. T '
It will be seen thai the student is requiirj io iqierj 1 '
Well, To rM cirrrecf ly? rrid'Widemifhi"Iiafba,i"
ms road. By corit:ting tho errors, whether oft '
iiellfng orramnuif, lie li-uriw ' tl "t'tli iToili v-nit""
the language, even if he were ignorant of the rules:
and if is obvious" thht "lis he is nideti by rompcteof""
tenchers, his labor as a roiiiifoitor .will ffrcatls
contrifmte to advance his renl:ir rtudits. Tlis
inoml of wich n school is; thut hej wnofin-bi in!
fancy, has fed clothed, and educated biiiiself, thl
especiully if in Ins minority he has provided a c4 .-,
pital wherewith to commence biisine- for himself,
will necessarily liau- too much character to beconief""
a dependent upon other men. He will have the,
spirit and failing. of a freemun, and will aft a W ,,
conies an American citizen, uThc eud of thiswhii I
is not to inciiltnte peculiar ixditical oiiuikhi. It 14
to educate ns-n, that they may have intelligenee to
tkiik for tlieniselvea, and independence to art no!
to the principles which, tlicir judgments mayap-;
prove. What would I the condilion of tlie pulhc?
mina it tne press ot the I1 tnted States wus uudei
the guidance of such mr-n Ikiw ?
4
Of the MtiWy f sueb a scloJ, Uierecaa be
difierence of opinion. Gun it he put into success.
ful operation ? It will be successful if we can tuft'
cure for it the puMic confidence. (Kir object has
heen to enlist in its aul th :real interests oTsncierT
rrrami to cnnno-i tt wttn ewrrt; u, xmw puvtiraUua "
of a pais-r deserving ftieir continutsis suptWiiti 7fT
. Tbe.Uuited. Suited Tc'egraph, which will pn'L.
constant employment to about filly boys. This pa.
per h fievoien to pniiticw nnrt ttew.
Tlie- Met ronottian, leytte,l- to iioble literatm. J
Ihe arts ami wiettret ami music, hicb wiff give aiea
empl iviiiehi to ahont twenry.five bova.'-'--ltl.'l IB
The Medical Register, devoted to "Medical sal i
ClururicaJ sciiaiccctlited by Pr. Oraoyjneypt',4 j
Psttison, of Jfiersoi Or4b, Philadelitbuv wkick'
jjives employ meut to aliout tweuty-live boys. ' t j
And the Jurist, devilled to Ihe" , learned proir""
sin w tne "law',' a no caifoil by. Judge vranch. VH
his wm give employment to twenty -five Inore.
intertHta-r KelifMi,-.
Ajwtittiire, "arwl "tlie Mecljutnic-Arta. ''Yintiui!
proiiosals for lliose, amTwill comtwfioco Uie punhv
catiua of the .cml Claawca nm.eteljrn M'i
nnve already issued hfly-two nnmliers of the rarnv
er'i Register and the Mechanic Register ; bet ia
consequence of the great expense of getmg up tbs
other works, they have been suspended for a short
time, when it is hoped that their publication will bs j
jrevived under nMre favorable aiisiiicea. In adJi .
uon io inese means l employ ment, we have con
nected with the esfaMishmoht i bok-bindenrin
stereotype Ibundery, in which other students. aiLA.
be empltvcd. . '
, Tlie school, will dt peud uptsi works which pro
mise permanent employment to the scholars. We
have chosen Polity Literiuretf hysic, law, and
Religion, for a commencement we hold Agricul
ture and the Mecrmntc Arts in reserve. Thetsre
Hie )ermaneiil interests of society, and each ex
andf. vuhlie .iiK.reaM.of jKmutatioo and the in-
citased nrotnierilv f the countrv. " ' " ." ' T
B conibiniiin t'liem together, there is a savinifof"
Wood, of clerk hire, and of general expense ; but
the great saving is in the employment of Ihe stu
dents tlicium-lves ; tho wugca (if a juurnry man are
I nun nine to fifteen dollars if r week, the expeast
of a student say frur dollars per week ins aa
average, the relative labor is us one dollar I" sixtj"
sa-asind. Iwi,lJiiitljce;:s The wyingj." eJl"a'.,t,
IWOflollllfs m Ull'k, V l.irll III H M'lllS'fwt l
r3aiaal
dred aud filly would be three .hundred dolltrra per
week, or fifteen IIkximiihI wx humlred dollars frr
annum : thus constituting a fund for the cbniiicnts-
litm of teachers.
Our experience has dcinonstrated that the saving
will be more than two dollars per we k, alcr tin)
first two years. At this rate, the result to lb stu
dent will bc lb.t, after paying all tho expense Of
nia board, clothu,g, and education, he will nan-
hia credit, when he becomes of age, ihe sum of sf
ven hundred and twenty eicht dollars a sum du-
cienl to ant him up in tswinrwa at an editor, a !.
yer, a physician, or. if he prefers to plant hiu
ns an indepeudenl fireman, to purchae and stock
a farm in the rich lands of the west.
DUFF GREE
Washington City. 2Pth August, 1834
Om'aiosi U England. The Liverpool JournJ
thinks that there will nut be a Tory Ministry,
ca",),as jhe Editor though the Kmf sW
wish it, the ptople do not, and tun Kl r
kot orrnsc the moplic" Our King i rafb
mure nnleiit " hmna l tell the neorle to Stss
their business ; Aialiew iacksoo know" hat a
fur tbcui. . , 1
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