North Carolina Newspapers

wmzw OP UX. CALHOUN, Of 8 Hk t'Wiss, n ih Protpftiim Vc-estpfio J)dt, Vnerd is Me United Stale &n'e, Tues day, Jar U, lSVt The Bill la establish permanent prospective "pr empt'um ey stem, in favor of settlers on the pubtir Uudv, who shall inhabit and cultivate I ha tame, and faiae a log cabin thereon, being I he epeciei nrdet tt the d.iy, was taken up, the question bem; on tbe prp.ijn by Mr. Crittenden to recommit the bill, iin instructions o report a bill to distribute the pruccede ol the tain of the public land ainon. in Suies, which Mr. Calhou oflered to amend, by aubstiiutiiig a bill to cede the public laiula to the tlotte hi witicb they lie, upoa cerUia conditions. Mr. (Uft-HOON said f I regard the question of tne public lauds, nest to that uttha currency, the . tiMMt dangerous and difficult of all which demand the attention f the country and the Government l ti.ls iiiMirtMit juncture of nor affairs. I do not (c4-.pt a protective Tariff, for I rannot believe, af ler what we have experienced, that a measure can l(ain be adopted, which hue done- mora to corrupt the moral ot the country, public and private, to disorder ita currency, derange ita buajnees, and lo weaken end. endanger ita free institutions, than eoj other, except ibe paper system, with which it as sit HHiioairiy aiueo. la of&rih Ihe amendment I Broome. 1 do not jntupd to controvert the jiMttcsTof eulogium which has hewn so often pronounced on our land system, . in the course of ihi discussion. On the contrary, I believe that it as admirably ail justed to effect its object, when first adopted ; but it must be borne - in mind that a measure, to be perfect, must be ilaried to vtrcumslances, and that great changes bave taken place, in Uie lapse of fifty years, sinoe the adoption of our'lind system. At. that time, - the vast region now covered by the new States, which have gr iwn upon the public domain, be - longed lo foreign powers, or was occupied, by uu meroos Indian tribes, wiib lite exception of a few ' sparse settlements, on the inconsiderabla tracts to which the tide of Ihe Indians was at that lime ex tinguished. Since then, a mighty rhsng has ta kes place. Nine States have sprurif up as if bv magic, w itb a population! not less, probable, lhao two filths of the Oid Stales, and destined to sur. . sss ihem in a few years in number, power, and in llmiH-e. That a change so mighty should so de- tange a system inie'Kk-d tor an entirely different . -condition of ihuii;s ss to render important changes iirci M-ary to ad.ipf it lo tlie present circrnwences, iki wore than might have been aiilicipaied. It uv ii, H, have been a miracle had it been nth -ft i ; ar i we o ibt n-4 therefore to be surpris-d V ' ne operation of the system should a Surd dai . . w evidence that it is not only deranged, but deep- - .i ocraogtd, and that its derangement' is followed hy a train of evils that threaten disaster, unless a timelv and efficient remedy should be applied , would ask those whi think rJifleiemly, and who be lieve the system sitU continued lo work well, was 'it no evif, thai session alter session, for the last ten -4r twelve tears. Congress should be engaged in angry sod deeply agitating discussions, growing out of llieiniblic lands, in whwb one side should be deii'tunced as the friends, and Ihe other as ihe ,er.emies of ihe new Stalest Was ihe increasing violence of this agitation, from year lo year, and lhrcatnmg ultimately not only I lie loss of Ihe pub lie domain, bul the tranquility and pence oi the countrv, no evil? 1 it well that one third of the time of Congress i consumed in legislating on ub jecia directly or indirectly connected with I lie pub lie lands, thereby prolonging ihe sessions propor tmnally, and adding to the expense upwards of 8300.OO0 ai-o.iallv T ' Is it mi evil lhal the Gov mils oT nine members of this Union, and over which they can exercise no authority or control T la it nothing that the domain of so many Stales should be under the exclusive le((iiiUliin and guar . uiaiudiip of I his 0'vrnneni, contiary la the ge , nius of the Consti uiiott, which, intending to Ifavs to each 8tatn tlm "bi'HHiiif its JiM-al.sud pecu-. Tir cmicerns, cVlcgaied to tlte I'nion those ooly in lnc ll -bed nm?n w'errstrr If laillttWaeTw .iltlJtul tW jmiiMiiil .of nataonsfe exeecised b lino (i.ivc rntiienl through tlie nwliuoi of I be pub lic lands, over Ihe new 8tatea,' and through them, over the whole Union, and the pernicious influence ihtrr-by brought to ln-ar in all irther suljocts of ('giMati'in, ran il he denied lhal many and great . xvik reaulL-Jiuiu. the Ayntein.aa-jl.tMiw -nucmltis, which rnll aloud fur simo spetty and elScieut renedy! lint why sViulJ I look Ivyond the question be. f if ua to prote, by th- cmifei.n of all, that there ine rliwiriW in Ihe system?' There are now three me.isuret U-loie Ihe Senate, each pr pseng important rhnnges, and the one, or Ihe other. re cri vim; ims mj)wkI of every member of ll body; vvi-n ol those who cry out against change. It is Hm late, thi-n, lo deny ihe disordered slate of Ihe j:cin. The disease is a limited, and the only tesiti is, wlui renx-dy shall be applied. I iili-ct In.th ln the bill, and the amendment pm(j- by the Si-uator frm Kei.tutkyi Mr. Cril I rijcn becatiM-, regarded aa remedial i oca surra, ilwysrr niMh nisppnijiriaie and inadequate. " Nfii LUu;.pr.niiiiiv.iMr distribution of the revenue, r.-crtvrd Iroiu the puMic lands, can have any posei lite etbscl mi diirrociina the disordered action of ihe system. I pni ihe question, would one or the other cuottibuie hi ilm smallest degree to diminish ihe pNironaice t ihe (iovemmenl, or the lime Con umd ihi q jeiniis growing out of the public lands, 'or snorten i!h duraii'ii of ihe sessions, or with draw Ihe uni.Ht ol Ihe Government over to large a part of the domain of the new States, -and place them and heir repreentatives here, on Ihe alienate the fcfibj fl'in;i of.the d.crent porti',xi of the Union, and dieiurb the peneral course of legisiatinn, and endanger ultimately th lose ot the public domain. Rctaw them, and ihey must continue, almost without mitigation, apply what palliatives you may. It is the all-aufiicient and only remedy. , Thus far would seem clear. I do not see bow 4t is possible for any one lo doubt that cession would reach the evil, and that it ia the only reme-. dy that would. If, then, ihore should be any ob jection, il can only be to Ihe terms or conditions ot the cession. If these can be s i adjusted as to give assurance that lite landa thsll be aa faithfully managed by the 8iatw aa by this Government, and lhal all Ihe interests involved shall be as well, or belter secured than under the existing system, all that could be desired would be effected, and all objections removed to the 6nal and quiet settle. meni ol this great, vexed, ana oangerous qorsiion. In saying all objections, I bold that the righ'. of disposing of them as proposed, especially when demanded bv '''iin consideration of policy, and when it can be doue willmut pecuniary loss to the Government, as I "shall hereafter show, cannot be flirty denied. The Constitution gives to (ongrcaf Ihe unlimited right of disposing of the public do main, and of coarse, without any other restrictions than what the nature of that trust and lerme of cession may impose, neither of which forbid ibeir Jressioa in the manner proposed. That the conditions can be o aJjuwed, 1 can not doubt. I have carefully examined the whole ground, ami can perceive no dilliculty that cannot ue eurmounieu. leei sssuren inai an which wanting is lo attract the aiteulioo of the Senate to the vaal importance of doing snmelhing that will eflertually arrest Ihe great and growing evil, re sulting from Ihe application of the system, as it exists, to that portion of the public domain lying in the new Slates. That done, the intelligence and wisdom of the body will be at no lose to ad just the details in such manner as will effectually guard every inieree:, and secure ita ateady and faithful manngemeot. In the mean time, I bave adopted the provisions of the bill introduced oriainally by myself, and twice reported on lavorably by the Committee on Public Lands, as the amendment I intend to othir lo ihe amendment of the Senator from Kentucky, Mr. Crittenden, J aa containing the general out lines of the conditions and provisions on which tin) lands may be disposed of to the Slates with salety and advantage to the interest of Ihe Government and he Union, and great benefit to those Males. The details may, no doubt, be greatly improved fir which I rely on Ihe intelligence of the body, and critical examination of the committee, should the amendment be adopted and referred. Al the present stage, I regard nothing but the great prin ciples on which it rests, aod its outline, lo be at issue; and I do hope, that all who way concur with me on principle, will give the aDiendmcn'. their support, whatever imperfection they may suppose to exist in its modifications. A measure relating lo a question so vast and complicated, cait be pnrlecled in its details, however sound the prin ciple on which H rests, or correct lis general out lines, only by the joint consultation and counsel. VVith these remarks, it will not be necessary fur roe, at this stage, to give more than a general summary of the provisions of the proposed amend ment. Its object is to instruct the committee so to amend I lie bill, aa lo dispose of all Ihe public lands; lying in lbs Stales of Alabama, Louisiana, Missis sippi, Arkansas, Missouri, Illinois, Michigan, Ohio, and Indiana, with Ike exception of sues lor forts, navy and dock yards, srseoals, nngsMiies, and oiher public buildings: the cession not to lake 4-ffeeei tilkgM .tsJIJunel84 on the Mates respectively agreeing to the conoW lions prescibed in Ihe amendment that is, to pals acts irrevocable to adhere to those conditions, the most promioenl of which is to-pay annually," on t" day fixed, lo I lie United Slate. 63 per cent, of the gross proceeds of the sales of Ihe lends ; thai the land laws, at I bey now stand, and as proposed to be modified bjTIb lniendaiehfrnall temain tinh" cbaiigt. except ,wiXBthe- eoo nl of ;mjress j Ihiif 1B Cession sliairbe"Vn full of iWfper cent." Wid-lhereineftA1 Ihey aball be exclusively liable for Ihe e art of sur. veys, sales, extinction of Indian titles, and man agement generally ; that the States may, within certain prescribed limits, gradually reduce ihe price of the lands that may remain uiaydd after having ben offered fr tat may granl, for a limited period, ibe right of pre. einpiion of ninety daya lo Ihe actur.l settlers, at each s.ep in the reduction of price; and finally, that if the conditions of cession be liolated by a State in any particular, all lilies or grunts lo land thereafter sold by Ihe State to be null and Void i bus giving Ihe measure the force and solemnity of a compact, and planing the whole under the protection of the courts, which would pronounce the titles lu be void, if made after an infraction of the conditions of Ihe evasion. It is my intention to g.i into an investigation of these various condition1 his lime. On a ques tion of reference, where the principle only is it issue, il m not necessary. It is sufficient to say that the leading object is lo make at little change in Ihe land system, as it now exists, as is consis tent with Ilm object in view, and Id adopt such provisions ss will enforce the faithful performance of ibe terms of cession on the part of Ihe Stales, with ihe least compensation for their expense and trouble, and lime lo the GovHrnment, in a pecunia ry point of view, onieiil with Ihe arrangement. Il it can be made lo sppear lhal ibeie are reason able ground to believe ilmt the Stales will faith, fully comply with these conditions and that there more than fwentv year) and picked and fulled, over i'xl over iam, wi& I"" view of taking ell worth having, at the present piS:e, even durir gr1 pan,ion c"fr"n cy, ad consequent rise in price, and speculation 10 nulthe IVldS. in 111. 'S3. SltO at. Il psmm in auantitv to Ihe remainder of tlie public domain. T .7 - ' . . : mi ... "--!.! . c it will be fouiM ' he not equal in nne-siiin pan m Ihe whole. In Vis raspocl, it i hr more nmiteo measure than that j.ropwcd by Ihe Senator from Keniuc.br. inaihich rvja is an amendment. I nai emhiaces Dot only the ,vrda o the whole puo lie dome in. exceeding 1 .OOOWU.uw acrea, uui in eludes, in addition, the large fKns drawn from the duties on imposts, which are aniiNiliy expewiee on Us sslea and manage menl, all of whXB ie proposes permanently lo distribute. It tealstt iHore iimuea in its application than Ibe original bill, v-bich em braces all Ihe lands lo which Ihe Indian title is ex tioguislied, as well Territories as 8tatee wNch greatly exceeds the quantity lying in the latter. Having now shown Ibe object and the character with tbo scope of jhis Measure, I shall next pro ceed lo the great., and I must aay, in my np-nmn, the nly question lhat admits ol controveisv will the Stales adhere faithfully to the lerma of the cession T Or, on the contrary, will Ihey violate a compact solemnly entered into, on just and liberal ... . 1 L L principles, mutually nenenciai io nmn, ana wnicn will place ihem, ae lo their domain, on the same independent Colin? on which' the oilier States standi I would atk. at the outset, is there any thing in I heir hirlorv In nistifv a suspension of a wanl i4' rnxid fsilb I ILive thev been in the habit of vm laling euntracla t If an, point out a single instance t Instead of giving t round lo excite supictoo, 1 re i.Hce lo aay I heir history afl-rda many and striking examples of exact and faithful compliance with their engagements. They, all have standing coin pacts with the Government, entered into on their aitntssion into ibe Union, which impose import nt limitations no what otherwise would be their un questioned right as independent members of Ih Union t and, anvmg others, the important one, not only of not taxing Ibe vast portioe of Ihoir domain held by the Untied States within their bunts, bul alto, for the period of five years after sale, the por lion held by purchesera, ,To their bonor be it said. lhat in ihe king period which lias elapsed from Ibe admission of ihe olost pf three Stales, there bas not beeo'a single inatasre ot a i violation on their part of their plighted faith. With so striking an example of fidelity lu engagements, with what jus tice ran it be objected that lbeStaics will violate their plighted faith to a contract every way advan (ages lo ihem, aa well as ihe rest of the Union T l5ut I lake higher ground, and put Ihe question, with what propriety can we object In the ' want of futh on the part of the States In (heir engagements! What is our Coostilutiou but a compact between Ihe Stales; and bow do we bold seats here but in virtue of lhat compact T And is it fr us to turn round and question the faith on which our system stands, and through winch we have our piditieal existence ; and this, too, when it it notorious that the Stale Governments have adhered with far more fidelity lhao Ihia to the Coosliluli toal compact t Many and great VMUtiona are charged, and truly charged to us, while few, very few, can be justly attributed to ihem. Hot, admitting there might be dinger ol losing the lands, should Ihey be disposed of ss proposed, from the want of good faith on I lie pari of ihe Stales, I boldly assert ihsl the d .nger of their being lost is far greater, if the present system sboulil unfortunately be continued, and that, too, under circumstances vastly wore disastrous lo the peace ami ts'eiy of live Union. What I have asserted comes from deep and solemn conviction, resulting 1 front alMg.jMHL vast ana coMtpucasaa mufKU..,.-,, .,ir...,.fc. Those who have is4 given special attention to il, and the progress of, our .land sysleiu.cait fore no just conceptioo of Ibe dangi-rio which Ihe pib lie Isnds are exposed. The danger is two-fold I lhal ihey w ill be lost by the mere progress of set ileineot, wiihfMit pey fnent, in csTsquence of he vast qmutilv beyMMl ibe wants of the counjry. g i hichilw" InJiiif JiIs is xiitfihedt end if thxt ihonld not be ihe case, Ihey will be Irnm Ihe grow mionffi!3'bel wirenlhe"""0td "and new StalesTin eonseq icnce ot the rapid iirrease of the latter, ai d l ho great difference in their respective views of ue policy prniier lo be adopted in reference lo Ihem. Both causes are operating with powerful euVet ; .Si f they doiiot.oidilyat! the C'lveriiineut and Iho country .they wiilcerininly tenmnale brlore lung, eillier by their separate or joint action, in t te Iom of the public domain. No thing but a full understanding of lbs causes of dan ger, and the application of prompt and efhcienl re medy, can prevent it g atid what I propose is In present a brief skoicti of my views in reference to wnn. i, - As important as it K few have turned the atten tion it deserves le tlie almost miraculous ex'enai of our lend system." la the comperativrlv s'mti tine in which U his been ID operaliiwi,lbe Indian iide has U-en extinguished, in ruind numbers, to 30.000,000 of acres, of which liters has been sold SI,0O0,0iK, and granted away, for various purpo ses, 12,600)00, leaving in the possession of ihe Government, oo the 1st of January, 1840, 000,000, a larger portion of which is surveyed, (tailed, and io Ihe market, showing lhal Ihe pro gress of extinguishing Ihe titles of I tie Indians hat tar outrun the demands of the country l.ir Govern nnnt lun ls, as great as it has been. In f-cl, Ihe rexliiy far exceeds the statement, a strung as lhal ... C... . t ik. .... ... !!.... ..f -.1.1 , iif, in inn viuij'ui'v uiiii-ini v, d m i(u, 'erf.recfX'rs, tc-"e tf !:: yr. '. . - . i K ihmi- I it ran sccs n s SIC . domoio, nor f eej.!e, wi;h a ru sands on thousands, set king new 6owe. - Ihe mesnsof purchasing who wlect II or others with insuflicient means, who sekct Iheir place, and seitle, with ibe hope it purci-g short time; and a large etas without Kai-v. who settle on spots, wiih-art any fixed intention bullo remain an Ums as I bey are eudieturbed, geoerany ei tracts of mfermr quality having the advantage of a sprinc, with a small portma at more xerxue sudicienl for their limited cultivation, wet not i cieni In iiiduce'iTpurtKaW'W'to vernmenl price. This classof settlers fees tly increased, if I am correctly informed, within the last ten or fifteen years, and are lapsdly and stiB iucrea sing, especially iw the West asal SoaHh wee tern Blates, where tlie proportion e goox a mm land is comparatively email, and snoot continue increase with ercelera J rapidity, so k as the) present land system remains as st as. -'i.. ahn hsse ban aa oseonwnnv js in the eflil of such occupancy en twe asiods of il, a-iiU-rs. viU n-rf t at a loss te eaticipata Iks con sequences which must lollow smleoo arrested. Urcupaiion lung and undisiaioeo, acewwrw j improvement, however limited, caosot fad to be associated with Ibe idea of property, ia Ihe anfl. It ia that, ia fact, which constitutes the pntwiuvw rtaht in land. - This will be fell in esaexoa by all the occupants similarly situaied will be oarc so ensale an etprit it corps, accompanied by. mutual tesuecl for each there rifhta, which weald not fail to make it dangerous lor any eoe io smwotw the rights of another. . This feeling wiTJ not bekmg: in allowing itself towards the emigrant Mnsder, as be would be eo sidared, coating in with ike vspw of jurrhase. He w.i d nod it not a Irttte kuonreV ons lo enter aod purchase a spot held by a afW occupant, or quatler, if yew will, aad) easst hiea ef his possSHion. In a short tine,aec wwaregaroa hit peace and safely, win aitemB il ; and thee, the feeltrir. which bevaa with the eJow class, wi3 ex tend rapidly upwards to the saora wrathy, vastil. finally, none will !k to any other title bat paney and improvement, and all, the neb aad pe will become iqiialiers. With comawsa voteresi is maintain and defend each other, when the public lands will be lost, and cease te be any buiger source of revenue, if ax 4 lung be done to etnp Fur the truth of the picture, I appeal la the weav 4ors from the new fSutee, especially froea Ilia Wce lera and South western We bave Ihwa presented the difficult Question, what ts to be dona I re- a medy ill ll is rfecl!y natural that Ibe first iiepressi-si should be, to keep out ittU uders oo the public Unde. The lands twlone- to the soide of the Ussoa aa common properly, and M wid seeaa contrary le reason and justice, lhat any one should be permittee In enter on and appropriate ihe ass of that Is hire- self, without pay ing hie it, which belongs to all ; and we accordingly find not a small portnm of the nnle, who insist on keeinog out and expelling all intruders as the proper remedy- Out in this rase, like many others, we must look beyond mere ab stract right. W tint seems . plaosibie sroold, whew tried, prove impracticable. We need ao ether proof than Ihe fact thai no Administration bas ever undertaken it, even when it would have been aa easy task, comparatively to what il now would hew flow is it lo be dooe T liy Ibe sMrshale and their deputies? Csn Ihey expl fromtbeir bosses Ihe vast hst of occupants on tlie public laade, all hardy and bold men, familiar with the use f the ebost deadly of weapons .Would yoa employ the army 1 It would be fmnd altnwsl as impotent es the civil aw thorny. If Ihe wlmle military wae eeapinyed litis to ihe neL'lecl i all other service, ibeie wmiM lie more lhao five huudrdd anil fifty square asilee ur each olBcer anl aJdMMr, auppusMg ysaxr eafab-Irmmeiit-n tie full. - Nor were ri saawaale Ueaw-- pToylneniiritar? W ia Ifibfreej'' coun ty, yuo would bave to doable year force, at a ciwf greuler than 'he annual uiouoae froea the bad J 'and the wrk would be ever begmaiag aad ssrvwr rnduig. If yoa drive then away aod destroy thesr improvements, as stem as I lie force was withdrawn. I bey would return to their posse ssi iav I bad ansae It U t!,e r 'f way I, ti sccs ii I J, to ren.ler it aiiC.oifi strong la f C.tt the k ,rt luteiiiled, att) , fiy ot a Lhetal conipen4tiMi to the Stau-s, hr lbs expenee and trouble of their management. Cat sutnething more is mrti petwuble to prevent ibe lass of the lands ; and thai is, lu hold out ad. quale ii-eucrmenl lo Ihe sett lei a to become free, holders by purrhain; the land. This caa Ut efl-cted wilb the West loss to the Government, and greaieei aavamage io xne eeuiers, ay a judicium syateai of gradualioa aad pre-empt and it U tk ,Wt w tW.I MMntLins am mU C. -v. the aasswdmeat wksth 1 intend la e&r, pr videa thai Ibe Stair away, al their ducration. re. a a 4 ks. a a a a . ea tae price ax an lanus wditb aava seen e&re4 sals lan years anal wp wards, to aoe duller s acre, after the 80tb ef Jsssr, 1843 ; and all thai av . i . r-J ... j .... . w sa swki tvt suns jvwiw woo nwarda. In tv five cents per acre, after the 30ib of W ; aad all that away bave been twenty yean ipwaria, lo fifty cents per acre, after the SOtk of Jane, 18S3 ; and) all thai tvtv been twenty, fa years aay ppsrarda, tw Iweory five eentis after lbs Skis ef Jebr, 1857 ; aad all that have bee thirty yenrs and upwards, tw twelve cents, after the 80th of Jawe, 162; aad all lhat should rensai aosold five yearsihereafter.lo be svrreadered la the Slates; with tbe ncbl,also,at tbetr discrrtioo, to allow pes-ewption bar amity ways W settlers, al each step a tbe redact ina at the pore. It also provides, tbal a3 sands, after Iwvuif bee offered (or sale in those 8tateo, shall, at the expiration of ten years Iroas tbe lisse t aeina; oOeo, we cams aubyict, in lake saaaajcr, la graaWioa and sre-eaptien. The object ef these proviwons u le hold eat ia ate arte te the aetilrra I awrchaee, by brinrinr the land, wiihia a reweonable period, la a arir whack vrweM aot awry justify, hat hold oat atroag ia decs sat at to thews tax aawthaaa. Onevreat di(E. Icwity in tbe any of asircbasing, ts tbe system sow I sued, ts, that the great body af Ibe lands are aot wssneM reality, i hw priceef f I Ji. at which thry a sold by the GovertMsent. v There appears to bt a great aaattake oa that paint, which il M important to csxrrert. I teed af elnwjat every acre, as it I by vwwa gewihnwt a m debate, to be worth I Sat seas, the reverse poa.tioa is true, that none 4s worth M but that wbtch was, al iSe time, comuig ia me! will be no pecuniary loss lo the Government, compared with the system ss u now Ltn.l., in. iinl-h ndi nl lootioa with Ihe old Slates sod their i riM iiirtUK-s, or a i rent the anry and agitating diui"i, which, year after year distract our caiiM-ils and threaten so nxich rtiiwhnjf lo ihe Csiiiiry I Far otherwise wmdiTb Ihe efTect. Il ' wisiid )ol inrrease Ihe evil, by bringing into more d-cided C'liflict, ihe inierests of the new and old S ales. Of all lies ills that could bt fall them, the former wiuld regard the distribution a the great est. while Ihe Isiier wimiIJ hs.k on Ihe pre-emption eystein, prop.-0 ny me nut, aa nine snort ol aiijcomply with ihe cmniiiiMia cfllie cession ? And if ..(n nstem of piumler, H we imv ju.lge Irom the U,,!, av,l ihe peru iisry loss lu ihe Government be d n s i.n which we" have beard io Ihe course of jwiih aa 10 make it iiKXpdinni, even if die re be lUoYLae. I lull assuiance thai the lerws of cownon will not A.. Iht-n. neither csn correct the diaease. the . 0 Violated T miesiHin is. whit' remedy ran T I have fftven to! li a . tin. question the most deliberate and careful ex- '""1 p,u,8 " proper lo make a lew re animation, and have come to the conclusion that j 'atks on the sxient nl ihe interest thai would be v.b re is, and ran be, no remedy short of cession'-1 embraced in Iht cession. U iihoul it, ihere would cevion to the Slates respectively within which the 1 he but an imperfect conception of the subject. Iana are situnled. The disesse lies in ownership The qiantily of publio land Ivine in the new consequence of the proptawd dip.nti..n, it would sem dilBciili lo conceive what subsuntial olijoc Hon Ihere can be to the measure I aut ibua brought to tlie great, I might aay the only question admitting a douU as lu ihe expedi ieocv of the uieaaure. Will the Sistes adhere lo their contract f or, lo exprers it difTerenily, would Ihere be danger lhal ihe Government would lose the lind, in consequence of the Siaiev re'nemg lo Before 1 enter on ibe discussion of these impor- upwardaof thirty eight millions were sold in Ibe vears 1835, '6, and 7, during the great rxjmnsion nl ihe currency and ragt for sjNxulaiion in Isnds, of which bul a small portion, pcrhnM not a thinl, was ir w illurminl ; and of ihe P'tidnc; 1 grt ail f and adunnist ration j a .d nothing abort of-parting Wilh boibcan reich it. Pan wnh ihem, and you will si on-e lake away nnr.ihird ot ihe business of Congress ; shorten us sessions in the same propor ' - tine, with a correpHidin( saving of expense ; lop iff large and most dangerous portion of the pa tienage of the Government j arrest these -angry wnd agitaling discuankmt, which d so much to States, and embraced in the anenlrnent, whs efi- .rraied lo be, on the 1st of January, 1340, about 100,000,000 of acres. Il has been reduced sine r hy sales, the exact quuniity not known ; Isil it will not matenully vary ihe amount. The Indian title has been ettinguished lo' mtrty Ihe whole, and abmii three fourths has been surveyed and platted, of which larger part bat ben long in the market J J : i '! .! i '- -J pail, ssy twenty milliona, is still for tale in Ihe hands of large purchasers. Making proper allow ance for Ihe speculative nporjlions of ihoae years, the actual sale of fhe public lamia for seiil-meni, durng Ihe period of fitly veers, winch has i-lupsed from the beginning of ihe Governnit-ni. would not probably exceed sixty imliiohs of seres, about u.e fourth us much as'that to whn-h the l.elian liih ia now exiinguislied.' But numliert can give hut a very imperf ci con-cepttoti-of Ibe vast exleul of the region In which the Indian title extingui-hed, and of which the G iveromeul is the sole and exclusive proprietor. To form a correct idea of ita great magnitude, il will be necessary lo-compare il lo portions ol" Ilm Union, the extent of which ia familiar to' all. -Tu enable me In do that, a friend hat furnished me with a statement, from which il piears thai if all tlio land now unsold, auo lo which I ha Indian title : it extinguished, was grouped toiteiher, il would be equal M extent lo all New England, New York, New jersey, Pennsylvania, Ddiwire, MaryUnd, . Virginia, and a third of North' Carolina Bui this falls far short id the vstt extent of the region throughout which it lies dispersed -a region equal ling all the old Ailantrrr Slates, taking in all Flori da. the Stales of Alabama and Mississippi, and half of Tennessee. Into this vast and unoccupied iy orxprlling and keeping off intruders; aod 1 (ouptf .jhji, the nssase ;wic,h.bfOughl, ietejlifesjiia of the withdrawal m tlie fori waa lasanrdiatcly followed by that which brought kilorsMtioa that the intruders bad returned. Bul the SuiMlor front Kentucky Mr. Clay) deems all this as merely imaginary, and I assrtt ih'Vt Tu'riKlers ntay be ttaJiiy. kept ol Ihe awVlae lands. I w iH not attempt I reply to bis reasoa far this opinion. Us and bis political fnends will aooa bo in power, with a chief nf their wa arlsttew, and io whose firmness and energy they express hih confidence. In weeks the liass wiB co round winch brings htm ime power, and we aball see what will f4ltw. Wrhout prcteoding lb spirit of pr.ipbry, I feel I hazard aothtog ia pr dieting, that wbal is deemed aa easy t ha duo worn out of power, will he pronounced) ii practi cable when lit. Tbe Senator would has tow taweh prudence to give the advice, but, if aot, Ibe Press. oVui elect will, I conjecture, have too aaach she c ret ion to act on it. ; ' ' v If, however, I stmu! I be mistskea, and) tbe al lempl should bo n ado to expel ihe oecopease trwas the public lands, I hazard autb'ng a pfrdictmg that the AdiiiinisirsHnw will go out of power wnh leu times the mejoritv with which it cam ia, aa grat as thai was. Ties bitterest eeesjy coald aot give more fatal advice. . "2 g If, limn, this powerful tide of emit ration, which ia flowing in am the public lauds, camas he arrested, what ought, or caa be d sie, te prevent Ihe loss f the public domain, by ibe act tow of lb cau ee already explained r , I Ins is the difacon q In aiiwer I say, we must dn aa we are aJiee petlttd 1 1 do in our progress ihioagh li modaie ouranlve tu circum aartoet ; to awitigai evils we cannot overcome, aod rela.rd ar base those we cannot prevent. Such ere the laws lo which beings of our limited powers and control over events, must necessarily yield. Without, then, wndertsking Ihe impossible leak of a r renting ihe liile of euugrslioo, or expelling lb settlers, I would advise the adoptia of the asost judicious and efficient meaeuiee of coovertiag ikeaa lul l freehidtrs, with ilm least sacrtfica cmaasient wiih effecting that object. The first step towards this should be lo unite lb interest ef lb Gor men! with that of Ihe Slales within which tbe land lie, so ss to combine Ibe power and inflwesjceof the two for their presctvalim. Wit beast it, aoibinw can be done. If Ihey should nut le) smiled, ib necessary consequence would be, thai lb ante rest of the Stales Would be invariably found to be op poo. d lo that of Ihe Government, and ita weight thrown on Ihe aide of the sutlers on all quest wo between ihem, of which we bave daily proof ieowr proceedings. In ibe end, their united power and influence would prevail. If thie indispensable step be not taken, in a short lines, instead id f radwaiion sod pre emptioii, we shall hv a demand not lo he resisted, for donations and grants lo the settle re. A leading induceineot with him lo dispose T lb lnds fo the Siotca, waa tu etjeel Ibu tin por (ant J- he pwrchasera. I rest ihe aaertioo on the ' well est iUasbed principle lhal dewiaad aad suppty regwUs pnc. and I'm (tel lhal aa artkrv which at ta la awarket at a Exwd pnee, open lo Iheseaaiad of all, and it wl tokew, it lb best proof Ihsl the pric is above ibe twarhet value at the time. Il is a vara to talk ef intrinsic vaUse--a Ib'wg wholly ' difl-rewt frwaa ptir. Twrte ere many things of ih kijearst awtriasic vcJ-st that have a prtea, M air and water, wbtke twnny af but small vaki would, froea their great scare My, cnninund a very high one. la Ibe tsegwagw i laannesa, a thing ia worth what il win sell for, and no en is willing te give wore, BjaJees compelled by wxns particular reawe. The oripants of lb anbhc land pirtake ef lb fcelinf;. They are warwillmf Iw give for tbe ni. tior Unde, which for Ihe snox part ihey ocrupv, fl 25, whe a aasall part .nly ef tbe 'best land, oflered fur sal would command that and frel ibat they bave something bit justice on their side ia not giving so high a price fur their pusaestiuna. This feebng most be met t aad M is nronrsW u earet it by Ihe srovisWas lor tra-hMlto A . ewrptHMi wtuch I has jl atsH-d; a policy n bWeral towards a large, thnvgH poor class, not lew and aotrmise llsan the rest of lb Coiomuoi- ty, roali nut fail to have a happy vflect, pot only at refcttwee t thssst, ksrl iw a asnr rwlarjftd eoiut of wtw. One of the kwah iavsrftaad would bo ttv great iac raws of tbe txrx of ea!t fr holders, whrt; n th hoar oT dancer, wcaslj prove of vast iospnrtoac, especiall v i- Ihe wsw kevl wf kwj ef rtis . VMi Jbe- skskkitrja; .'fee.; prwsissu wassld have Ihe greats , iVet. It wool) to the Cleee that wwa'dl fanuslt the hardiest sad be soldsets, wuh lb advantage of beiig inursd le tbe rhsaat. Cow, beard and nWified as they wosjld ha, they cannot hwt has a powerful weight ia taiacinw the eccpatt to pwrrlMva. It will 'work a, nsolttlG'Isvs gwril MsstTii o hi li'iU d Hi"i, ar a free boldrr I baa a aqvattr ; aad aa lb price in the i i aa ia Siaa aVgra Jww w sfyowf ht1h'p b fief Ibat bad ssjch aa be isrcupie vnejld at li for, kit isaWry aad ccantiwy w be exerted lu be pr. aired with the reowtsit mean to make fh pur csstse. Th liberal character id I us pJiry wuekf isxprcsa tuoi won aecw lst4iwwf respect (nrt- justice and car ef ib G .ror m.-m4 x and tbe sec my it weaild affard arowld put an end to the tpr 4 cpt watch 4krwr w H b to strung ; and all, ckMtd with lb Hifkienc of ibe Stales ua the tntr of the Gweerwaaent. wool I, fse Coofideol, gird efiBCtawily agamst tbe d wi;f of bs-ing tbt tend, a far aa th sccnp4iua are CMrceraad. in tbt only way that would he prartirab-'a. Thw asaewdmewt a-wpus I lea veil tethc Slalet t gradoata and great pee err.p iona or not, at their da-rviua, srvlhin lb kwis rrseribrd. Tbc ditions of Ih several States are very dtllereal ts rsderrwc t lb etpedrenr t yf reanng Ih rishl. I ihe emfurwdy fertil regis m ibe upper portinn of Ibe great ValVy rd" tU Missiaippi, n may not be asKwesary I resort lo itbr, or, if so, lo a very batiird exieot ; while ia Ibe Suotk westers S ales, nsrUdmg Arkaesas,N w.sald he iodisprnsabie; aad brace Ih ropnety taf givavg tbe light, but leaving the axercue t Ibe aWretion of th Slates. acl Sut wswJd b tbe saost cwa,tewt judge whether il shonU be exercised r ant, aad t what etiant. ' Uaviag considaisd Ibe prvisi.i intended te gwaH against lb daager of kmng th lands freav mer ocewpwoey, wiibtjut payawni, I aeil propta I aaak aouta remarks on thai ol their being Ks in r maiqiissLS f lb cooI icimg policy bstweta lb a w and wld Stale w recw n,Tm tK.aiJ lb present system b mutinosd To anderstaud Ibis danger, w ntust has a juat concept ion of Ihs cwswr tw which it oriMsatra, abkh I will endttvor first to rxp'aux. ; la the nature of iliie, il u impoaibh? tltst the new and old Stale cw lake lhat mitm WW of il pJscy proper lo be adopted ia reference io tbe psb ha dooMM, Tarvr rvw,iectiv p. mi ion, interest, and eiwwt of knowlcfg refereac to it, are wholly difllreni, wbwrh cannot but have a row piaadeat rflect o. lUtr views. Th old Sistrt etaad at reierear i ik aew, wHkrwbal m ! bgbl f aa absent owoer of htrre estate, and aot wHlsawt some of bis fat lings, .white lbs new .land, m wsw drgrwe, in a sttoalewi of th-M who ore py and wotk kn estate, with foe ling not a little akia lo I boa who below; lo thai relation. That such is tbe case, and lhal it leads to divers vices of ike policy lhat oaht to be adopted, and lhal, agsia tu conflict between them, lb questions w befcre tax, Ibe dweusama now going on, Ibe feelings it excite, and the yearly aad violent agitation of lh- q new too far ih last eight or lew years, bu neatly pros. Nor M il Iraa clear that Ihey hare oersjsswd, and aswst mere with ibe growth sial ndtienc of ihe new State, ever tbe action id" lh Governwteof, nil hrtr rapid growth Wilt give them, lb ascendency, when they will decide il iu la-aar ow way trndtr tb hig perenafwrt and ttcittd I J I 'J , ,i.vii .yS-J. Jt-: