n n , i . . i I I i i - m nji , .... i jjjijj
' - " . ' ' ' "J '' '' ' ' - . - ' -1, 1 ' " ' -' ' V h
- - , . ' - ' . 1 .
VOLUME IV
'-. NEWBERN N.: C. SAtEURD "JANUARY 26, J 622.
NUMBER 201.
! . -
1 a '
VXSTEVR WATSON",
t 3 pr annum ha!fs in advance.
CONGIICSS.
HO ADS AND CANALS.
Repirt of the Cnmiu'ttee on Roads and
Canals, in the Umse of Representa
tives, Jit. 2, 1 322. Accompanying the
l:il vow pending in that House.
The 7oha rait tee on Roads and Canals
Thai they have considered the gene
ra! s'jhject 'submitted to their charge, aiid
iUh the siieciilc objects of internal im-
pruvtnents which .have been reerred to
In relation ' to the subject, under its
e'ncnl heil, they believe it will not be
extroverted, that, 'after the formation of
a U'oc J government, it is the n?xt inter
est 01 a nation to adopt such a system
of internal policy as will enable the! peo-
r,!. to enioy, as soon as practicable, all
lii n itural advantages belonging to the
country in which they live. Labor is
juidv considered to be the wealth , of a
nation; productions of every descrip
tion, and afl things valuable, are pniduc-'
f d by it : and the whole operation of
sority of people, as regards their politi-
ci! economy and social intercourse, con
sols in obtaining what are usually called
first materials j in the conversion and
fisliioning cf these for use ; and the tran
$prtation of tlie.raw or mariifacturad ar
ticles to the places where tii?v are finally
rl 1 . . .. ...
wi iteti. 1 ue transportation necessarily
f.r;!is a heavy charge on thv food of la
bor, and, 11 projorti"ii to the reduction
cl tlie labor,, in this respect, will btf the
C tin of a n itioii, as the pa.t saved can
b' employed tu advantage in other ob-
I lie great extension of our . territory.
a:i'J its various latitudes, abounding in
almost every species of products, will al
ways render the expense of transporta
tion an object of great national impor
tance. Although artificial works may not, for
a nhiie,' afford a profit to the undertakers,
suit thev will be beneficial to the commu-
r.iiy at large, not only by the increaseil
value they will give to productions, at a
distance t'rom market, but, also" by an
increase in the quantity of productions, in
coneq-jence of the additional excitemei:.
to enterprize, and the general diffusion of
industry.
The utility of good roads and canals
his ben tested by long experience in
!ht-r countries. In China, it is said, thai,
ty means of their water carriage, their
honiem irket is nearlyequal to the whole
matktiin Europe. Satisfactory evidence
cl the immense advantages to be derived
frowi canals, is likewise furnished from
a!avi;t every pa. t of Eirope, and p iriicu-
I irly m Knland, where they have be. n
t tf";n!'... within tlit laf fifltr ' vpare in
j ....... - .mm, j "
every direction, supplying: the demands of
o.i place by the resources of another and
sa extensively spreading industry, as. to
enable thtm to supply, their own wants,
2l to famish vast exports to exchange
for the Health of other countries.
11 mut be a source of gratilicati n to
wery American, when he reflects that
ci own country possesses advantages, in
lais respect not inferior to t(iat of any
o:lpr on the globe ; and that: there is
presents l.isher inducements
fcr the lesulative aid of its councils, or
'uere there is a rrreater certainty 'of be-
a? repaid for any expenses whicbtheir
Pa'rmtisin may l)estow.
1'ro n a .veil regulated system of in
fcr id commerce in the United States by
l-meaii4 af nn,. l r..i l n.i ..k, ik
. . V.-..JCI ut-uces may ue expeciea
,- , Ve fujoy almost every variety
4 ,I,1,;,f and possess populous cities
condensed settlements, as well as
T rct$ of country thinly inhabited.--
f-'ohr trade in the exchange of raan
,ctlrfd .uiicles for ra-v materials would
A? PtaCe. ami lllP nIlOik VVill.l raraiuu
fc-.. ' - - - " - - r.. V
11 "self, the'whole benefit that is
) gained between: old. and new
' 'w. It is admitted by the ablest
ft on political economy, that the
'mportaut branch of the. commerce
ji3.v nation $ that which is carried on
tWa l',e mnbitants of the town, and
a. Vflecuntry: customers become
Tainted iu, each other, and less risk
f-nerallv hicm red. ,
an abo esseniial to the prosperity of
haT 10 06131,1 SJ1 the labor it can
'cfH !lnen'bm.; and. as 11 composed
Via?-"' Ping va'rious talents and
iaent . . every reasonable encourage- t
W LTVen to pnrh hranrh
Siven to each branch of
national industry, as a means o
into' activity the different qualifica
I men; :and besides, from a freq
I intercourse among the citizenr
! different Darts of the country J close and
Drontaoie connexions wouio oe lormeo.
which would nave.a tendency to produce
harmony, and affections that (would add
to the safety of the Union : -Ithef people
wonld reap great benefits from a stability
- -
in their affairs, as a judicious system of engaged irV the grand object of connec
intetnal commerce would create a cer- ting the SusquehahnaK, with the Schuyl
tain proportion, or level, in all the depart- kill, by the' Union canntl. Maryland has
menls of industry that 1 could !not be rea- made expensive roads in many direct
dilv'ilisturbed by the wars and vfcisitudes tions, for the accommodation of her citi-
' of other powers. From changes of this
description, over which we had no con-
trol, this country, in several instances,
has experienced shocks, and sustained
losses, which would far exceed fas it is
rbacruiahlo In rnnirtiirt lh i or t z.
i.uavwv. - - j .---
nehse necessary, 011 the part of the eene-
ral government, for the completion of
such artificial roads and canals, and im-
provement m ners, as would satisfy, in
this respectj all the real exigencies of the
country. i
Among the many objects of
improve
ments in inland n-it igatiou, some aie
limited and withio the means of individ-
ual and stale euiernrize: others are of a
rl.nrnrrer t.i.i pxtpusive. their. nrndortive-
cuaracier 100 f.it:iisive, incir-piuuutuve-
ness depending on improvements tp be
nnt'e in diffcTent states, at great distau-
ces from each other. The great tand im- j
portaot line of inland communication con-
temjdated along the Atlantic coast, would
be beneficial, in various degrees', to more
than one half the states in the Onion ;
vet no one or two states would have suf
ficient inducements to lurniii the iu ces-
tsary means for the completion of any of
its parts; nor r u! I n union f .sentiment
be scarcely expected, among the states
thrcn.'h which it wuuld pnss, as to th
particular routes, ur mo..ca vi execuuou.
Such objects are great and national, re
quiring one general ".td, and, conse
quently, the aid of the general govern
ment is rendered indispensable, I as wen
as regards the funds to be furnished as
the facility of execution. Objects of
such transcendaut importance tothe wel
fare and defence of the nation must, be
perfected by'Hfie general government, or
their perfection can scarcely ever be ex
pected Had we waited for the! joint a-
gency of states, more than an age would
have passed before we should have seen
a road constructed by the union of states,
equal, in national design and costliness,
to tne road from Cumberland to j Whee
ling. Objects on the large scale of na
tional benefit are creatures of thej Union,
the scope md views of state authority be-
in local in tneir nature. j
The committee 'will further observe,
that, antecedent to the existence I of the
general government, several states could
; not have pertected an object of this kind,
without enterinT into some understanding
or compact io the nature of a treaty, in
the character of independent states ; but
serious doubts rtiny now exist on the sub
ject ; as'sWltsaie not allowed, by the ;
constitution, to enter into any agreement
or compact with earh oilier, it will at
least be difficult to say how such a j power
can be exercised by the slates, which
could be enforced, unless by corporations,
in perpetuiiy, or by the consent of Con
gress. .
The committee will not undertake to
make researches into the history of the
rie and progress of canals and internal
improvements in ancit nt or modern limes, j
in foreign count) i-s ; bu: tr.e tr.iK aii
agreeable one, to pursue, even partially,
the public spirit tint has prevail 'd.-on ti,is
stibjectjn many oi i4ie states. Tl he(worfs
that have already ben contniTpd'-;are so
many evidences f tte opiato.i of toe
people in favor of their utility beyond
their expense, . and fr-iarihem mnh e:x
jH?iience has been derived, as to skill and
economy, that will be Very useful here
after. Their influence should operate as
a' persuisiye inducement to the general
governmenxy to begin her own 1 great
work for her own benefit. g j
-1 As to most of the improvements that
were perfected prior to 1808, the! com
mittee will refer the house to a Heuort of
the Secretary of the Treasury, datd the
4th of April of that year. This plain
and valuable document contains more in
formation on the subject in general than
is to be found any w lie re else. Since that
jteriod, great efforts have Been made to
ward .internal improvements, but the
committee do not possess' an accurate
knowledge as to their extent, and even if
they were to embrace ail the public- im
provements fthat are within their recol
lection, it wuuld too rauch'enlarge this
report ; a few objects will therefore be
selected. j
. In Massachusetts, a magnificent work
nr iLim. SI uri f li nn rroro in
dam, a mile
length, has been constructed, to connect
the town of-Boston with the main land,
recalling' at an expense of nboat six hand red thou- Jfct of pensioners, shall lurnish evidence, ches square, four dollars.pei' thousand;
tioris of sand dollars- Ah allusion need only be in pursuance of the provision of $aid act, . over sixteen and not exceeding i twenty
uency of maile lo thepatriotic and lauJable ijtfarts to satisfy: the Secretary o y,ar that he s four inches square, six dollars per thou-
living in of the state of New-1 ork, as to grandeur it siich indigent circuimtances as to-be .sand. : ... - . I
in the designs J and I the executions of so
ereat a narr 01 ineir immense nnieri:i
a . . ...
kings " Pennsylvania has made great ad.
vances in the construction of permanent
bridges over her lare"' rivers,' and in the
making of artificial roads ; 'and is "now
zens, ana to bring trade to her capual.
V irgmia. 111 ISIO, enacteda law. creatin
a'bpard of poblic work'With power ta
appoint engineers and surveyors, and also,
creating a Amd to-W npiilied exrlnive'y
lo ih rptt.-l.'rin:r nJvi r.i'. and ' uoiiin r
- - - a 3,
by canals the principal rivers, and more ;
Jntimati !v connectinff. 'h'r ;:mpi of ph-
flic higiivvays, the ditferent parts pi mo
commonwealth. North Carolina has
made many expensive Unipiovements in
roads and canals. In 'the state of Geor
gia, it appears, from official documents,
j that one hundred "and. eighty-nine thou
j sand. "dollars have lately been expended in J
i pub'i imrjrovemttnts, besides one hun-
mcu iiiuusauu. uuiiurs 101 ucc jtnwu.
j In the state of Tennessee, theieeTsJature
has unanimously appropriated five hun-
died thfiiwanrl Hullam for free schools.
dfed thousand doll irs for the purpose of
laipiovi.i intf.iiaviuUon ol me rivers in
the state. :
- . -
Public examples need not, at present,
be farther traced..
The national objects, which, in the
opinion of the counulltee, claim the first
attention of government, are,
. T!j great .line of canals, : from .the
harbor of Boston to the south, along the
Atlantic sa const. .
2. A road iroui the city of Washing
ton to that of New-Orleans.
3. Canals to connect the waters of the
Ohio, above, with those below, the falls,
. . . -
at Louisville; Lake Erie with the Ohio
river; and ihe tide waters of the I oto-
mac, with the same stream at cumner-
Iand.
4. Communications between the Su
quehannah and the rivers Seneca and
Genessee, which empty into lake Ontario.
5. Communications .between, the "Ten-
nesseee and Savannah, and between the i
Tennessee, Alabama, and Tom beck bee,
rivers.. , -.'r '
Fdr the more particular information,
relating to these objects, and for their
magnitude, and the 'many -and' high ad
vantages which they would produce to
the iUnion. either in times of war or
peac, the Home are referred' to the n
bove report of the' Secretary of the Trea
sury and to the very interesting and
convincing report of th.' Spcre'nry of
War, dated January 7th, 18f 9, which re
ports the committee beg may be annexed
to their present report. As to some of
the objects mentioned, or parts of them,
it wilPbe important, previous to the com
mencement of anygeneral system, to
form the basis of it upon tlje best infor
mation that can be contained by scientific
men ; the committee, therefore, beg leave
to report a bill, entitled " An act 10 pro
cure the necessary .surveys, plrfns, and
estimates, on thp subject "f ronds, and es
tima;es, oil the suujcci oi roaus Uud cu
nals. 7 i . i
The, committee will make separate re
ports on the subject' of the-Chesepeake
aid Delaware cai:;d, aodhthe other ot jecrs
iciericd lo iheni. '
IOUSC
OP RLl-iiENTATiVES.
T?rsJ '.y, J.n. 15.
Mr. Cocke, from the Committee on
Revolutionary Pensions, reported a bill
supplementary to the act t' pioyide for
certain persons eng iceti in the lapd and
naval service in the, United -States in the
Revolutionary VVarf-which till is in the
following words, viz: ,v
A BILL supplementary to the acts t
provide for certain persons engaged in
the'land and naval service of the Uni
ted States in the Revolutionary War.
lie it enacted by the Senate ami House
of Representatives of the United tates
of America in Congress assembled? That
the Secretary of War be authorized, and
Ire is hereby. authorized arid required, to
restore to the list of pensioners the name
of any person - who may have been, or
hereafter shall be, stricken therefrom, in
pursuance vf the act of Congress, passed
the first day. of May one thousand eight
hundred and twenty., entitled Anjxct in
addition to an act, entitled An act to
provide for, certain 'persons engaged in
the land and naval service of the United
States in the Revolutionary War, passed
the eighteenth day of March, one thou
sand eight hundred and eighteen,77 when
ever such person, so stricken from the
unable to support himself without the as
sisiaoce, ui nis coonirv.
,Sec. 2. Aitil.be it further en arte J, That,
when any person, coming within the pro
visions of the acts to which this is supple
mentary, shall, by reasc n of ' bodily
ihfirmiiy, be unable to at end in court to
make diis 'schedule and furnish the evi
deuce by said acts Tequiretl, if shall he
lawful for any judge of a Court of record,
in the district, city, county, or boroUifli,
iif which such person resid s, tojattend at
lite place of abode, and receive his sched-
1 ' " m " " -
u- anct owui; or mrniatin ; and said
i ju ige slnli certify that said! applicant was,
frm boiiiiy j iiuirmitr, unible to attend
' s?ci court, Which schedule
i. 1-1 f
affirmation j and certifiraie,.
snail uv said
I II. - 4
??rlre be produced in the court of which
; jadge, and the opinion of said court
or inefcvai;ie 01 ,iue property contained in
sanfr schedule, shall be entered thereon,
and certified by the clerk jf said court;
and such schedule shall be valid for all
thel)urposes contemplated by the said
acts aforesaid.
Sec. 3. Aid be it further enacted, Tbnt
. 1 o- -1
J schedules than those hereto
j y the -same applicants, sh
pensions granted upon other and jdiureilt
ore exiiihited
Ml commence
from the time
such schedules shall be
1
filed?
The bid was twice read and committed
MR. BALDWtN RESOLUTIONS,
Now before the House of Re rresentatives.
ResoiVcd, That it is expedient to pro
vide by law,, that from and $ tier the thir
tieth llay of June next, the ame', rates of
duties which are, by the exis!ing laws,
now laid on goods, wares, diid merchan
dize, composed of any specified material,
or of which any specified article is the
material of chief value, shall jbo iaid on all
goods, wareSj and merchantiizt;, whereof
j any such specified article shall be a cont
ponent m:it i ;al.
1 hat, to ihe eXistiUti, rates of tlutles
upon gooas, ware?, and merchandize,
(glass exrepted,) t'lere shall be added the
amount of audi bounty of bounties as, on
tlie exportation thereof, m.iy be given,
i i .
paid or allowed, in the placn or country
jn which any bounty prejnium, in the
nature thereof, may be givehl paid, or ill
lowed, o.i the exportation of similar arti
cles, which shall be ascertained and cal
culated in such manner, and under such
j
rules and! regulations, as the Secretary of
j the Treasury shall,; from time to time,
prescnoe.
rhat all and singular the provisions of
the 4 ist section of the act, entitled 6 An
act to provide more effectually for the
collection of ihe duties imposed by law on
goods, wares, and merchandise imported
into the U. States, and on the tonnage of
ships and vessels -approved 'the fourth of
be and the s imeare hereby, Revived and
continued in force, as if the same was
herein; specially enacted, reducing the
custom house credits; to tne t
by the law of one thousand sev
me limited
en hundred
and oiiu i v. ; i ,
I'hat there shall be levied aid paid up
on thf f!'.-'vr"7 l's irnio, ed into
iit; o i!v 4 )talcj io aii'.s of vessels or
the United States, the several
in after mentioned, v i .i.-.J
l ities here-
uoove the
duties now payaMe bv law, vi :
Oii iror. in hnrs o;
ivtih:, iiiiy cents.
holts,
.'
hundred
On hemp, per hundred wteight, one
dollar.
Ou'lead, and all manufactures thereof,
per pound two cents.
.On glass, of all kinds, sixj cents per
pound. - I j :
On all articles paying a tiaiy of seven
and a half per cent, and twenty per cent;
ad valorem, and on all article not free,
and not subject t. any other rt te of Juiy
(taw silk excepted; Lve per centum ad
valorem. x! !
Oif all manufactures of silk, or of
which! silk is a component material, (raw
silks (excepted,) fifteen " per ceuluui aoT
valorem.
On linen, and all articles of which flax
is a component material, ten per centum
ad valorem. J
That the duties now in forc$ upon the
articles liereih after enumerated and de
scribed, at their importation intplhe Uni
ted States, shall cease; and that, in lieu
thereof, there shall be thencefcrth, laid,
levied jand collected, upon the said arti
cles, af their importation, the several and
respective rates of duties following, that
is to say r !
On slates and tiles for building, not
exceeding twelve inches square! two dol
lars per thousand ; over twelye inches
square, and not exceeding fourteen inches
square, three uonars per tnousana; over
fourteen, and cot exceeding sixteen in-
On bricks, three dollars per thousand.
x n all royal, siper-royal imperial, ele
phant, medium, cfemy, crown, folio, quar
to post, tap, and post paper, suitftble'for
writing, or bhink books, and all drawing
and copper plate paper, twenty cents per
.pound, j " "
Or. all paper suitable for staining and
for printing, twelve cents per pound. :
On all other paper, two cents per
pound. '; ' ' " "
On screws of iron, comn.only called
wood screws, not exceeding one inch in
length, eight cents per groce; over ono
inch, and nof exceeding two inches in
length, fourteen cents pvr gioce; pver
two inches in length,' twenty cents per
groce. . i .
On linseed oil, twenty-five cents ;per
pouud. ! -
liesolved, That the Committee on
Manufactures be instructed to report a
bill pursuant to the foregoing resolution.
F rom the Rational Intelligencer.
Some allusion having been made, by
a correspondent of the Richmond .Enqui
rer, and appearing in that ptiht, to a pri
vate letter from the Secretary of. State to
the Vice President of the Ignited States, n
copy of that letter is herewith end. ed,
which, if you think it relating to a sub
ject of sufficient interest to the public lo
deserve a place in your paper, you aro
at liberty to publish.
Washington, 15th Jati. 1822.
Washington, Dec 291821. !'
The Vice President of thl U. S. "
Dear Sir: It has been suggested to
me, that some of the members of the Sen
ate, entertaining the opinion that a tor- '
mal visit in person or by card is due from
each of the Executive Departments, at
the .commencement of every session of
Congress, to every Senator upon hisarrU
val at tlie seat of government, have con
sidered the. omission on my part, to pay'
such visits, as the wjthholding from them
a proper n)arkroTrespect, or even ut im-'
plying a pretension to exact such a f.ir
nfality from theni: .. .Disclaiming eery
such pretension and every such .claim on
my part, 1 take the libe ty of submitting
to you the following explanation oi the
mod ves which have governed my conduct
in relation to this subject : '
I have invariably considered the irov-
ernment of the-United States, as a gov
ernment for the transaction of business,
and that no ceremonial for the mode or.
order of interchanging vi'm'Is between the
persons belonging lo the respective de
partments in it had ever been established.
I was myself five years a member of the
Senate, and at four of the five sessions of
Congress, which I attenJed, was accom
panied at this place by my vvlfe. - Du
ring that time,M never once received a
first visit from any one of the Heads of ,
Uepariments, nor did my wife ever re
ceive a first viiii from any one of their
ladies, except perffaps once, when she
was. sick, from Mrs. Madison. Ve al
ways called npon them soon after our ar-
rival at Washingtonnot from any opin- '
ion luui u was an ouiigauon ol duty, but
because we understood and believed it to
be usual, and because we did not think it
improper. We made an exception, after '
me uisi sessjun, wun regaru to iir. ual
laiiu, vl?o, never having returned my
first visit, was supposed not to incline to '
that sort of intercourse with us.
NVhen i came to reside at this 'place,
two years since, I was under the impres
sion that the usages, with regard to visi
ting, were, asjl had known and practised
them len years before, that, as a member
of the administration, i had no sort of
claim to a first visit from any member of,
either house of Congress; but that neither
had; any member of Congress any claim,
to a first visit from me that the inter
change and order of visits was entirely .
optional on both sides, and that no rule
of etiqut-tte whatsoever existed, which re
quired that either party should py the
firf visit, or indeed any visit, to the other.
In tlie course of the winter of 1817
18 two members of the Senate, for both
of whom I entertained the highest respect,
anditrr one o"f whom I bad ibe pleasure
of Bitting several years in the Senate, cal
led at my office, and informed me tht 5
there was a minute of a rule agreed upon,
not officially, but privately, by the mem
bers of the Senate of the first Congress,
that the Senators of, the United Status s
paid tl?e first visit to no person txeept the
President of the United Stores- - -served
to them, that, as during five years l.
service as a Senator, I bad never seen or
hear j bf this rule1 could hardly consider
Jt jw been much obscned J ' tbtt I
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