North Carolina Newspapers

. v ifj ' - - fir. "Republican weekly news- t I hi U ! ! .1 J (';.(!!. J PUBLISHED EVERY THURSDAY. '(SEE RATES OP SUBSCRIPTION OX THIS PAGE.) PAPER THE Uifir iiA.JLt 0p THE PARTY. - . W. 31. BROWN, Manager. Job VoTtK executed at short tm tice and in a style unsurpassed by any hlinilnr establishment in the State RATES OF ADVERTISING . Ono square, one time, - - $ 1 00 " " two times, - 1 60 i three times,- : - 2 00 Contract advertisements taken at proportionately low rates. I -i "I. Otricx on Newborn Avenue, some f garen hundred yards east of the f V,f it ' BATES OP SUBSCRIPTION: ' .vear. . - . - ' - - 2 10 J i i :; ' US 1 I si months, . . -jtjrt months. - - 1 05 - 65 YOL.V. RALEIGH, N. C., THI7RSDAY, APRIL 20, 1876. NO. 44. IXVABIXBLT IS ADVXHCJL fa vwwm l III sT Correspondence. The following: communications u taken rrom the columns!' of the TrtWetkly Constitution : 7b Editor of the Constitution : . I am glad to see you have started the Tbi-WJtEkLY Constitution. If yoa make it only half as spicy as asthe dally of last Summer, It be a welcome . visitor to every pepabllcan In the State.; You merit ind I am. sure -wUl J receive the hearty support of the party in your effort to furnish them a good paper . tt the capital. It is to be hoped that every true ltepuDiican win constitute himself a committee of one, with special authority to so licit subscribers and money to aid roar enterprise. The greatest con test the State has ever witnessed is ipproaching, and we will need an 4ble Journal at headquarters to de (end the right. With such an or gag and a good ticket we need have oo fears. The people of this section will support heartily any good man put forward for Governor, but they prefer to vote for one , tried and found true, that sturdy old veteran -Curtis II. Brogden. We also put in nomination for Secretary of State another tried and true Kepublican representative of the West, vm. r.vraiui m Dowell county, a man whom the people of the West are proud of and would delight to honor. WESTERN CAROLINA. April 10th, 1876. 7b tht Editor of The Constitution.' While your columns are occas ionally filled with correspondence as to the success of our party in the coihinjr political contest, and sev eral favorable notices of a few have been issued for certain positions or places upou the State ticket, and suggestions are being daily made u to district aud other nominations, I feel it my duty, as well as pleas are, to offer to the Republicans of the State the name bf John. II CilAMBEKLAlS, CaudetiT Ba,1nf son, as a fit and suitable person for Secretary of State. It is almost needless for me to gay who he is, for every member of the last State Constitutional Con vention knows full well the stand he took in that body, and the envl- b!e record he made. We, the Re publicans of this section of the State, feel proud of him, and are ready at anytime to endorse Iiitrt-for any position within the gift of the com mmmllh. He has fought many a hard fought battle against all odds, but lias won in every contest; he has never known defeat. His reputa tion as a stump speaker is well es tablished in the .East, and if he could but launch out among the people of other sections of our State, in enthusiasm would be aroused, really astounding to the people. While the Republicans of the 1st district have faithfully stood by the party in every contest and nobly done their duty, we have never had t place on the State ticket, and I think it time that some of our no lle sons should be placed upon it. And I know of none more capable or meritorious than' Camden's gul- Unt son. I feel confident his name npon the State ticket will give us considerable strength. He is hon est, sober, quiet and strictly upright in all his bearing. Nominate him for Secretary of Statet and the Re- publicans of this section win raiiy to a man to his support .i : . VOX POPUL1. WoodvllYei N. 0.,' - April 10,1876. The Cincinnati Convention. 7b the Editor of The QmttUution : The Um'e aDDointed for the Cin cinnati National Convention comes a space, and the question of se lecting a suitable man as candidate for the Presidency one that will deserve and secure the hearty suf frages of the nation Increases daily hi gravity of- importance, pigh time It la - for ;RepubIlcans' every where to arouse themselves to a dear comprehension lof the Bitua tion, and to a full real 1 ration of the erious responsibility that must rest upon those whom they shall delegate to represent them at Cin cinnati, and there make out a Pres idential ticket. Beyond the possi bility of a doubt the action of those delegates will determine the fate of the Republican uartv for the next four years, and possibly for a much I longer period. Never, Indeed, has the destiny of the party been placed so folly and absolutely In the hands of a mere Convention of Its mem bers as it will be on the 14th day of June next. Never before could the work of a chosen body of men have been so decisive of the party's fu ture as will be that of the 754 tlemen who assemble in Cincinnati two brief months hence. The Chicago' Convention of V.3 might have ' nominated almost anv xvepu oiican oi good party standing ana oi iair reputation, and hl3 elec w tlon would have been a moral cer uunty.; L.iKewise the Philadelphia Convention1 of 72 could have de feated the Greeley 'coalition with" a ticket headed bv anv on man picked from the dozens of the more prominent and respectable party leaders. But there is none so blind who cannot see that public sent! ment-the source of all party power has undergone a decided modifi cation and that what might have been of no appreciable detriment to the party in 'G3 or 72 would Insure Its "overthrow in '76. The causes underlying so serious a change in its fortune may be seen at a glance. Up to 1874 It had maintained the ascendancy In the government un interruptedly and with a strength undiminished for the long period of fourteen years. Seemingly im pregnable In the . affections of the loval and patriot on account of its mf distinguished service and glorious achievements, the bitterest denun- ciationsand most powerful assaults of its great opponent, and even the misdeeds of some of its trusted leaders failed to stir it from Its place of strong security. Thus was it circumstanced In '72, when fresh from the Presidential struggle of that year, flushed and dazzled with an unprecedented victory, having literally annihilated all oppositions and elected its President by the enormous majority of 700,000 votes, It apparently became possessed with the idea that its lease of power was to be of unlimited duration, and it affected to treat the people whose servant it was as slaves bound to pay deference find yield obedience to its every behest. The adminis tration having received a trium phant vindication of Its policy in the re-election of Gen. Grant took it for granted that Its endorsement was a license for its free Indulgence In any and whatever course. It consequently became contemptuous of the attacks of its enemies, and intolerant of the criticisms of its friends. , The party organization degenerated into a despotism, and the honest and sagacious" Republi can, who. zealous for his party's welfare, dared to raise the voice of warning against its dangerous ten dencies, was mercilessly subjected, to the political Inquisition of being cast out from the . party, fold, while every effort was put forth to break down 'his influence and cover him with nhloniiv. Demacroeues and .political shysters shouldered states- men aside, and aspired to tne reins of government. Corruption which had hitherto cautiously concealed Itself from public scrutiny and de tection, now stalked with bold and defiant mien before the public gaze. What with Credit Mobiliers, Sari born Claims, a case of bribery to day and of fraud to-morrow, to gether with other causes of disatis factlon, the people aroused at length from their State of lethargic confi dence, 1 are' righteously indignant with their party for its usurpations and vices, they determined to ad minister It a severe and telling re buke. That rebuke come with the elections of two years ago, and It came with a swift and startling force. Happily" Our party leaders were not slow in comprehending the significance of those political reverses. They saw that the Dem ocratic party which had wrenched from them so large a proportion of power had done nothing to com mend itself, to the country's favor able consideration,, that it was the same party still which had promul gated and maintained the heresy of the right of secession-whlch had countenanced the , rebellion, .and con dem ned the war for the preser vation of the Union, which had op posed the emancipation, and en franchisement of the blacks, , and jwhich had, in short, arrayed itself against every measure calculated to enhance the nation's happiness, prosperity and glory. i They knew, therefore, , that the result of those elections, meant not so much a re version of popular feeling In favor of the Democratic party, asaoe-, mand fromfthe sovereign powe the Republic, that thegr- toSi8M? be worthily pur fled, hat4 holy mis3iott of ""founding the - government n the immortal ; principles of libertyi Justice and equal rights and frightfully disposing of the many momentous questions that Involve the country's welfare. That ' the people are thus far satisfied as to the' manner and spirit in which their demand has been heeded, arid that they have no inclination to vest the Democracy with national supremacy, the 'election returns from Maine, New HampsireVCon-f ncticutand the northern muriici palltles abundantly - prove. One more1 link rernains to be forged and welded on the chain of party re form; and with that WcH done, Re publican "restoration next fall is in evitable. We refer now to the work of the Cincinnati Convention. If that body shall nominate for the Presidency a man of recognized ability, of blameless private life, who stands right upon the leading Issues of the day and above all, a man of an inflexibly honest charac ter, who will prove vigorous, fear less and persistent in opposing cor ruption and wrong, It will be a sat isfactory evidence to the American citizens and voters that the chasten ing lesson of 1874 has been "duly learned and its teachings followed; The momentous question ' then looms up, Who is the man that the exigencies of the time and the re demption Of the party demand? Having anxiously reflected upon the critical situation of the party, and carefully considered its needs in the present straits to whfch error and folly have reduced it, we are prepared to answer unhesitatingly, though with perfect deliberation, that Gov. Rutherford B. Hayes, of Ohio, is the only man yet mention ed in connection with the Presiden cy, who fully combmes all those qualities and elements necessary to lead ur party tp, victory in Novem ber. Besides'Kis known reputation for unflinching honesty arid splen did ability,' he has the great advan tage over his competitors of having lived remote from the national pol itics, and therefore, unlike Messrs. Blaine, Conkling arid Morton, he has' not occupied a position directly In the eye of the nation, where' the slightest mistake, though coin mit1 ted in all sincerity, has called down upon him severe condemnation, of where falsehood arid 'slander have beeri'buslly at' work 4 maiigriihg his name arid impugning his iriotives,' thus making him'the victim of pre judice and hate.' ' More than this, Geri. Hayes has the prestige of having carried. Ohio last year against an'ad verse Demo cratic majority of 6ver twenty thou sand in the election of the previous year,1 of having overwhelmingly defeated Gov. Allen, the' strongest and' most popular Deinocrat in the State,' and -of thus being the first to dispel in a large degree the clouds which' hovered so darkly and threat eningly over iis party's' futujreV Thesd ; considerations 'combine to. render him by far the' most avail able candidate that the Convention dauld possibly put forward. ,.His name would arouse an enmusiasm in which tne deep' yearning oi all good citizens for a better order of things in the affairs of government could find a glad and adequate ex- preSSlOU. .3 uut tiiuacu icbuci in the approaching struggle he, rnore than any other man could and would rally around the Republican stan dard the honesty, intelligence and patriotism of the country, and be yond all tloubt, conduct the contest to a most glorious issue. True Messrs. Blaine, Conkling and Morton have strong and pecu liar claims upon the party for a long and meritorious course of ser vice, but we submit' it to the clear, dispassionate judgment of Republi cans, arid especially of the delegates to Cincinnati, if these' gentleriieri' have not been too intimately con nected with the Administration, oo much bruised and . battered by the shafts of malice and abuse, and too closeiy identified with much that is odious to the public. to prove acceptable to the country, witn any one ' of these gentlemen head ing the ticket, our chances for suc cess would' be extremely doubtful but with Geri. Rutherford B. Hayes as our candidate and chief, victory would be inevitable. CHAT': v a. ux gaged to kill a rj. neigllisur, nun pro- lul" immediately tocut ! off Its cadl attention was called to i the fact that the turtle still crawled about, though it had been decapitated, and he explained : Sure the baste is entirely dead, nniw hA f.not vet conscious of it."? The, new court house, at Concord, will be completed by July. A Card from S. I. Pool. To theTeople of Jforlh l Carolina z i ', i Charges have been made; against me which call for a reply, i . It Js charged that as superintend ent of nublic instruction. I have i squandered the school money. And it is also charged that I have squan dered, the, Peabody fund, and there bv robbed the poor children of the state of an education.' '. In reply to the first allegatloni I have to say that the law: does not put the disbursement of the public school money in my .hands. I have never disbursed- one cent of it. That fund is disbursed by i the state and county treasurer, vl; have; nothing whatever to do with it. As to the second charge. It is no bart of mv official duty to have anything to do with the Peabody fund. ; Thai fund is not public money belonging to the state. The state has nothing whatever , to do with it, nor its disbursement, Dr. Sears, of . Virginia, is the general agent of that fund, and I am an agent of his . to disburse it under bis directions. ' I received from him the past year for Peabody schools $14, 150: and paid out under his . order $12,605. Not a school, not a teacher, not a child in North Carolina has suffered any detriment or lost any thing at my hands or management. Every teacher entitled to receive anything out of that fund has long since been paid, except one who holds an order for a small amount which will be paid on presentation. There are, however, : two otner schools claiming i pay out of this fund, but I am not authorized to pay them anything under thees tablished rules. The present school year will ex pire on the 30th of June When it closes and I am called to account with Dr. Sears, I will settle with him fully, promptly and to his sat isfaction. , . S. D. Pool. Democratic Profession and - : Practice! How earnest' and sincere this Democratic party is?' to be sure, in Its "horror of bad appolntirients, and its desire to purify and elevate the' public service. TO hear their orators' decfaim upon the stump; or to read the fervid' essays of their able writers in the' press,' one would suppose that the whole party was 'animated 'by a Thigh 'and ' ; holy pur pose' to bleanso arid purify the Gbv- ernment in uu n unjcmi pmtco. Arid ho'w1 they condemn "partisan- shifT too; Partisanship I xney would have none of it. Let us have good government and honest ad- partiel perish Vrbrii the earth; "Rise above Party V was the! r exhorta tion to honest Republicans who e tit 1. ( I 1 ; ' ' 1 wefeTeeling the disgrace which bad leadership had brought upon their' organization.;; " Rise above party I " Rebuke the men who are doing .all, this mischien" xney wanted all tte'tfad men turned 'out of office at ..once. ; Not that they had any desire for the oflBces them selves perish the' thought but simply t hat the honor 'of the 'nation might not be tarnished and its good name destroyed by a dishonest and Incompetent administration. And if it happened that when a bad Republican went but a good Dem- vmt went In. whv that was noth-. ing ; It would be the merest par tisanship in the world to object to the change 'on ; that account. "Sink partisanship I" they said : "Put these fellows r out, and" insinu atingly "put us In." We've been doing It; In a tentative experiment al way we've trustevl them. They 8eeiried tsb : earriest about it ; they protnised" so fairly they were so scaridalized by " the excesses, the recklessness, and the corruptions of the party in power ; so forgetful of self; sd catholic arid broad In ' their Views ; and we were all so tired of th mismariagement arid corruption Of the 'Republicans, of their' tne ex- uiations ana ineir xvinjri m- J-ir greed, that we iof despair, "Well, let us Sve these virtuous people a chance to show what they can do in the way of reform.' ; They've been trying it. And what a mess they, have made of It. Reforrii ! Heaven help us I Im agine the reform the locusts brough t to Egypt after the frogs, or the lice after the locusts. Why these fel lows hadn't virtue enough to last them through the cloak rooms and on to , the floor of Congress. The last vote that f gave them a ma jority in one branch of : , Congress had not been counted before the van of as i) ungry and disreputable an army of office-hunters , as ever sacked a treasury entered Wash ington, and began discounting their chances wherever thpy could bilk a landlord or bamboozle a barkeeper. The country stood aghast at the irruption. It seemed, not as though the sea had given UP ils dead for these men bore no sign of having beeu In contact with water, or of ever having known its uses but it did seem as thousrh the cross-roads taverns of a continent had been lifted up and spilled upon the cap ital. To make places for this hungry horde, the Congressmen who had been so clamorous for reform and so urgent that partisanship should be laid aside, and who had got into Congres3 thereby, deliberately turned out competent fand honest officers, against whom nof-nmplaint had ever been uttered. Did it without so much as an apology or an explanation, xney spared no body. They considered nothing, except that these fellows wanted places. So out went everybody, regardless of age, experience, faith ful service, integrity, ability or fitness, and in came the cross-roads t and the slums. It is a dreadfu stomach-full for the American People, and the country is very, very sick of it. But it's the way this party sinks partisanship and gives us reform. The truth is they haven't even low cunning enough to restrain them from 'grabbing the first thing-they can reach, though they know that by waiting a little they can bag cart-loads bf plunder. They can't get by the hat-rack in the hall. Sink partisanship in deed! Why, they make no pre tense of doing it, while they are talking most loudly about it. . And as for their sincerity in de nouncing bad appointments look at that vote in the Senate jn the confirmation of Mr. Dana.'? It was oueofthe best appointments ever sent in to the Senate by President Grant. Confessedly so. And what did Democratic Senators who have been so loud in their denunciations of the bad appointments ot the Administration, and sa clamorous in their demand for a better class of men in oflice, do? Do? They voted against it, every mother's son of them. They could not af ford to have the Republican party strengthened by the moral effect of one good appointment, and so they went over to the Butler side, and voted with Cameron, Morton, and the rest against it. Aad Mr. Etoh of Connecticut, who in the next campaign will howl himself hoarse over the outrageous conduct of a Republican Senate in defeating such a nomination, was absent, as was his colleague, Mr. English, who in a letter to President Wool- sey, as we hear, promised to do all he could for Mr. Dana's confirma tion. There's a pretty picture for the people to look at! Every Democratic Senator voting against an appointment for the rejection of which they will hold the Republi- . 1 ' I - 1 S- il. can majority responsiuie iu t,,t; hope of making! political capital out of it. It is more barefaced t ban the trick played in the back-pay grab, when Democrats enough voted for the bill to carry it through, and the whole party immediately joined in a howl against it as a Republican measure, come dem ocrats did vote against that, but not one voted for Mr. Dana's confirma tion. Some of these reforming statesmen will be talking upon the stump by and by about the bad character of Grant's appointments. We beg the people to remember then, that when Grant made a good appointment every Democratic Senator from Bayard down voted against it. N, Y. Tribune, Proof of ( Extravagance. The employes of .the Govern rnt must be overpaid, for force (except two v" u,cu 1U effort) of one of tne Treasure were auie iu I 'witnout . incomes at least tniny uavs before the contribution box was passed around to keep them from actual starvation. It matters little how they existed, the very fact that they lived until charity came to their ; relief is proof pos-itive-froin the Democratic stand point that, while at work, they must have been overpaid. V ; The clerical force of the Depart ments must have been greatly be yond the actual necessities of the service, because said Departments have been able to furnish cords of copies of official records to the n u m berless investigating committees of the Democratic House, and yet have been able to keep their doors open for the transaction oi public business. , 1 The appropriations made by a Republican Congress muat have been enormously extravagant when it is considered that with six-feet burners when five might Wave answered the public buildings have been lighted nine months out of the twelve before the fund sup plied was exhausted. The appropriations for water and fuel must have been equally reck lets and extravagant when it is known that by using more whisky and less water the water funds would have held out for a year, and by the economic internal heat thus generated less fuel would have been required. Here is proof positive that the Democracy could run the Government at least twenty per cent, cheaoer on a whisky basis than Republicans can on cold water. Of course our diplomatic service is overpaid, because it is a well known fact that at least one repre sentative of the country abroad has actually reached his home after an absence of five years without borrowing a dollar from his ?u.d' lady or leaving unpaid his laru bill abroad. With such clear proof of the no- essity of economic reform is it any wonder that a Democratic House feels justified in expending $90,000 for witness fees alone, when out of the mouths of these witnesses it may be able to gather sufficient data on which to base a saving of $25,000. Is it any wonder that Democracy allows the public buildings to go without gas and water, aud the Centennial importations to go with out protection, and the idle cm pioye oi the uovernment to go without work? Better a general suspension of the public business, and the starvation of every public official than such wasteful extravagance as Dcmoc cracy has discovered. Wunhington Republic. Elephant Executing a Yitn inal. Among the modes of punishment in vogue in the East there are few that are not characterized by bar barity in a greater or less degree. We may, if we like, hold the theory in America that the execution of a criminal should be carried out as a deterrent to others rather than as society's revenge upon him per sonally for the offense committed ; but with Indians such an argument Would not hold water for a moment, arid this is sufficiently proved by the refinements of torture which many of their modes of punishment involve, and which seem specially designed as much to gratify the morbid tastes of the beholders as to accomplish their ultimate design on the victim. Although the English have done much to abolish the barbarous modes of execution in the different native States under their control, they still prevail in some parts of the Indian empire; notably at Hyderabad and Baroda, from the latter of which comes the following account of the mode of executing, criminals with the elephant : The wretched victim is bound hand and foot, and then by means of a rope tied round his waist, is secured to the hind leg of the elephant, which is driven at a brisk trot through the streets of the city. Of course at every movement of the animal's leg, the body of tb man is lifted up and dashed vio lently against the ground? and it is well for him ifonelof these jC cussions shouldhapily prpvfata?, in which case his sufferings areat an end. Otherwise tl miserable wretch is taken oide the city, where he Is pjuced with his head upon a atone, and tne eiepnanr, raising his enourmous foot, crushes it as easily as a Nasmyth hammer would a Barcelona nut. However It may be disapproved on humanitarian principles, there can be no doubt that in the end the execution of a criminal in this fashion is decided ly effectually, and, diverted of the preliminary torture, less actually painful than many modes of in flicting death which prevail else where. iseautiful Tribute to Woman. We have seen many beautiful tributes to lovely woman, but the following Is one of the finest we ever read: "Place lnr- among the flowers, foster her as a tender plant, and she is a thing of fancy, way wardness and folly, annoyed by a dew drop, fretted by the touch of a buttei fly 's wing, ready to faint at the sound of a beetle or the rattling of a wi ridow pane at night, and she is overpowered by the perfume of the rosebud. But let real calamity come, rouse her affections, enkindle the fires of her heart, and mark her then! How strong Is her heart! k Piace her iu the heat of the battle give her a child, a blrdorany thing to protect and see her In the relative instance lifting her whito arm) as a shield, as her' own blood crimsons her upturned forhead praying for her life to protect "the helpless. Transplant her in the dark places of the earth, call forth her energies to action, and her breath becomes a healing, her presence a blessing. She disputes inch by inch the strides of stalking pestilence, when man, the strong and bravef pale and affrighted, shrinks away. Misfortune haunts her not ; she wears away a life of silent endurance, and goes forward with less timidity than to her bri dal. In prosperity she Is a bud full of odors, waiting but for the winds of adversity to scatter them abroad gold, valuable, but untried In the furnace. In short, woman Is a miracle, a mystery, the centre from, which radiates the charm of exis tence." ' . Josh Billings on Prayer. Frum tu meny friends, and from things at luce ends, Good Lord de li s'er us. From a wife who don't luv us, and from children who don't look like us. Good Lord deliver us. From snaix in the grass, from sniix in our butes, from torch lite processions, and all new rum, Good Lord deliver us. From pack pedlers, young folks in luv, from old aunts without money, from koleramorbus, Good Lord deliver us. From wealth without charitee, from pride without sense, from pedigree worn out, and from all rich relations, Good Lord deliver us. j From neuspaper sels, and from pills that ain't fisik, from femals who faint and from men who flat ter, Good Lord deliver us.' From virtue without fragrance, from butter smells, and from kats that are coarting, Good Lord de liver us. From old folks' secrets, and from . . our own, lrom mcgiums anu wim- men kommittees, .Good Lord de liver us. From politicians who pra and from saints who tipple, from rl. koffi, red herren, and all grass widders, Good Lord deliver us. , From folks who wont Iaff, and from them who giggle, from tlto butes, easy virtue, ram mutton, Gocd Lord deliver us. Danger from tho Cat. Stories of danger to infants from cats attempting to suck their breath have been frequently narrated, but similar attempts of the. animal in regard to grown persons are not so common. An instance occured in this city, says the Utica (N. Y.) Observer, which would at least warn people to Keep cats out oi their sleeping apartments. A young gentleman was awakened by a slight pain to find the huge tomcat of the family with lils pawsabout his neck and endeavoring to get his mouth open. The pafwas working on his chin,nd had partly suc ceeded inpeninghis mouth when the movement awakened him. He tried toush the cat off, but could not get U away until he seized It violently about the neck, choking the animal until it released its hold and then throwing it off. The cat has been excluded from the sleep ing apartments of that family since the young gentleman's uncomfort able experience. Pull Down your Vest You keep vests, myfrient?" said a Dutchman entering a Fulton clothing store, the other day. The clerk promptly averred that the store was crammed with them. v" I vant n vest," said the Tueton, "vat don't rise up on it's hint legs mit the neck. I bought von in Syracuse not long ago mit a dow dollar pill, and py'shummlny I don't notice dot myself, but every where I go the boys gry out mit der streets : 'Yacub I vy In do name of de board of drustccs don'tj you pull down your vest?, and py dam I have pulled dot vest more'n dree dousand dimes, till I wore all the pindings off mit der puttons." The clerk explained the Joke and sold him a vest, and the old . man went out with the exclamation: Py shimmlny, I don't hear some tings about dat over in Shermany before." , Mr. Itansom Wlnecoff, of Cabar rus county,-.' was' recently killed by a log rolling on him. . !. ' v 1 '-' ' .