T A T E ' A 6 H G U TiBf H A ' JOUSl
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Four Acres Red Clover.
State of Noetii Co arolixa, ) :
Orange County, j
A. Graham being duly sworn, says he
acurately measured the laud upon which Jas.
Norwood raised a crop of Red Clover the past
season, and tho quantity of land is () four
acrc3 And no more. 1
'(Signed.) A. W. GPwMlAM.
Sworn to before me this 13th day of No
vember, 1874 GEO. LAWS,
r Clerk Superior Court.
Jus. Norwood, of Orange County, being duly
sworn, eays he raised the past season, a crop, of
Red Clover, upon the land measured by A.
W.Graham, and the quantity of hay raised
thereon was 24,300 ponnds, and no more-; and
the statements in regard to manner of cultiva
tion, &c., are correct to the best of his know
ledge. - "
Soil,' red clay ; no manure used on this crop,
land very rich from previous manurings ; one
gallon seed sown on wheat 1st October, 1872,
and the same quantity sown again in February
1873, and rooled in. Cost of harvesting, an
average of 18 cts per 100 pounds, (mower and
sulkey rake used.)
; (Signed.) JAS. NORWOOJ).
Sworn to before me this 13th day of No
vember, 1874. GEO. LAWS,
Clerk Superior Court.
Five Acres Red TopGrass.
State of North Carolina, )
Orange County, N. C.
A. W. Graham being sworn, says he accu
rately measured the land upon which James
Norwood raised a crop of Red Top Grass, the
past season, and the quantity of land is (5)
five acres and no more. 1
(Signed.) A. W. GRAHAM,
Sworn to before me this 13th day of No
vember, 1874. GEO. LAWS,
Clerk Superior Court.
; James Norwood, of Orange, county being
duly sworn, says he raised a crop of-Red Top
Grass thepastseason upon the land measured
by A. W. Graham, and that the quantity of
hay raised there on was (27,000) twenty-seven
thousand pounds, and that the statement in
regard to the manner of cultivation, fcc., are
correct to the best ot his knowledge.
Soil, grey clay"; seed sown on Rye, half bush
el per acre, October 1871, (heavily manured
for the rye), water turned on two days of each
week from .February to June.
.' Cost of harvesting, 10 cents per hundred
pounds, mower and sulkey rake used.
; (Signed) .. . ' JAS. NORWOOD.
Sworn to before me thi3 13th 'day of No
vember, 1874. GEO. LAWS,
Clerk Superior Court.
Statement.
Giving a table of corn distances for both
single and double rows with the two systems
compared also, plan of planting corn by
the double row sgstem, manuring, etc. By
i?. 27. Hardaway, before the Georgia State
Agricultural Society, August 13, 1874.
SINGLE ROWS AND AN OLD 8Y8TKM OF MANUR
ING, VIZ : TWO GILLS OF COTTON SEED TO THE
HILL. .' -'K T ' . '". ' .
No. 1. Corn planted 3 feet by 3 feet gives
70 rows to the acre and 70 stalks in a row
which makes 4,900 stalks to the acre, and two
gills of cotton seed to the hill, will require 38
bushels of cotton seed. o : l i
! No, 2. Planted 3i feet by 3: feet, gives 60
rows and 60 stalks to the row, equal to 3,600
stalks to the acre, and 28 bushels of cotton
seed. ' "
No.,3, .Planted 4 feet by 4 feet, gives 52
rows: and 52 stalks to the'-, row, equal to
2,700" stalk's and 21 bushels cotton seed.
No. 4: Planted 5 feet by 3 feet, gives 42
rows and 70 stalks to the row, making 2 ,910
stalks, and'23 bushels of cotton seed.
4 " . DOUBLE KOWS. ?
-' " ' i 2
No. 5. Rows 4 feet 8 inches ; corn one foot
apart iri the drill, 2 xet between the corn
rows, 2 feet 8 inches in middles., . This gives
45 rows and 420 stalks tova row, equal to 18,-,
900 stalks, and requiring 1 47 bushels of" cot
ton seed.ui One acre planted in this way equals
3.86 acres planted in single rows ,3x3 feet.
No: 6; Rows 4 feet 4 inches ; corn dropped
20 inches in the drill, 20 inches between-the
corn rows, and 2 feet 8 inches in the middles..
This gives 48 rowVwith 252 stalks to the row-,
making 12,096 stalks, and requiring 94 bush
els of cotton seed. One acre planted in this
way is equal to 3.36 acres planted in single
rows 3J by 3 feet. '
No. 7. Rows 4 feet 6 inches. Corn 18
inches apart in drill, 2 feet between corn rows,
and 2 feet 6 inches in middles, gives 45 rows
with 2S0 stalks t o the row, making 12,600
stalks, and requirng 97 bushels of cotton seed.
One acre in! this way is equal to 4.66 acre3
planted in single rows, 4 by 4 feet.
No. 8. Rows of 6 feet. Corn dropped one
foot apart in the drill, 2 feet between the corn
rows, and 4 feet in the middles, gives 35 rows
with 420 stalks to the row, .equal to 14,700
stalks, requires 115 bushels cotton seed. One
acre equals ;in yield 5 acres planted in single
rows 5 by 3 feet.
iliNUEING.
This subject has been the study of man from
the earliest days. The husbandman asked the
master to spare the unfruitful fig-tree, until it
"had been digged about and dunged," to make
it bear fruit. No subject enriches the mind
so much asenriching the soil. And although
it lies at the very root of successful agriculture,
it is most wontonly wasted and abused. At
any gin house, the eye meets large piles of
cotton seedj laying out in the weather unpro
tected from the rain and sun, and houily
evaporating all the ammonia on the air. It
is astounding that men have a perfect know
ledgejot the great value of cotton seed
as a fertilizer will persist in throwing it
out to rot as it comes from the gin, andt make
no effort to protect it. Experience has dem
onstrated the fact that one bushel ot unrotted
seed is of more value than bushels rotted by
the winter rains. When plowed in well in the
green state they rot in the ground, tilling thej
u nA
caliu witu auiujuuiA auujjicaic tuc own nnu
food for vegetation. '
The same careless habits exists with other
manures; jhey are exposed to sun and rain
and lay spread out in lots regardless of their
value ; and even the costly guanos, for which
so much money is expended, are wasted and
imperfectly applied. Planters generally delay
preparing their land and putting in the man
ure until driven by necessity. Then every
thing is rushed and hurried ; the land is halt
broken ; and when the guano is being diitri
buted, because of its bad odor, it is turned
over to the1 negro, to be put in the ground as
best he can1, and to do it fast, and get rid of it.
The bags are placed at great distauces over the
field to have it convenient, and it is carelessly
put out some in too great quantities ofhers
too smalf. Many furrows with none, and no
regularity at all; and if it should prove of lit
tle value, the planter curses the guano, and
swears he has been swindled by the manufac
turer. and agent ; whereas, it he 'had paid the
proper aWeution to seeing it evenly distribu
ted all pver the land, and properly covered in
the furrows, it would have proved good and
made a handsome yield. As long as manures
are carelessly attended to, they will prove val
ueless. 'Food ' gulped duwn; in ' large pieces
without chewing, will produce bad blood and
sickness. liana treated here and there to over
grown. doses of guano, causes it to sicken and
lose its moisture, and fertility. Manures should
be either broadcasted and thoroughly plowed
under, or evenly distributed in a furrow and
well covered up. To do otherwise, is only
throwing away the manure.
In planting coin, my rule is to break the
land well in November or December. In Jan
uary, lap off the com Vows and distribute, ev
enly in, the furrows, three fifths of the cotton
Beed (or other manure) that 1 inteud to use,
and bed on it. In February, I run one foot
qji each side of the furrow containing the ma
nure, and plant the corn at such distance as
thought best. This will give double rows. At
the second plowing, 1 open a furrow one foot'
on each side of the corn, with a wide, dull
scooter plow, and put in the remaining two
fifths of well rotted manure, and cover it with
a sweep, thus completing the middles. My
full plan ot culture, will be seen in the pub
lished proceedings of the last annual Fair at
Macon, Georgia. If it is desired to make one
acre produce as much as ten acres, as much
manure must be put on one acre as upon ten
acres, and as many stalks of corn should be put
upon one acre as upon ten acres. Don't be
afraid of firing the corn by concentrating so
much manure and so much corn on one acre.
It will require that mnch corn to prevent it
front firing. There being so much heat or
ammonia in the ground it will require this ex;
tra amount . of vegetation to carry off the heat.
It twiil not fire. On the c outrary, if only the
usual qiiaritity of corn, was planted in this
highly fertilized one acie, it would burn up
simply for tlie. want of enouglr vegetation to
carry off this generated heat from the manure.
Of the many distances named for planting
corn, I prefer the six feet rows, (No. 8) that
gives 14,700 stalks to the acre. 1 prefer it be
cause ot the better room to plow between the
corn, and prevents breaking by the horse or
plow. The yield will be good enough. ! I
have experienced three successive years with
this concentrated plan, nd have not failed in
any year. It has stood the test of excessive
drought; ahd excessiye wet weather, arid has ,
not fired nnder cither, from the Bimple law of
nature that the foliage was proportionate, to
the ammonia in the ground.
mechanics. ': :
IOne seriuia detriment to the: prosperity of
the ? Sonth. lies in the neglect of mechanical
trades. Our people must entertain a higher
respeet for mechanics. Evcrjr boy should learn
a trade, and pursne it. Just look at the pres
ent state of things. . If a horse needs shoeing,
it is done by a negro blacksmith. Our houses
are built mainly by negro carpenters. If a
common ience arqund our Jot has to be made,
we go to a jack-leg negro mechanic to do it.
The negroes are beginning to occupy the pla
ces of runners and firemen ot engines ; and un
less we teach our 6ons the mechanic trades,
before twenty years have passed all the trades
of their country will pass into the hands of
the negro and JSortheru men; and we.shall be
dependent upon them to do the entire labor of
the country, both agricultural and mechani
cal. When that takes place they will be
come the masters of our farms and the owners
ofia majority of the cit3r and town property.
No people can prosper without furnishing trhe
labor in every department of industry. Learn
yo,ur sons to be blacksmiths, carpenters, ngin
eers, brick masons, and all other trades ;by
which an hoiifc?t iivinfr can be made. We
must have diversified labor before we can be
entirely independent and prosperous. We
iniist spin and weave our cotton, make our
own .machine' shops, build our engines and our
houses and man our forges. This will event
ually be the white man's country, exclusively.
1 he negro will die out. It weexpect to make
it honorable, prosperous and happy, we must
learn the white youth of the land to cultivate
the farms and to labor at all the mechanic
trades. If we neglect it our children will be:
come hewers ot wood and drawers of water
and a race of paupers. ,
Farm Work vs. Other Work.
There has been a good deal said, pro and
con, respecting farmer's' 6ons leaving their fa
thers rnd agricultural pursuits altogether for
ther employments and when the, leng days
and heavy labor is taken into acceunt, it is no
wonder they should do so. It is but right to
admit at once that on the best farms there are
many contrivances for lessening the most la
borious jobs as horse hay-forks, tenders sul
ky rakes, &c, are added to the mowers and
reapers ; but with all these helps, the many
houjs extra on the farms over any other em
ployment are wearisome? in the extreme, and
doubtless the strain, combined with the one
hour in the morning and the two hours at
niht over the usual time away from fa&ming,
tells on the constitution and brings on chills
and fever aid other troubles in the autumn.
Where it does not do this, consider how it is
to have no time to sit and read orrestan honr
or two before lyiug down for the night. It
would be better to have the hours the same on
the farm as in the saw mill, the factory, or
the shop, and as in city or town work, in which
case there would jnot be so much running from
the country to the populous places. ; : j i
in England the days in summer are much
longer than here, but,' unless, when , hauling
hajr home, the men all leave work at 6 P. M.,
and the teams only work when plowing or
cultivating from 7 A, M. till 4 P. M. In Scot-,
lacd and iu the County ot Norfolk, England,'
there are stablemen who feed the horses, and
those rho work them go out at six, bringing
them home at noon, and afterward keeping on
till six. In almost ail other parts of England
the hours are as above stated, the horses not
cominghome and having nothing beyond a
ten minutes' lunch at noon, which is eaten at
the land's end. The crust of bread and cheese
tlie teamster and boys carry in' their pockets,
or in a wallet, and the horses have hair nose
bags, whith some oats and chafl, or have a bit
of hay. which would be brought into the field
with a cord around it and hung on the hames.
Of course ten minutes don't allow of much be
ing eaten, but many farmers' horses neither
eat nor drink till four o'clock ; then they are
not given more than a quart or two of water
until they have had some hay or straw, which
they eat while the men and boys have their
dinner. This is generally eaten in the stable,
unless the farm homestead is in the village, in
which case they go home to their cottages to
eat, after which they come back and feed and
clean the horses. The tood alter the horses
are watered is chsff and oats, and often a small
proportion of split beans, and this the teamster
gives in' small quantities, mixed, commencing
with very little grain to the chaff, and increas
ing the oats and beans as the appetites become
satisfied. (V : ..,-5; ;-.. , in"-
I do not mention this English way of man
aging farm horses and feeding the'm to repre
sent it as better, but merely to show that the
hours are so much less in the day, and that
there is cause why young men of spirit and
who are fond ot reading or of society and rat
ional recreation of any kind should become
.weary ot one slavish round of labor from dawn
till night, or say from sunrise till sunset, and
perhaps seeing daily other men passing to their
calling after they have been in the field an
hour, and returning, with nothing to do after
they get home, fully two hours before the farm
labor is nver. '
As long as emigrants continue to flock to the
United States, the leaving of farming fpr oth
er pursuits by the native born will not be felt
so badly, but a time may come when it will be
well to make agriculture more attractive, for
it is not wise to have such a leading interest
supported by a force ot men who stand the
very lowest in the scale ot social in terconrse,
and who have no time to improve their minds
above the old tiineworn beliet in the moon's
influences, witchcraft or spiritual visitations,
aud in: all manner of unfounded' diseasesand
imaginary afflictions among live stock. A
good deal is said at times to young men in
New York and other cities by old men and
by gen tlemen who have succeeded in the world
in making money, and very sharp and "smart" ,
remarks' are made -to apply to the unfortunate
young gentlemen for hanging around while
there is the healthy and noble occupation of
farming open to them. Now; it would be the '
most pleasing spectacle imaginable to have tho
advisers the men who are so hard on the
youthful generationsturn out themselves and
lead the young fellows. Let these fine middle
aged gentlemen tato a number of the clerks
into the country, and rising with the sun, and
on a pork and potato diet, continue, day after
day in the 6iin encouraging them to ucomo
along'7 and stick to work till there is no more
suushihe for that time. Then, when at -the 1
honestead,do the chores, and lie down in a
room with a nice sprinkling of tnusquitoes and
an importation .of bugs, &c, brought by sonic,
of the foreign help in their ; boxes or trunks
across the water.
It is all very well to write in nicely chosen
language about the handsome, athletic far- .
rners, their parties, tbeir holidays and general
good time,' but really proves a very different
stae of facts. Parties and neighborly gath
erings are at a season of the vear when the
hired help is absent ; but the farmer's sons .
might be very merry and the extra enjoyment
compensate for the drudgery of summer, only
fever, fcc, in the autumn, has taken so mucn
of. the cheerful sharo of the spirits out of the
system. There is a great variety in farmers' '
homes, in their treatment of men, and their
disposition to create and produce a state of
comfort and happiness.- ' Jt is put justice to
admit that there are farmers' homes having
all the-ad vantages and joyous ' surroundings
depicted in novels ; but they are so few and
far between that they could not be found by
the city youth,and those high sounding wri
ters who are so hard on what they term lazi
ness have no connection with that class ot
farmers ; they belong to the high and mighty
men who have no laziness, only a constitution
al unfitness for muscular exertion, and those
who help to support these daily scribblers are
leading agriculturists who pay some poor devil
a little more than common wages to moil and
toil and lead the hired helrjall'ot which though,
in most instances, ends: in an auction sale of
all the stock and implements, with the farm v
to be rented. V "" .
Work in agricultural pursuits is not direct
ed with the same brain power as 'other
great interests employ ; hence the long days
and laborous straining till the back and limbs
ache, and until those who have not been harder
ened to work in their youth have to succumb,
whereas were machinery and implements man- -ufactured
with an eye to saving the attend-,
ance from being so irksome, and the labof and
d uties' made as light and non-repulsive . as in
other business, there wpuld be no cause for. re
commendations to country people not to flock
to the cities and for the city people to go into
the country.
Agriculture would be more remunerative
to the farmers, and laborers would be more
settled and reliable if a system ot cropping,
grazing and wintering of live stock was adopt
ed, so that a uniform number of laborers could
be employed all the year round. Men' who
could be employed constantly would feel more
like taking; an interest in their employer's
prosperity, and if, as in England, each man
- I t . X .1 . 1 - J 1 I. J-'
was Kept to tne particular aepanmem no . is
most adapted for and which he feels the great
est pleasure in attending to. the whole organ-
izaiion would proceed and nave a cnarimng -effect
on the profits and prosperity of the farm.
A great proportion of the men who run around ;
boarding at the farmers and having no settled
home are complete time-servers or eye servants;
they "put'ln their time," and that is all they
care about, There is nothing of the sort in
England ; there are no meals to cook for farm
hands, excepting perhaps, for one orHwo en
gaged by the year, or from Oct. 11 till that
day next year, and there are always youug
men who, oftener than' not, marry one ot the
servant maids and have 'a cottage after the
wedding, and the man continue on at weekly
wages without board.
A WORKINQ MAW.
Wild Flowers.
Lovers of flowers, and particularly that class
which endeavors to imitate Nature in all her
wild, irregular system of distributing her flo
ra, may now be at work -preparing for next
season's campaign. """ At the fall of the leaf the
plant is mostly mature, and the roots may
safely be transplanted to, the garden. In a,
partially shaded corner is where the wild
flowers love to grow, and here in a nicely pre
pared soil of leaf-mold from the woods, with
an old stump or two, a few mossy stones care
lessly heaped together in a corner, and beneath
the shadow of a few choice shrubs, may be set
out the choicest ornaments of our woodsr The
decaying leaf is the guide to us, and it is rare-'
ly that we fail in f emoting the rooty provided
a little ball of earth is left surrounding it. A
low moist spot is a prize indeed ; for by inser- .
tins a little peat and sand we can then intro
duce sucb charmingl plants) -as grow in the
sphagnum swamps, and the multitudes of what
may betermed Alpinesfonndan theerovices
of, rocks may now be safely transplanted to
our little artificiarrockery with entire safety.
We think our European florists rather overdo
this matter bv introdncirifir (these plants into
all manner of conspicuous places; Vbt'we, on
the other hand, almost totally ignore them,
and therefore are far worse. . n y :J -
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