NEWBERN, N. SATURDAY, 1st JULY, 1 843. ;
VOL. L
NO. 2.
T E n M S :
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Tub Work, in all cases, must be paid for on deli-
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rr-r T7paid LtTTERS,
addressed to
The
Kawbcrniai.," will not, in any case, be taken from
the instoliir.e.
lilt, WEKSTfctt'S RATION
At li linker II ill,
ON THE 17th DAY OF JUjN'E, 1343.
Our duty has been performed; our work
of imriotUiM a.,fJ .of gratitude is accomplish-
that structure,
c I CU ia.SK. IS v-uii', .
Miinilin" u(i brui
A foundations, in that soi
which drank deep
of early revolutionary
blood, rises before us in ils grand proportions:
it has reached its destined height, and lilts
iis-soir.mit to the clouds. T are assembled
"o celebrate tho completion of lliis underta
king, and to indulge afresh in i.'e gratifying
recollections of the events whir-h '1 was
designed to coinniemorate.
Eighteen years ago, more than half tho
ordinary duration of the generations of man
kind, the cornerstone of (liis monument was
. i
id. '1 lie hopes of those who conceiveu
mo ocg v..wi;n(T lierc a structure worti.'V
of the events it
f I ii n n ! l
rate, were founded on the voluntary contri
butions the private munificence of'tlie citi
zens, and lUu general public favor. Those
hopes have not bf;en disappointed ; individ
ual donations have been made, in some cases
of larpe amounts, smaller contributions by
thousands; and all those who entertained
iin opinion of t!3 value of the object, of the
ood to be attained by its successful accom
plishment, will cheerfully pay their homage
of respect to the gentlemen who have suc
cessively undertaken, as Presidents, Direc
tors, and Committees of the Association, the
General management of the work, while the
Archiioct. ci'uallv entitled to our thanks, will
fi.id oilier rewards also, in the beauty of the
obelisk itself, and the honor and distinction
which it confers on him : nor on this occa
sion will wo forget to mention in praise liie
services of tho builders who have been en
gaged here, in laying one stone upon another,
in icJiing tiiis column.
At tho time when the prospects of the
farther progress of the work were most dis
couraging, and many of its friends were
dubious as to its success, tho Mechanics'
Association, by a patriotic and vigorous effort,
laised ilia funds necessary for carrying it on,
and applied them with fidelity ; for which it
is my grateful duty to ask the public appro
bation. The remaining efforts to complete
the construction ol ibis edifice came from
another source. Garlands of gruCO ard ele
gance were destined to crown a woik which
had its origin in patriotism and manly vigor.
The reigning power of tfio sex addressed
itself to the public, and all that was needed
to carry this edfico to its proposed height,
vnd gie it its finish, was supplied ; the mo
thurs and daughters of the land gave a charm
to whatever there were of beauty, elegance,
utility or public gratification in the building
of ihu structure.
Of those with whom tho plan of erecting
this Monument originated, many are living;
bui, alas, there are others who have them
selves become the subjects of monumental
eulogy. William Tudor, a distinguished
scholar, an able writer, and most amiable
man, allied by birth and sentiment to the
patriots of tho revolution, died in the public
service and now lies buried in foreign lands.
William Sullivan a name fragrant of
revolutionary reminiscences i man who
concentred in a great degree the confidence
of tho whole community, and yet best loved
where he was must known, has been gathered
i.x !.; r..ii...-. r. ... . I
iu luiuuia. vjluuuis ulawe, a lawyer
of learning and elegance, a man of wit and
of talents, possessed of brilliant qualities and
fascinating gifts that enabled him to exercise
a largo sway over public boJies, has closed
bis human career.
I have thas far spoken of those who have
ceased to bo about us. Let mo now speak
of one whose long life, now drawing to a
close, always characterized by liberalmuni
ficence and enlarged public spirit, has already
becomo historical, the public regard and
private re&ntd for whom, confening upon
nnkcVhf lh8.PfP" ""nnionhy of thread,
makeshiInajuu&ua f y Uonordh
mention and warm emendation. ZZ
the early projectors of undertaking therS
J"n Iiiomas H. Perkins. Uene..,,.
hospitable roof, those whom I h.WQ n,en'
tioned, of the dead, and others among u'sa
still living, took the first steps towards e
election ot this monument. A venerable
me friend of us all, his charities have
!,. r . penseJ like the dews of
heaven
he
IMS fed i ..... . ' .
m h,c "ungry and clothed tho naked;
suchi?;; S!n (-ers ;) of
Of which n, I .hllIlera tS a reCOrd 'fih.
vi wmtuour imn.1,1 j . , "
of brass and sion. ,fr . ' "
Among iIQ proi.cln u f, ""ry.
b " I 'Motors ol this wctk, among
iiseaily favorers, the first President of the
Association, was the then late Governor,
Gen. John Brooks, who was here on the
17th of June,r 73, who' discharged his
honorable service in the Revolutionary war.
and closed his life, a soldier without fear, and
a man without repioach.
1 know that in thus alluding to the names
of the dead before an audienc6 comprised as
this is, I cause many a tear to flow ; but
such mention is due to their eminent public
services, and private virtues, and not to lie
omitted, especially on this occasion, to their
zeal and efforts in ac jmplishing this work
which has now reached its fulfilment.
Time and nature I ave had their, course in
diminishing tho number of thoso who were
present at the celebration eighteen years ago,
at the laying of the corner stone of this
Monument. Most of the revolutionary cha
meters have joined the great congregation of
tho dead ; but we have among us those of
the name and blood of Warren; the kindred
of Putnam, Stark, Knowlton and McCleary;
and here is one, beloved and respected as
universally as known, the son of the gal
lant and daring, and . indomitable Prescott,
(cheers.) And here, too, are some, a scanty
band, of those who performed military ser
vice on this field, on the 17th of June, 1775.
Here aie Gideon Foster, Joseph Harvey,
Philip Bugle;)', Jas. Tennev, Phineas John
son, Robert Andrews, Nehemiah Porter,
Jesse Smith, John Stevens, McGrcw,
and PlaisJell : (cheers.)
They havo outlived all the storms of the
revolution ; they have out-lived the want, of
good and sufficient institutions of govern
menl ; they have outlived all the dangers
threatening the public liberties ; they have
outlived most of their contemporaries ;
they have not outlived, they cannot outlive
the ever abiding gratitude of their country
men. Heaven has not allotted to our gene
ration an opportunity of rendering services
like theirs ; of shovving such generosity as
t.iey in..:c,nf n sucn a cause. Bat it may
well become us to praise utt'on that we
can.iot equal, and to commemorate what we
were not born lo perform. Louu t4.a
peafod cljeering.
"Pulchi urn t st benefacere reipublicse ;
etiani benedicero baud absurdum est."
Yes, Bunker Hill Monument is completed!
Hero it stands ! Fortunate in the natural
eminence on which it is placed ; yet higher,
infinitely higher in its object and its purpose!
Beheld it: rising over the land and over
the sea, and visible at this moment to 300,
000 of the citizens of Massachusettsit stands
a memorial of the past, monitor to tin; pre-
sent and to all succeeding generations of men.
Ronevved cheering.
J have spoken o! its purpose, for if it
had been without any other object than a
mere woik of art, the granite ot which it is
composed would have been permitted lo
sleep in its native bed. But it has a purpose,
and that purpose gives dignity to tho struc
ture and ennobles it : that purpose it is
which robes it with a moral grandeur ; that
purpose it is which seems to invest it with
the attributes Gf an august intellect. I' 's
itself the great orator of the occasion !
Loud applause. It is not from my iips
not from any human lips, that the strain of
eloquenco is to flow, competent to express
the emotions of this multitude. Cheers.
The potent speaker stands motionless before
you. It is a plain shaft, it bears no inscrip
tion, "fronting tho rising sun,1' from which
the future antiquarian shall be employed to
wipe away the dust. Nor does the rising
sun awaken strains of music on its summit :
but there it stands, and at the rising sun
and at the setting, at the blaze of noonday
and beneath the milder effulgence of lunar
light, there it stands ; it looks it speaks it
acts to the full comprehension of every
American mind, and awakening tho highest
enthusiasm in every true American bosom.
Its silent but awful utterance, tho deep pathos
with which, as we look upon it, it brings
before us the 17th of June, 1775, and the
consequences resulting from the events of
that day to us and our country and to the
world consequences which, we know, must
have their influence on mankind to the end
of time, surpasses all the eloquence of the
study of the closet, all the inspiration of
genius. Today it speaks to us, its future
auditory will be the successive generations
of men as they shall rise up before it and
gather around it. Its spirit will bo of cour
age and patriotism, of religion and libeity,
of good government- of the renown of
those who have sacrificed themselves for the
good of the country.
In the older world many fabrics are still
jn existence, reared by human hands, whose
objects and history are lost in the darkness
of ages. TJioy aro now monuments of no
thing but the power of the human hand.
The mighty pyramid itself, as buried in the
sands of Africa has nothing to biing down
and report to us but the power of the king
and the servitude of the people. If asked
for any just)bject, for any sentiment, for
its admonitions, for its instructions to man-
kind, for any great end of its being, it is
sje,H silentasthe millions of human beings
in the dust at ils base and the catacombs
around it. Having thus no just object now
known to mankind, though it rise to heaven,
it excites no feeling; it is the simple ex
hibition of Egyptian power.
fcuiif tAe presenl civilization of mankind,
founded as i i$j on so,i( 8cience and art
and on a Sound knowledge of nature ;
stimulated and preserved as it is by moral
sentiments and by lhe Chrisiian reliainn.
be destined to last umil the termination of
human beh:g on earth, then the objects of
mis monument snail ue Known among men
till that hour shall come. And' if, in the
designs of Providence, the truths of Chris
tianity are to become obscured by another
deluge of barbarism, the memory , of Bunker
Hill and the great events we here comme
morate shall be past, and elements of. the
knowledge of the last man on whom the light
of Christianity and civilization shall be ex
tended. Cheers: afier a moment's pause
Mr. W. continued. '
This celebration is honored by the pre
sence of the Chief Magistrate of the nation,
surrounded by the distinguished individuals
who are its constitutional advisers. Cheers,
which tho President acknowledged by un
covering his head and bowing to the i au
dience. An occasion so national, so much
connected .with that revolution out of which
the government grew at the head of which
he is placed by his fellow citizens and the
laws of the country, may well deseivefrom
him this mark of attention. Intimately ac
quainted as tie is with Yorktown, where
were the last gieat military efforts of the
revolution, he has now aji oppottunity for
seeing the theatre of the first of those great
struggles: Where Warren fell, here Stark,
Knowlton, Putnam and McCleary, and their
associates fought. He has soen the field
on which 1000 choice regular troops of
England were stricken down in the first
great contest for liberty by the arms of
the yeonnnry of New England: Cheers.
and with a heart full of American feeling
he has come here, I am sure, to participate
as much as any citizen present, in the sen
timent of enthusiasm and grateful recollec
tions which this day suggests to us.
His Excellency the Governor of the Com
monwealth is also present on this occasion.
Nor is it to be doubted tlmt he enters with
an enthusiastic glow into tho celebration of
an event which has been so bright an honor
to the people of the Commonwealth over
which his good fortune has called him to
preside. Loud applause.
Banners and flags, processions and badges,
announce to us, that with this multitude have
come up thousands of the sons of New Eng
xxFi resident in other States. Welcome!
v uicume ye or miiu.o .i
blood : Renewed cheering. from lhe sa
vanahs of the south, from tho newer regions
of the west ; ye who cultivate the rich vul
leys of the Genesee and live along the wide
borders of the lakes: from tho mountains
of Pennsylvania, from the praiiiesof Mis
souri, or from tho thronged and crowded
cities of the coasts ; welcome ! Wherever
else ye inayy&muur y o aro all at home
here. You have ir'6"awy est ry of lib
erty. You bring vviih younames which are
found in the rolls of those who fought at
Lexington, Concord, and Bunker Hill. You
come here to this shrine of libei ty, near to
your family altars, Where you received your
earliest lessons of devotions near ihe tem
ples of public worship which you first enter
ed ; near the halls and colleges where you
received your first education. You come
here, some of you to be embraced once more
by an aged and revolutionary father to re
ceive, perhaps, another and iho last blessing
warmed by the love and trust of a mother,
or to enjoy once more a reunion with some
still surviving friend. If these family recol
lections, or others like these, have brought
you hither with something of an extraordi
nary alacrity, and give to you from us, and
to us from you, something of a more hearty
greeting than usual on this occasion,- we
have a like hearty and cordial greeting for
every American, from any and every spot,
who comes here to day to tread this sacred
field with Ameiican feelings, and who in
spires with pleasure an atmosphere redolent
with recollectians of 1775. Cheers.
In tho 17,000,000 of happy people who
compose our American community, there is
not one who has not an interest in that
structure, as there is not one who has not a
deep and abiding interest in the events
which it is designed to commemorate. The
respectability I will rather say 'the sublim
ity of this occasion depends on its national
ity. It is all American extensive enough
to embrace the whole family from North to
South from East to West and I hope this
monument may stand forever as emblemati
cal of tho bonds which bind us all together, j
Wo betide the man who comes up here with
sentiments less than wholly American in his
bosom, who shall stand here with tho strife of
local jealousies, .local feelings, local animos
ities burning in his breast. All our happi
ness and all our glory depends on union.
That monument itself seemsgoverned by the
same influence, that monument stands on
union. I do not say but it might keep its
position ; I do not know that the heaving
earth would move it from Its base, and that
it would actually totter to its fall if dismem
berment should be the afiJiction of our find,
I do not. know that it would mingle its frag
ments wMh the fragments of a broken consti
tution ; but in such an event who is there
that would dare to lockup to it 1 (Loud
cheers.) Who is there, that, from beneath
such a load of mortification and rhame as
would overwhelm him, would approach to
behold it 1 Who would not expect that his
eye balls would be seared by the intensity of
its silfint reproaches? (Renewed cheeis.)
For my part, if it bo a misfortune designed
by Providence for me to see such a catas
trophe, I will look at it no more, I will a
vert my eyes from it forever. (Loud
cheers,) , '
It is not as a mere military encounter of
hostile armies that the battle of Bunker Hill
founds its principal claims for commemora
tion and importance. Yet as a mere battle
there are circumstances attending it of ex
traordinary character, -and giving it a pecu
liar distinction, r It was fought on this emi
nence ; m the neighborhood of yonder ciiv ;
ir the presence, of : moie spectators than
combatants; men, women, and children,
drawn from ,heir homes, filling the towers
and steeples of ihQ cl.md.es, .covering the
roofs of private dwellings, spread around on
all these eminences, looking on for the Jesuit
of a contest of the (importance- of the) con
sequences of which they' had the deepest
conviction. On tho lGth of June, under
a bright sun, these fields exhibited nothino
but verdure and culu.re. There were, indeed",
notes of preparation in Boston, and the pro
vinc.al army was lying at Cambridge with.
its wings resungon Dorchester and Chelsea;
but here all was peace; and the fields were
then rich with the premise of an early har
vest held out to man. On the morning of
the 17lh, every thing was changed. "On
yonder height had risen in tho ifight a ie
doubt thrown up by a few hardy men under
Prescott. At datvn it was perceived by the
enemy in Boston, and was immediately
cannonaded from the floating batteries in the
harbor, and those on land on the other side
of Charles River.;
I suppose that it is difficult in a military
point of view to ascribeany just motive fo'r
that conflict. To tho Provincial army it
was not very important to them in the Brit
ish by a lir.e but a little nearer to the city ;
and on the other hand if the British in Bos
ton had no other object than to dislodge
them from tho redoubt, without the shed
ding of blood, they had the means entirely
in their own hands. They commanded the
water, both tho Mystic and the Charles;
and where these s'lieams approach each
other at tho isthmus towards the North,
they might have cut off all communication,
and reduced Prescott and iiis party by fam
ine in eight and forty hours. But that was
not tho day for' such a sort of calculation on
either side. The truth is that both parties
were ready and anxious to try the strength
of their arms, Tho Biitish officers were
not willing that the rebels, as they were
pleased to call them, should hold for a day a
redoubt built here as if in defiance, in their
very teeth, tend ii Jesiro V
it at once, and obtain for the royal army
vengeance as well ,as security. On the other posed neither of barons or great land-hold-s.de,
1 rescott and his gallant followers were ers on tbe one band, nor of the mere re-
fully peisuaded lhat the time was uear for
breaking out into open hostility. They
wished lo try it, and to try it now. That
was the secret. (Cheers.)
I will not attempt to desciibe, uhat has
been so ofien described, the cannonading from
the water the assault from the land the
coolness with which the pipvincial army (if
it may be so called) met the charge of. the
regulars the vigor wish which the latter
was repulsed the second attack, the. se
cond tepulse the burning of CharJeslown,
and finally the closing scene of the slow re
treat of tho militia of New-England over
the neck. But the consequences ; ibis battle
in its consequences stands among the most
important that ever took place between rival
armies, ft was the first great controveisy
in the revolutionary war, and in tuy judg
merit it was not only the first blow struck,
but tht blo.v which determined the issue of
that conflict ; it did not put an end to the
war, but it put the two countries in a state of
open hostilities. It put their differences to the
arbitration of the sword ; and it made one
thing certain, that after Warren fell afier
the troops of New-England had been able
to face and repulse an attack of British re
gulais it was certain that peace could
never be established betwelen the two coun
tries but on the basis of the acknowledge
ment ol American independence. fCheers)
When that sun went down., .the indepen
dence of these States vas certain. .(Renew
ed Cheers.) No event of military impor
tance took place till the independence of
the Colonies was declared in July, 1776,
Indeed, it rests I believe on the most indis
putable authority, that when General
Washington heard of the battle of Bunker
Hill, and was told lhat although for the
want of ammunition or some like cause, our
countrymen were compelled to retire and
yielded the ground to England, yet that a
body of the militia of New. England had
stood the fire of the British regular forces,
and not only that, but had reserved their
own fire until the enemy was within eight
rods of tho redoubt, ' Then," said fie,
the liberties of tho country are safe."
(Cheers.)
The consequences then of tho battle of
Bunker Hill are just of the importance of
the American ' Revolution itself. If there
is nothing of value, nothing worthy of the
regard of mankind in the American Revo
lulion iiself, then there is nothing of value
or worthy of regtrd in the battle of Bunker
Hill or its consequences. But if the Re
volution be an era in the history of man
favorable to happiness if it has marked the
progress of lhe human race from despotism
to liberty, and shed a vast influence for good
over the country and throughout the world,
then this monument has not been raised
without a cause, then the battle of Bunker
Hill is not an unimportant event, but is
worthy to be celebrated by every ceremo
ny, and perpetuated by every durable me
morial. (Cheers.) -
What then is the principle of the Ameri
can Revolution, and of those systems of
politics and government which it has estab
lished and confinred throughout this coun
try ? Now the truth is lhat lhe Ameiican
Revolution was not the instantaneous adop
tion of a theoiy of government which had
never before entered the minds of men, or
embracing ideas which were before wholly
unknown. On the contrary, it was bull
u.o ciear development and application of
sentiments and opinions which had their
origin far back ia American and English
history.
. The discovery of America and its coloni
zation, the history of the colonies from the
time ofjheir establishment to the time when
the principal 'part of them ihrew nfTtheir
allegiance to the States that planted them,
constitute a train of events among the most
important recorded. These events occupy
a space of SOO years, during r nhich peiiod
knowledge made steady and rapid pi-ocrcss
j ,n the old world,' so that Europe herself at
Mie time ol the settlement, ; even of. the New
England Slates and Virginia,' had been great
ly changed from lhat Europe which had
commenced tho colonisation of the .. conti
nent 100 gears' before. And what is most
materia! jo my present purpose is, that in
the first of the centuries, lhat is lo say from
the discovery of" America to lhe settlement
ol Virginia, political and religious events
took place which mateiially effected public
sentiment in Europe, especially in England.
Now we know lhat afier some feeble at
tempts by Henry VII. no fiVctive effort
was made for the purpose of establishing the
authority of tho Crown of England hself,
over her discoveries hero for almost a centu
ry. Without inquiring into the cause of this
long delay, the consequences are sufficiently
striking. England, in this lapse of a renturv
unknown to herself, was becoming fit and
competent to colonize North America, and
men were , training within her shores com
petent jo introduc the English name and
Anglo Saxon race into a great portion of
this western world. The commercial spirit
and commerce were much encouragrd.
Several laws were passed in the lime of
Henry VII. for lhe protection of manufac
tures, and to induce the introduction of
the arts from Eastern countries : somb of
them not unimportant as modifying the
1 feudal system, as in the case of the provi
sion lor breaking entails. , . , . .
Tl iese and other meassures at that period
produced a new class of society, and caused
it to emerce from the bosom of lhe feudal
system, and show itself in action. This
was the commercial or middle class r mm.
tamers of the barons or laborers of the
holders of land on the other ; a class of in
dustry, commerce, education. This class
produced a change in the face of Europe,
although a gradual one ; tho seeds .were
then planted, which from lhat time forward
were growing, and though of slow progress,
were sure in the end to produce their t fleet.
r i. . - ... .1 .
j neie weie oiuer operative causes, in
existence, which hastened these 'change s.
from the time of Henry VII to the civil
wars, .there was more peace in England and
gieater security to properly, than doting the
wais of York and Lancaster. . Causes . of
another description came into - play. The
reformation of Cuilier broke out, kindling
up men's minds afresh, forming new habits
of thought and discussion in the public .and
awakening energies in individuals before
wholly unknown to themselves. Society
as well as religion was changed, and it
would be easy to prove that society was
changed were religion was not. The spirit
of foreign adventure followed lhe impulse
giveu to commerce and the ails, and this
spirit gained so muih strength, - advancing
with religious liberty and society in its te
formeil state, lhat it carried with it a devotion
lo civil liberty which, influenced the charac
ters which weie formed in introducing Eng
lish colonics into North America. .
Sir Walter .Raleigh and his associates
settled Viiginia, which was a colony created
by the first of these principles, lhe spirit of
adventure, mixed with tire hope of gain, and
with the expectation of finding mines of great
wealth in North America ; not unwilling to
diversify its proceedings by occasional crui
ses against the Spanish in the Indian seas.
Urged by such motives they crossed and
recrossed the ocean with a rapidity and dar
ing which, in that day, might well excite
surpi ise. , . -
The other cause was most active in the
settlement of New-England. When the
May flower sought our shores she carried no
high-wrought hopes of commercial gain
there was the love of home though a new
and strango home she bore no purpose of
wailike or hostile en lei prise : solemn pray
ers, on her departure from tho Seacoast of
Holland, had invoked for hc-r lhe blessings
of heaven. She put forth liko tho dove
from tho ai k, in pursuit only , of rest. The
stars that glided her course were the constel
lations of religion and liberty, her deck was
the altar of the living God and Prayers
mingled with the voices of ocean and the
sighing of the winds. If prosperous breezes
filled her sails, and carried the pilgrims for
ward to their unknown homes in a distant
land, they awakened new anthems of praise :
if the elements were wrought into fury if
the sea tossed their fragile bark from billow
to billow, like a roed or a feather, not all
lhe power of the tempest not all the dark
ness of the howling midnight storm could
shake, in man or woman, the firm purpose
of their soul, to undergo all, and to do all
which the meekest patience, boldest reso
lution, and the steadiest reliance on heaven
could enable human beings to perform. For
they knew that while they had perilous du
ties to perform, acd unknown destinies to
encounter, the power of an Almighty God
was always over them, and, living or dying,
on the sea or on the land they were
always encompassed in the arras ofeverlast-
ins
love.
.Some difTerencesmay.be traced through
the ... story and circumstances of Virginia
and NewEngland :Ii is ,he pleasing vari
eiy between ihe numbers of a largo -family.7
(Cheers.) , . . ,
M ; rfacies non omnibus uni,' .,
Nec diverea taraen, rpialem decetesse .ororum."
Their differences of habit have been mo
dified by local caiises ; as they, have had
throughout the same sentiments and objects
i" vievv ; .they alike.adopted the principles
ofEnglish Jurisdiction, and what at first
might have separated them disappeared in
the progiess of lime, and intercourse, with
t he neces&hy of some degree of co-operatiour
till it gave way to a mutual respect and re-C
gard. They fought together against Franco
n ihe colonial times tho revolution forged
new links to unite them ; and, fortunately,"
and happily,the present form of government
has. bound .them more . closely together,
until we have alike, whatever our . origin,
whatever our nuiive soil, only one country,
one constitution, one destiny. Enthusiastic
cheering. . : . ,
The colonization of the tropical regions
and South America; by Spain and Portugal,'
was conducted on other principles, actuated
by oilier motives, and produced far other
consequences. From the time of the dis
covery, the Spanish Government pushed
forvvaid her colonists with the utmost vigor
and eagerness, so that long before any set
tlements had been made in I lie north she had
planted hers in Mexico, Peru, and Chili;
and had stretched her power over neatly all
the territory she ever acquired on this con
tinent. As early as 1G30 or 1G32, that is
just about the period of the settlement of
ihis colony of Massachusetts, Spain had taken
possession actually . in many cases, and at
least formally, of every foot of land belweea
Floiidaand Cape Horn. Tho rapidity and
eagerness of these conquests was not to bo
wholly asciibed lo the rapacity of the numo-"
rous bands of adventurers. The mines of
gold and silver excited ihem indeed to effort,
and on application to government, the na-,
lives were set to work in the mines. A Iovd
of gold grew up, of gold not produced by
industry, but dug from the earih which had
been ravished from ils possessors by the
cruelly and avarice which became the ruling,
passions of the conquerors. Even Columbus
himself did not wholly escape from the in-,
fluences of these courses, and we find, him
in bis voyages continually inquiring of iho
naliveS for crnltl ac if Clm liml nnonost tli
new woi'ld to the old, only: to give new
means to excite the most degrading passion,
leading men to draw the sword against their
fell ow men in cruelty and ruthless, rapacity.
Columbus was above his age, as his life
shows; but he doubtless addressed his fol
lowers ;by such motives as would be most
likely to lead them "on. . Ho regarded tha
new, woild as all ready to be seized and n-.
joyed.. It vas a, ini itary colony., Tho
Spanish Government acted by its usual
means, and that was by military embassies.
Her, standing, armies, were ihe sources of her
power and prerogative. , Standing armies in
time of, peace for the purpose of domestic
government are the portion of perfect des
potism. .There was no liberty in Spain;
Spain could transmit none lo America. ,
The colonists of New England were frcej
they were an independent class, among whom,
lib'er'.y fust revived from its sleep of the dark,
ages. . Spain gavo to her colonies : arbitrary
monarch and armed soldiers; Englandsecur
ed lo hers their personal rights.. . England
transplanted 'her liberty V America; Spain,,
her power. The English colonists followed
out their industrious purposes in their own
way, depending on themselves for support
and defence, recognizing the lights of tho
original holders of the soil, and (with a gen- ,
eral honesty of purpose) introduced the fruits
of civilization and religion into their new
found land. Spain, on the other hand, stoop
ed like a falcon upon her newly, acquired
territories, destroyed their, industry. . will,
fire and sword, carried cities of hundreds of
thousands of human beings with fire and
sword, and even conversion to the. Christian .
faith was attempted by fire and sword. This
was the difference between these colonics,
ihe blessed difference ; and even to-day tho
same difference. exists, and would that thou
sands of voices to-day from the summit of
Bunker Hill could proclaim that it still exists
by a shout that should be heard over the
globe.. (Cheers.) Our inheritance was
liberty, security, law, enlightened by know,
ledge and religion ; lhat of the South Ameri
can colonies was power, tyrannical, milita
ry power. Look at the results as they aro
developed at the two ends of the continent.
I suppose lhat the United States comprises
a territcry of about one-eighth or one-tenth
of the Spanish dominions in Souih America.
Yet in all that large region there are proba
bly not more than one or two millions of
persons of European color and blcod, while
in this country, of one-eighth part the size
there are fourteen millions of happy and in- .
tellectual citizens ef free States. (Cheers.)
If wo follow these principles ef coloniza
tion still farther, we shall find .that their
different effects in the multiplication of pop- .
ulation is not ihe only one, but that the .
consequences show themselves in differences .
of civilization and the moral improvement ;
of mankind. Tha true secret of libei ty and
ihe really great principle of government
have not been fully understood by these new
Republics. I would not willingly say any
thing discourteous of governments yet on ,
trial, but truth, lhat sacred truth and fidelity,
from which I will never.falter, to tho cause
of true liberty, compels ine to say . that tho
new Republics of Souih America are quite,
too much disposed to partake of the senti-