Newspapers / The Newbernian, and North … / Dec. 20, 1828, edition 1 / Page 1
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to m .:.'.l ' '., V AND DECEMBER SO, OUR CGtJNTltY, AND OUR COUNTRY S GOOD. mm 7 II l ff III V I HI , i I, PUBLISHED WEEKLY , ., BY JOHN I. PASTBUIl, At three Dollars per annum -payable irt advahce. Aptitmmw inserted on,' the usual termsv . Letters addressed the pollster, mast be yprffgirf, ' TURKS AND RUSSIANS. We consider ou"eives"fort'unatem being able to lay before the reaSen of ow J ournal the fol lowinggraphic description of the war between the Russians and Turks, which we are indebted to a friend, a very gallant, intelligent, and distinguish ed British officer. We have seldom with a pic ture of military operations possessed; of such characteristic spirit ; and knowing so little as we do of the combatant, the Cossac and the Moslem, r t.ir modes, their .feelings, and their conduct to wards each other in the struggle for blood and victory, we have read these details, which placo them almost before our eyes, with a deep degree of interest, which, we flatter1 ourselves,' will be ..n.:.;natPI with us bv the nublic at lame. As a sketch of manners, if not of society we question Ant aimp nur wroat rival, the Government Ga- lliai civ. b" . zette, put forth a more generally acceptable docu ment. Lon. Literary Gazette.' Russian Camp before Giurgevo, on the Lower Danube, July 2V, lb8. . I have persevered thus far, in my attempts to visit the Russian army as an amateur," for the purpose of observing its operations, against the Turks, and arrived in Wallachia, by way of Rot terdam, Frankfort, Vienna, Festh, and nermann stadt. The former part of my journey was pro ductive chiefly of pleasure ; but the latter part, of many of the disagreeables of travelling, for, in mv progress hither from Austria, I have been nearly jolted to death by the bad roads of Hun gary, and narrowly escaped breaking my neck by the viler passes of the Carthapians of Tran sylvania on the frontiers of Wallachia ; I have been almost poisoned by filth, devoured by ver min, broiled by the sun, have exposed myself to the contagious fever of the country, and to that infernal disease the plague, which has for some time past been committing its ravages in Bucha rest ; indeed, have almost gone through fire and water, to attain the fulfilment of my wisiu;s but I have only as yet succeeded in reaching the banks of the Lower Danube. Hearing that frequent sorties were made by the troops of Kutchuck Arhmet from Giurgevo, I obtained the sanction of tho governor of the principalities to come here, have attached my self for the present to the corps of the Russian army before that ibrtress, and am partaking of tho hospitality, and sharing the black bread and inconveniences, of the Cossack and Russian sol dier in his bivouac before the enemy. Behold me, then, under the influence of a most scorching Wallachian sun, on Turkish ground, in the very midst of war, and amongst total stran gers. While evert how employed in writing to you, the pen is occasionally laid down for the telescope, to observe the motions of the enemy ; and such is the state of uncertainty, that ere many minutos are passed,' these instruments may be re placed by one of a more offensive nature, and my occupation bo less passive than it is at this moment. I Cannot tell you what I eat or drink, for it has become a rule with me of late never to inquire into the composition of a mess, or even to look at it, if it can be avoided ; but I have a soldier's , Hire, and experience the greatest civility from the officers, particularly from the commanding gene ral, Kvitnitsky. . The Danube hero runs nearly W. and E. along the foot of a rango of Bulgarian hills, is wide, ! deep, and rapid. and encloses several islands be tween its boundaries. On its right bank is Rust chuk, fortress with a large garrison ; and a ve ry little lower down on the opposite side, forming a sort of fete dc pont, is tho small but tolerably strong fortress of Giurgevo. It is an irregular work, built after European principles, presents three or four bastions towards the field, has a citadel, containing a garrison of about 3000 or 4000 men, which may be increased at pleasure from Rustchuk, and mounts about 150 pieces of cannon. To the north, distant about five miles, and nearly parallel with the above mentioned hills, is another rango (or rather the ground presents an inclination to the south,) at the foot of which, and immediately opposite to Giurgevo, arc three Mus-" covite encampments, whence the minarets of the latter place, as well as those of Rustchuk, wre seen with the naked eye. The intermediate space is an open plain, with scarcely any undu lation, and covered with small brushwood, In dian corn, long grass, and high thistles, &c, af fording localities for skirmishing to the foragers and outposts of both parties. Thus disposed, the troops may bo said to be , continually under arms ; the infantry are always in a square ; they cat, drink, and sleep, in square ; and at night; in the rriost inclement weather, never quit that form. The general and field-officers only have tents' ; sheds or temporary huts, com posed of branches and hay, are erected for the other officers and the troops, close to their sta' tions, under which they are allowed to retire in the middle of the day from the burning heat of the sun, which within the last few days hns been 100 and 105 dog. of Fahrenheit in the shade : and it is then only that a portion of the horses aie unsaddled ; so that in the event of an alarm, it requires but little time to put the whole force in march for its position. ...' There is no scarcity of provisions, though the quality of the bread, " of the darkest hue," is bad ; and th6 Water, which is in this country very indifferent, is supplied from the neighbour ing wells. . . out the Russian soldier is a tough material, and Ordinarily calculated to bear the fatigues and hardships of war. In the manner above alluded o, subsisting on food of very inferior quality, he is constantly exposed to all weathers, for here tho L-Ynihg heat of day is generally succeeded by cold, damp, chilly nights ; and the thunder storms, which at certain seasons are so frequent, are accompanied by torrents of rain, which deluge the country with water'.' These j to ordinary con stitutions, would be fatal, but on him they seem to have camparatively no effect. With an impli cit obedience to orders,' the Russian is, as it Were, a complete machine. Careless and thought less of danger, indeed, without exercising his reasoning faculties he moves when he is told, and halts when he is commanded ; nor will he, under the severest fire,J retire unless ordered to do so. It was surprising to see the perfect indifference with which a regiment, the other day, stood un der a rather severe cannonade, and the apathy with which the men looked at the balls and shells that fell around them and it is a fact, that at the siege of Ibrailaa considerable column, which was destined to storm the place, missed its way, and got into the ditch, where there was not the slight est vestige of a breach; In this situation ' they were nearly annihilated ; nor would they, not withstanding the mistake was evident, move until a positive order from the Grand Duke Michael was sent to recall them. But the Cossacks excito most my curiosity and interest ; equally brave and hardy as the regular Russian soldier, they possess a sagacity and cun ning which is not a characteristic of the former. VThen the firing commenced, it" was easily ob served that the Cossacks around began instantly to assume an alacrity and to be alive to what was going on.- They took their horse in hand never remained quite stationary kept a sharp look-out in the direction of the fire of the cannon, and watched the ricochet of the ball and flight of the shell, so as to be in readiness to avoid them. They are an incongruous set, certainly ! Some old fellows, with long, grey beards some smart young lads some almost in rags and patches of various colours- while others are in very decent attire. The Cossack who is appointed to attend mo as orderly, is a young man, by no means Cossack-like, according to the notions I had formed of those people, T was struck by his civilized ap pearance and manners ; for, on my arrival, when he first cpme to me, with the respectful deport ment of a soldier, united to-an easiness and al most elegance of manner, he said he was sent to wait upon me by order of his general, and had the honour of presenting himself to receive my commands. I do not mean to say they are all of this class, but I am told that some of them are people of great wealth in their own country, amassed chiefly by plunder in the last wars ; yet so great is their passion for that species of gain, " auri sacra fames," that notwithstanding their riches, they voluntarily leave their families and comfortable dwellings, and expose themselves, at an advanced age, to dangers, in quest of more. That they are maraudeis, and that they are rather merciless at times, is true ; for an attempt was made to make them give up for the general good, the plunder they took in the action, but without success, it was then found that no pri soners were taken they were invariably killed : so that, as their services are so essential to the army, it is become necessary to sanction their practices ; and to prevent atrocities, the emperor has issued a very humane order, by which the Cossack or soldier receives one ducat for'every prisoner on foot taken alive, and two ducats for every prisoner mounted. The Cossacks are divided into regiments of five hundred each, having a standard and cap tain for every hundred, independent of junior officers one, two, or more field-officers for the whole, according to circumstances, and a lieut. colonel, or colonel-commandant, whose name the regiment bears. In their bivouacs, as well as in their operations and attacks, they seem to pay little regard to regularity : and their huts, those of the officers, as well as those of the men, in front of which are picketed their horses, are formed in the simplest and rudest manner ima ginable: sometimes three pikes or poles with branches and hay, or perhaps their burkas, or cloaks of skin, thrown over them, form their dwellings. Dressed in a short, blue jacket, without but tons, but hooked down the front loose trousers of the same colour a cylindrical, and sometimes a fur or forage cap seated upon a cushion fixed to a high saddle mounted upon a small, bony, and by no means Bucephalus-like, but certainly hardy, horse armed with a pistol stuck under ench arm in a girdle, a firelock slung across his shoulders, and sword, or a long twelve-foot pike, the Cossack is, on the least alarm, instantly ready for the combat. He is endowed by his na ture and habits with an instinct which peculiarly fits him for the duties of outposts, and for their service (in which, by the by, I am taking lessons,) I suppose the Cossacks the best troops in the world. The confidence reposed in them is such, that the whole duty of the advanced posts is in trusted to their care, and performed by two hun dred and fifty men ; and so great is their patience and vigilance, that nothing escapes their obser vation, and not a Turk can stir outside the fortress without their immediate knowledge. The moment an alarm is given, the first two Or ihree that can get ready, immediately sally forth from the bivouac these are followed by six or eight these again by more and lastly comes the reserve, or main body, in perhaps greater order. In their regular attacks, they are sometimes in one, and sometimes in two ranks, according to their strength ; they advance in the form of a semi-circle, with the centre rotired; the greater, numbers immediately fly off and seek the flanks and rear of the enemy, while a small portion, supported frequently by a reserve, at tack the front : but perhaps what makes them the most formidable, is the extraordinary facility with which they disperse and instantly collect again in a pulk or body upon any pnrticular part of the enemy's line. However, for the most part, they pay little attention to regularity ; . so that after an attack, having no trumpets or sounds to assemble them, as they do not always take out tneir standards, their captains are obliged, by dint of hallbwiiig,or in the best manner they can, collect their pulks. They do not in general use the pike like the lance, but couch it, and ride full galldp, like the knights of old, at their antagonists. The Turk justly fears it; as tho instrument, should it not kill, inflicts a dreadful gash ; and the unfortunate sufferer, when severely wouned and transpierced, has often been known to say, " Ah, Cossack ! Cossack !" and by signs implore him to put an end to his miseries by an effectual thrust. After having overcome his prisoner, the first thing the Cossack does, is to seize upon his arms, which with the 1 urks are highly ornamented and valuable his turban and sash, which' are some times cashmere shawls of great wot'tli and his purse ; and if he is not killed or badly wounded, the victor then places the unfortunate man be hind him', upon the very cantle of his saddle, seizes him by the hands, and gallops with him to the rear. In this situation, jolted and galled al most to death, I saw a Turkish chief (a colonel,) a few days ago, who had been taken prisoner by an old gray-bearded, toothless Cossack, at the commencement of , an affair, and was by him brought before the general for examination. The outposts have skirmishes almost daily ; but the Cossacks and Turks seem to have a good understanding between them, for they often meet, talk to each other, and carry on war in a more civilized way than formerly. The Tjirks, perhaps I should say those of the garrison of Giurgevo and Rustchuk, do not cor respond with the idea I had formed of them, from all that I have heard or read of that race in deed, I believe we have generally a very imper fect knowledge of that nation, and that most of the accounts we receive of them are very much misrepresented or exaggerated. There is a no bleness of disposition, an openness and truth, in the Turk, individually, that is not to be found in his Christian tributary, who has of late so much occupied the attention of foreign powers : the word of a, Turk is sacred if he pledge it, you are safe. How very different the latter's! with whom, it is said, you can never be sure of any en gagements whose treachery is proverbial, and whose barbarities are more numerous, and of a deeper dye, than those of his governors. But, as I said, the forces of the above garrison do not answer the expectations I had formed of the Turkish soldier. From the specimen before us, it would induce a belief that they had either de generated as warriors ; or, which is most natural to suppose, that the Sultan has the flower of the Ottoman forces at Choumla, behind the Balkan; but the invincible Janissary no longer exists, and the daring Spahis, with his proud Arab charger, does not glitter amid the ranks of Kutchuck Ach mct, whose troops are mounted upon small, or dinary, and sometimes vary iiiierior, horses. Trousers, very loose to the calf, thence tight to the ancle a close waistcoat, open at the neck, and covered below by a shawl tied round the waist a jacket with very full and short sleeves, shewing the equally loose sleeves of the shirt a turban on his head and yellow boots or slippers on his feet, are the usual and very be coming dress of a Turk: the trousers, waistcoat, and jacket, are of different colours, and orna mented, with embroidery: and the turban is white, green, or otherwise, according to the rank and privileges of the wearer. His arms are, a long knife, called a handjar or yatagan, used for cutting off heads a brace of pistols, which he carries in a broad leathern girdle a gun slung across the shoulders and a curved sabre, his dexterity in the use of which is such, that with a single Blow, or rather cut, he will sever the head from the body. The Turks have little or no method in their movements or in their mode of warfare. Some tinics they will sally forth from the fortress in bodies of 100 or 150, and endeavour to surprize an advanced post of Cossacks near tho village of Slobadee, on the west of Giurgevo ; and some times, with a larger force, they will make a dash on the left flank of the camp, (where several have been killed in the very bivouac of the Cos sacks,) in th3 rear of which are some stores and wagons, supposed by them to be treasure. The Pasha is very active, and has his favou rite days for sorties, which are generally on Ihursdays, Saturdays or Sundays. Reinforced by troops from Rustchuk, he will at those times come out with a force of 6 or 7000 men, and en deavour at once to penetrate to the encampment of his enemy ; or he will draw up tinder protec tion of the guns cf the fortress, and tempt his ad versary from his position, and within range of the shot of the works. Frequently after cannona ding for a time, the Turks will move forward in a tolerable line of cavalry and infantry mixed ; and then, in masses or wedges, composed pro miscuously of those two forces, and with shouts of "Allah! Allah! Allah!" they will advance upon their opponents. Infuriated often by opium, they are very vigorous at first; but the coolness and firmness of the Russians who usually le ceive them in squares, supporting each other, and the cavalry having at the same time guns at their angles, and the steady and well-directed fire, particularly of their artillery, soon disperse and put the Moslem to flight; and then the Cossacks are let loose upon them. They have always been very wary of the squares of infantry ; upon which, notwithstanding they are only formed three deep, the Turkish cavalry have not suc ceeded in making any impression. The field pieces of the Turks are, if any thing, of a smaller caliber than those of the Russians, and were at first drawn by bullocks instead of horses ; but in the practice of their artillery, they are by no means so deficient as is generally sup posed : it is possible they may have foreigners with them, for their shot, contrary to received opinion, are thrown with an accuracy that would do credit to regularly disciplined artillerists. It is difficult to say how far we believe the sto ries respecting their barbarous treatment of their ptisoners. It was reported here, and believed at first, that an aid-de-camp, whom they had captured at Ibraila, was flayed alive as far as the waist ; hut Uiis, like many similar reports, ctfuld not be traced to any respectable source. It has been th custom' with tho Turks to cut off the heads of the killed after an engagement, for the purpose of sending them as trophies to' Constan tinople. : When they become too numerous for transporting, tho noses and ears only were so honoured ; and it has often happened, particu larly at the moment of exasperation, that those extremities also of the prisoners were likewise in requisition to make up a certain quota for the Sultan ; but this is not invariably the case. Tho . Turkish prisoners meet with any thing but ill treatment from the Russians, 1 he Cos sacks will occasionally be rather merciless; but the captives, when brought in, are always wel: treated, and have frequently been sent back with presents. The Turkish chief of whom I have made' mention, was on' the day after his capture, invited to the hut of the chief of the staff, pre sented with a purse of money subscribed by se veral of the officers, and told that if he chose to write for his baggage he was at liberty to do so, and a message should be sent to the Pasha to that effect. Indeed he seemed quite content with his change of situation, smoked his pipe iook conee, was quite communicative, and no doubt wondered at the circumstance of finding his head upon his shoulders. ' No fewer than three times during the prece ding week did Kutchuck Achmet favour us with some polite affairs ; the last on Saturday, might perhaps bo called more serious than ordinary. Having received a reinforcement of light artille ry equipped with horses, and having augmented his numbers by troops from the opposite side of the river, he came out towards evening in con siderable force. ' We had not long finished our repast at the ge neral's table when a few shouts announced the sortie of the Pasha; and ere the lapse of many seconds, a Cossack was seen darting across the plain, anefsoon after entered the camp, almost breathless, with a confirmation of tho event. As the troops were all ready, no delay was necessa ry, and the whole force was instantly in motion for its position in front of the encampment. The horse artillery, supported by the greater part of the dragoons, was stationed in the cen tre, a little in advance. . The infantry, in squares of battalions, with guns at the angels, was placed in echellon, and with the remainder of the dra goons formed the right wing ; and the Cossacks, supported by a small body of infantry and some guns, occupied the ground on the left, in front of their bivouac : the whole was formed at very ex tended intervals. During these preparations, the advanced posts were occupied in sharp skirmishing ; but no soon er were the Russians stationary in their position, than the Turks commenced a firo of shot and shells, from their new guns, which was as readily returned by the opposite party. The Turkish artillery was uncommonly well served : at a long range, almost the first shot passed through a squadron of cavalry. and others fell around us, "methoughtin plentiful abundance;" but most of their shells, from a deficiency in the length of fuse, exploded before reaching their destination. The large guns of the fortress also contributed their endeavours, and the cannonade lasted above a couple of hours. In the meau while, the Turks were observed collecting their forces, and medi tating some movement, as was supposed against the right flank : soon, however, they advanced with a tolerable line, and in their usual manner, and thought to overwhelm the horse-artillery, the dragoons, and the regiment of infantry, that oc cupied the centre of the Russian line; but meet ing with a determined resistance having two of their guns disabled by the effectual fire of their opponents, and observing the squares on the left, which they had not seen before they immedi ately fell back under cover of the works. It was now imagined that they were about to take leave of us for tho night, and the firing on both sides ceased; but on a closer examination, it was7 evident they were making fresh arrange ments : detached masses were seen in motion, and presently a large force was observed advan cing against the left flank. The firing now re commenced the uninterrupted roar of "small arms gave proofs of a nearer approach of the parties to each other. Allah! Allah! Allah! re sounded from the ranks of the Musselmen, and tho succeeding moment the cimeter of the Turk and pike of the Cossack were in close and terri ble contact. The conflict for a time was furi ous ; the sons of the Don at first eavo wav. but instantly rallying, repulsed tho assailants, who very soon after retired within the walls of their i fortress, and left us unmolested for tho remainder j of the day. The night had commenced when the troops returned to their camp, after an ab sence of between five or six hours, and that scene which but a short time before was so portentous and bloody, was soon changed to one of tranquil lity and repose, over which the moon shed her more than usual brightness ; and nought broke in on its stillness, save the sound of" Slouschaij," uttered by the watchful sen inel. . t On these occasions it is difficult to obtain a cor rect statement of tho loss on either side, as the Turks, when possible, invariably carry off their killed as well as wounded : and the Russians are naturally anxious to conceal their loss. Whoever contemplates the present condition of the Russians, will be astonished at the rapid sti ides they have made towards civilization of late years, and the improvements that have evident ly taken place in the organization of their forces. I did not exactly expect to find a horde of barba rians, but I was prepared to meet with a set of men not many degrees removed from thnt state deficient altogether in mind devoid of moral I was standing nt the angle of one of the .squares of Inlantry, talking to (lie colonel and officers at the time when the shot, after unscttinga couple of men and hoises. fell within a few feet of us. One of the officers picked it up and gave it to me, saying, "Permit me, Sir, to present yon with a Turkish Dan, as an ottering, on the field of bat tle, from the regiment of Tobolski." This ball, together witn tbe yatagan belonging to a brave Turk wbo was killed on that day, and H.c Cosack pike with which he was slain, shall be preserved for the armory, as mementos irom uwrgevo- . feeling, and destitute of all the nobler qualities or the heart but I was mistak6h'; they have pro- fitted considerably by; the experience of4 the wars" that arose out of the FrenchiRevoIutionI;1 wluch wars, while they instructed them as soldiers, af forded them also an opportunitylfdf visiting.jaml at the same time receiving some of the polish of, the more ciVilizod nations of the continent. ' If they seek the permanent possession' of com forts' and luxuries which those events" have once ' enabled' them to enjoy, it is by no means an un natural desire. They have an emperor, young; active, and ambitious and an army which, with a little more science, and a few more leaders of ability, will become formidable, not only to their neighbours, but to Europe in general. C. R. O. D. late 15tlrIIussars. -seUe- The Internal Communications of England. The improvement of Great Britain, in her inter nal communications, is perhaps, the most extraor- dinary circumstance in the records of civilization. ' It is impossible to comteinplate our roads, our' canals, and, within these few years, our railways', without a sentiment of national pride, which phi losophy would scarcely ask us to repress. The turnpike-roads of England alone extend twenty thousand miles, and upwards of a million sterling is annually bestowed upon their repair and main tenance. The rapidity, the precision and the security with which the whole communication is carried on is one of the principal causes of our commercial activity. Through the agency of tho post, and the influence of the public journals,' the country is become all head and heart. There is no slow circulation, through the extremities of" the system ; every pulsation of the political ma chine vibrates from the centre to the circumfe rence, and from the circumference to the centre. " England is "all compact," and would that Ireland were knit up in this astonishing con densation of energies and interests ! In the late session sixty-fivo road bills have Dassed ' into law; in the session of 1827 there were fifty-three. We thus see that this extraordinary course of improvement never stops and the cause is this, the people know their own wants, and have the power to suonlv them. "In France," says M. Dupin, " during a period of profound peace, the government does not grant, for the support of tho roads, one third of the amount which is supplied by the public of Eng land alone, of which the superficies does not equal one-third that of France." And this neg lect arises, from the government meddling with every thing. London Mag. Sir Walter Scott. At the dinner given to the Duke of Bucclcuch the other day, by the gentle men ef Dumfries-shire, Sir Thomas Kirkputrick. the Sheriff, proposed the health of Sir Walter Scott, who was present : on which Mr. Ferzus- son of Craigdarroch, in an eloquent speech, re marked that he had repeatedly', in countries which he thought it impossible the fame of his illustri ous countryman could have reached, found it an honoured passport. Ho had heard the name or the author of Waverly pronounced with admira tion in Russia and on the banks of the sacred Jordan and by the pretty lips of the very fair est of tho Georgian fair, on tho confines of the Black Sea. . He had been asked in these distant regions, " nave you seen Kedgauntlet,' the last production of the Great Unknown V Craigdar- roch, at tho conclusion of his speech, proposed the health of Sir Adam Fergusson ; when Sir Adam roso to return thanks ; but feeling himself unable to reply as eloquently as he wished to the fervid eulogium with which the toast had been prefaced, ho was about to resumo his seat in si- ence, when Sir Walter, who had also risen, said re would say to him as the farmer said to his servant, who stammered in his speech, " If ye cann i speak, ye can sing, ye rascal." Great npphiuse. Sir Adam, accordingly, soon after snug " The Laird o' Cockpen." Lithography Improved: or Lithochromv. Tho perfection of lithography was for a time considered as limited to making exceedingly fino Irintcd imitations of chalk and crayon drawings, in Germany, M. Boissoree not long since pro duced pictures of mingled colours, by the appli cation of several stones in succession : but M. Malapeau, of Paris, has recently made another ; and important improvement in this rapidly pro gressing art. By a cheap and easy process, (but one which is not known to the public,) he paints coloured oil-pictures from stone, which possess a considerable degree of beauty and accuracy. All that has yet transpired respecting the process is, that several rollers, with different oil colours, are passed in succession over the stone, sometimes to the number of twenty-seven ; and then the im pression is- made. The pictures are offered at prices below what even the most humble artist would think of setting to his hastiest productions and galleries of pictures executed in this manner may be obtained for a trifling sum. Improve ments will probably be hereafter made, and if so, tlu invention may prove a powerful means oi extending a taste for the arts. Nat. Gaz. French Literature. Two prodigiously inte resting works have been lately published, " A la Librarie Universelle Rue Vivienne, No 2, Bis au coin du Passage Colbert ;" they are now in course of translation, and their publication ex pected in this country with intense anxiety ; some descriptions of persons, indeed regard them as the harbingers of the Millenium ! One oftheso works is entitled " The Art of never Breakfast ing at our own expense, and always Dining at the expense of other People," in eight lessons. The other, " The Art of Paying Debts, and satis fying Creditors, without disbursing one penny." Both works are in prose, although their titles are so highly poetical. OF EVERY DESCRIPTION, NEATtY EXECUTED, . FOR SALE AT TU13 OFFICE. j
The Newbernian, and North Carolina Advocate (New Bern, N.C.)
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Dec. 20, 1828, edition 1
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