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2 THE IREDELL FAMILY THE EARLY LIFE ANO V% R F.EII OF THE DISTINGIIISHEI) JAMES IREDELL. I MOST ROMANTIC LOVE AFFAIR. The Origin til Nunc of the Family Wha I retail arnTTraditiou Says That They are the Colonial Descendants ot Henry Ireton, the Non-in-L •«' ot Oli fer Cromwell—-I'he Honorable Rt» yalry of James Iredell and the \ ouuc Ha rone t ot Oukenlield. [CONTINUED FROM I,VST WEEK ] Written for Sunday News and Observer The devoti-n ot Damon and i*ytbias constrained them to . tier up their lives for each other, but not their loves. It either had been call- (1 on to sacrifice his affection for his lady love to the other, it is not so certain that he would have been equal to the occasion; and compli ance, at the same true, would have been a great injustice to the lady. There would have been re as u to doubt the depth of his own attachment, slso. It was under the influence of such feel inga and considerations that Iredell replied to the pathetic letter of his friend. Under date of E lenton, 19;h February 1772. he writes as follows: “Mr Dear Frf.nd: My time has pased very unhappily ever since 1 saw you. It can only t>e equalled by the sc verity of yoar distress. I feel for yon with all the warmth of friendship, ami anxiety of fear; and h >\v to act in the very erir eal scene bes >re me is a very afflicting thought. I did not know, my dear S r Nathaniel, how sincerely 1 loved the dear girl who has engrossed both our hearts, until the nuht bes <re your declara'iou to her. Heaven knew how miserably I passed it, and with what uneasy doubt I awaited the event. The unhappiness of your situation took off all thoughts of my owu, till 1 became a prey to my reflections —then I felt what you only can imagine. Your leners from Mis. Brownrigg’s and Norfolk ef fect me ex'remely lam nearly as nn happy as you can be. 1 know not bow I will net, for I cannot answer for myself * -My co duct to you shall be guided by th“ nic-s* sense of no.ior, and by as ten der a r jgard for your h ippin *sq»s is con sistent with my own, ami that of one much dearer to me. I have notse- n her since you They are still at Mrs. Daw son's, bnt to be h re, 1 am told, on Fri day. I wish to God you were here too, that our fates might b j dcid-d The m-rst dri-adful certainti is preferable to doubt. Whatever I do, and every cir xinmstanee relating to her. I will faith fully aud regularly acquaint you w t . And yet, Sir Nathaniel, if I cannot c m maud mtseif so far as to withhold adec iara ion until your r. turn, my conduct must suffer greatly in her opinion. I have for a long time pist behaved to her with a particularity of attention that has '® n g a i? r d the eyes of the world, and which the delicaev ofter sent m ints must construe, as I intended it, iuto an indirect address Such an application would have with me all the force of an' express one, and no v, when 1 have reason to believe she has loved me so far as to refuse you, to with draw nay attenMoo, to become or appear more'cool as her g.x>d ness advances upon me and suddenly to change my b -haviour on the first appearance of competition, j would fie a disgrace and meanness my revolts at. Suffer me to add, it I would bring on me au insupportable af fliction, without materially serving you. j I know, and you must believe the great- j ness of her mind to be such, toat she wiil not marry any man to whom she does not give an exclusive preference over all others much less give her hand ono man wh-n her heart is posse sod by *Hotoer. You and I troth conclude her affections are engaged, and a thou Band agreeab e circumstances which crowd upon my memory convince me I am the happy owner of them. Oh! ex tatic wou d be tie thought could you be happy. * ’ * But when I think as I now do, that she will not, cannot accent of your affeeii >n, b- cause hers is engaged to me, love, honor, (everything but friendship, and that, in this ins*auce. is not compatible with the other two,) urge me to a declaration, at least compel me tc an attach ment. * * * Bir I cannot promise that I will make no dcl sra'ion. I dare not do it, lest I should either he tempted to violate it, or make mvself more mis erable than I am already, and more I cannot well be.” In a letter dated March sth, from Nor folk. Sir Noth-on 1 i> f »rrns Mr Iredell that he had made a last appetl to Miss Johnston, by h-i er, which was to tie de livered by his m >ther, with the great* st caution and privacy; and he awaited her answer, doubtless, before sailing for Engiau I But the letter was declined, for the reason that as the lady’s mind was fully made uo. she thought it indel icHt-M m reo-ive protestations of his love. In a letter dated Manchester, 2nd ot J tine, 1772. he details the unsuc cessful result of his mother’s mission to his lady love He accord naly surren dered the prize to nis friend, and hoped to be of the company when his happiness man completed It is not probabe that Mr. Iredell postponed the decaration of his love a d*y beyond the re urn of the lady from her visit to Mrs Tiiwson Tl»e history is silent ou thi* point; but a v*-ry famil iar letter to ‘*My Dear Hannah, ’ dated April 19, of the same year. c*n leave on no d uotthat the en'ente cord > ale *as established weeks before. Iredell was still age, and would not be twen ty one until Ostober. F>r this, and perh&pa for more aubstautial pecuniary considerations, the marr age was post jx>ned until the 18th of July, the follow ing year. In a very dutiful letter to his father, so *u after his engagement., he an nounces the fact, and apologises for having failed to consult him in advance. He explained that the great distance be- Iween them, and the impossibility of his fa-her understanding the circumstances staitc a made it impracticable to take bia advice. At I he same time he dilated ap >n the exceptional merits of his lady love. in laagu tge which he declared to be entirely free from extravagance or exaggeration, llts apologias were well received, nml the lady was eenlia.ili "<■! o <med into the family as * daughter and sister. The fact was incidentally alluded to that she was possessed of considerable property. l'he following year, 17 7:i. allhough In the civil service of the mother country. Iredell sympathis'd deeply in Ihe com moil cause of the colonies, and tn'came distinguished for his alilc and «lalsu ate e-»says m the newspapers and in patn phlets in vindication of colonial rights lu February, 1771, be succeeded Ins principal, Henry K. Me ulloh. as o>>lle< dor of the Port of Kdetiton But the of flee came too late to boos much value to nim. The country was then m the throes of revolution, and the final eat <s tiophe was near at hand <>a the 9th November, 177a, Joseph Hcwes, K-q , the deleg*te to the Oominentai t-ougress, wrote from Philadelphia to Iredell, that “when l came here and had conversed with the Massachusetts delegates, l found it a difficult matter to g *t a letter sent to the Commissioners in B »ston. 1 was informed no letter was suffered to go in till its contents had been examined by a committee, and that letters wrote by persons they thought disaffected, were sometimes stopped, though the emteuta were only business or compliments. Huder the cireu instances, I thought it prudent to ojnm your letter, and put it undercover to General Washington, at the same turn requesting the favor of him, alter he had read its contents, t • send it iuto Boston, and to per mit an answer to return the same way. I have not yet received an answer fiom him, but am in hopes it will not ba long before l have that honor. 1 could think of no better way t > get you an answer from the Commissioners. If I have done wrong I must rely on your goodness to excuse it. ” The Commissioners, here referred to were the British Commissioners of the Revenue, to wh un the Collectors in the Colonies were immediately responsible. It would be interesting to know the eon tents of this letter of Mr, Iredell to the Commissioners. It was doubtless his of ficial return, as Collector, as his office Wtsm-t closed for some months later. Ou the 26th of March 1776, Mr Hawes writes again to VD. Iredell, that “the ietter you gave me for theCommissoners. and which 1 enclosed to General Wash ington, (who was then G m nander in Chief of the Armies of the colonies, wiih headquarters at Cambridge), was by him sent into Boston, bur no answer was ever returned.’’ Whether the commissioners failed, or declined to return an answer, or whether it was intercepted by the Massachusetts committee of safety, does not appear Iredell was at that time an avowed patriot, and if is singular that his official connection with the British government should have continued to exist, normally, at least, for twelve months after hostili ties commenced. Yet it in* without j forfeiting the the confidence of the patriots, among wbtfro he took a high rank, as numerous letters from them i afford abundant evidence.' This offi cial relation was not severed until s<?»e I time after the Provincial Congress, sit- I ting at Halifax, had authoris'd the dele gates in the Continental Congress to vote for Independence. Saaasel John s*on, his brother in law, was President of j this Provincial Congress, and uefer date I of April 5, wrote to Iredell that “All peo pie here are up for independence'''; and on the 13th he wrote Shat -‘The Hoaae in cons* quence of some very important! in telligence received lartt night, h*ve. ageed to impower their delegates at Philadelphia to concur with theotbf? colonies in entei ing into fomgu alliances, and declaring an independence of Great Britain.” A* may be seen in the American Ar- chives this was the first declaration by any colonial general congress m favor of in dependence; and yet it was not accord ing to his biographer, until April 27th, that “all transactions ceased in the ! Eden ton Cu-tom House; and Mr. Iredell 1 finally closed his books and terminated : his career as Coil ctor. His accounts were finally adjusted and settled with j the Congress and the ‘■Commissioners of Confiscated property ’ The letter of the } North Ca r olina Provincial Congress to the delegates at Priiladeiph’a. authoriz ing them to vote for a Declaration of In- ! dependence, is now in the Library of Congress In December. 1777, Mr. Iredell was elected by the Legislature as one of the three Judges which the Constitution provided; but after holding courts for a few months, he resigned the office j His resignation was tendered in June, 1778. after the close of the term at Wash ington. The Governor, Richard C tswell, assurance that his place could not be supplied by a gentleman of equal a >ili ties and inclinations to serve the State in the important duties of the office. The resignation was caused by unpleasant associations on the bench, and by the very arduous duties of the office, which he found to be too severe for his delicate health. His associates were Samuel Ashe, of Washington and Samuel Spen- i cer, of Anson county. The incompatibility wis probably with the latter, who is represented as a coarse, un cultivated and unscrupulous man, who, j j r>y his extortions when clerk of Anson I county court, had excited a lumult. The fate of this man w-as singular. In 1794, when enfeebled by disease, he was attacked, while sitting in hi> ysrl, by a gobbler with such fury that he died of the wounds received. But, probably, heart disease was the cause of death. Mr. Ashe, the other associate on the bench, is said to have been a gentleman .of integrity, but passionate, prejudiced and not deeply learned in the law. He was afterwards eh cted Governor by the L- gislature, which body, prior to the year 1836, was vested with that au- t hority. The resignation of .Judge Iredell was j regretted by ail the abler members of the bar in the State, such as Hooper, i Nash and Maelaive. He had not yet at tained his twenty seventh year. Having resigned the Judgeship, Mr. Ireded resumed the practice of law; and among his first business was an appeal to the Legislature, which sat at Halifax, against the passage of sweeping confisca lion acts. He labored particularly to save the property of his kinsman, Henry E. Me ulloh, and of his friend, Sir Na ihaniel Dukinfiel.l,'who, though adher -1 mg to the Crown, had uot in Hie News mul Observer, Sunday, flnrch 24, 1895. hostilities against America Ivu him akiui In saving last week that ha re signed from Hie army. In the followin; year, 177 W, Mr Iredell again entered "I (lee ns Attorney General of the State, In which eapneity he could not defend claimant* upon or petitions to the gov < rnment of t in* HtHte It bei'iune his ditty, first as Judge, and afterwards as Attorney General to ride over the State, from the Seaboard to the vicinity of the mountains, end his letters to his wife, in which he describes the county and its inhabitants, are full of interest, especially to a North Carolinian. The inns were as bad as possible, but it was Uiw good fortune in the more settled and civilized part# of the county, to ho in vited to the private houses of gentlemen who were sm rounded by comforts. His salary ns Attorney General, was £I,OOO per annum In a letter dated May 22, 1780, he informs Ihm wife that lie had already received in civil suits, AM.210 in paper, besides nineteen silver dollars, and that the next day ho ex peeted to receive £SOO more. But he appeared to prize the nineteen silver doll irs more than the pajier, which he «ar anxious to invest before it should depreciate further. After three years of married life, he writes to Mrs. Iredell In the, following strain; “With respect to my heart, it is, my dear Hannah, entirely and wholly yours. I cherish the dear and agreeable persuasion, and will never part with it. My h appmees, my thoughts, my every thing is centred in you. God grant you may be able to preserve your health I shall chide every moment’s delay, and when 1 am permitted to go, shall fly to you with all possible expedition.” The following extract from a letter to his wife, dated Newborn, November 26, 1780, throws light upon the currency question; ‘‘l have already received at this court £-1,510 of this currency, £l,- 35.) of continental, aud nine hard dol lars, I exj>ect to receive £1,500 for my salary at three courts; but my expenses are monstrous £ 1 00 a day for my board and lodging only.” If the board was worth $2 pwr day, the depreciation was 400 for 1 But he probably had a servant which would increase the expense to $3. The experience of our Revolutionary forefathers, as it regards paper currency, was entirely similar to that of the South ern people during the late civil war. In 1787, Samuel Johnston, Esq., was elected Governor, and his brother-in law, Mr. Iredell, was made one of the council of State, a sort of Oab-net, with out compensation, or other duties than those of advising the Governor, when called upon, in regard to measures ot importance. Mr. Iredell was also ap pointed. or elected as a sole commis sioner to revise the status laws of the State. In the spring of 1788 he was unani mously chosen by the voters of Edenton as a delegate so the convention which had been called to deliberate upon the adoption of the constitution of the Uui ted States. He hat? from the first, takeu ian active part in urging its ratiti carion, and wroto essays on the subject which exercised a wide influence upon public opinion. There vnere a number of able men in this State OonYentkya, as ; the debates will show: and among them, Mr Iredell must be regarded as tH*; able.-t. At its first session at Hills* ; borough, the Convention failed to ratify the Constitution; but tbe following year, 1789 s -a session wa» held at F; yetteville, which acceded to it. In February 17f*0, Mr. Ire'fell was nominated by President Washington, to the office of Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States, and was ’.raani mously confirmed* by the Senate: He was not an applicant for the place, and it CAtne all unexpectedly, when he was looking- to named as District | Judge for the District of North Caro lina. Washington had read the de brttvs in tlte North Carolina Com ventfen, ancV tbe (fcstingiwshed ability thero shown by Mr. Iredell, in support of ratification, together *ith the able essays ‘ written by Ltrn in vindication of the rights of the colonies, pending the con troversy with <Treat B*taiu, caused him to be selected av one of the Judgea of the Supremo Court. In that high office he acquitted himself with'marked ability, and corn standee; the confidence and re spect of the uati-wt. After hhupW*; n to the oetivA. /.twgc Iredell ceased to rwside i v North (Carolina. He first made*.New ’Kwk city,his home, and 1 afterwards Philadelphia. The incidents in the life of a Judge, even when on the Supreme bwich of the nation, must, in the nature of the ease, ba monotonous, and free f ?om exalting public interest, it is sufficient to say, that he continued to discharge the dunes of the high sta tiou in which he had been, placed uniil uis death, which took pUce-Ui 1799. The voluminous “Life and. Correspon dence,” of Judge Iredell,, is little else than the correspondence aad essays, with a lew., judicial decisions. Itisdef-I cient in respect to the narrative, of winch there is littAe,. or none, after he attained to the age of manhood, and I find in it no account of his children. It would be interesting to trace the early career of his distinguished sou and name sake, who became Judge, Governor | ot the state., aud Cuned States Senator. James Iredell, Jr , was m 1788, at Edeuton, He graduated at Princeton, iu 18UB, and afterwards read law, in which profession he, like bis father, rose to eminence He rained a volunteercom; jjauy, in 1812, and marched to the do ! teuae ot Norfolk, during the war with | Great Britain, lie represented Edeuton in the House of Commons during three years, commencing in 1816; and was made Speaker of that body, lu iai9 he was chosen a J udge of the Supreme court, but resigued alter a few months. He was elected Governor by the Legis iature of the state in 1827; and the next year was elected to the United States Senate to fill the vacancy caused by the resignation of Mr. Macon. At the close of the term, in 1831, he resumed the practice of law\ He removed to Kaleigh, and died there in 1853. It was my privi lege to know Governor Iredell, and to be numbered among his friends. I icgret that i am uot able to give a fuller ac count of bis honorable career. While a member of the United States Senate he oecime the friend of Mr. Tyler, of Vir ginia, who was at the same time a mem Per of that bod) ; and the friendship aur vived Mr. Tyltr’s abandonment of the Whig party. Gov. Iredell, after that event, kindly off ere I to give me a letter of introduction to President Tyler, but my invincible Whig pro juilioo stood in the way of h very flittering opportunity. “His Acciden ey,” 1• k 1 he Whigs styled him, was great : ly in want of friends and supporters; ! and a letter from his distinguished Nort h Garolina friend would have secured me place far beyond my deserts. I have often regretted that the opportunity was not available, but never that I declined It. Daniel K. Ooodlok. Washington, D. U., March 22. ANNOUNCEMENT OK THK CAROLINA MUTUAL Fire Insurance Company —OF— CHARLOTTE, N. C. In the little town of Athens, Ga., : domiciled in a modest building, is the Southern Mutual Insurance Company. This company was organized in 1849, and has always been in charge of some of the leading business men in Athens The success of this Company, which has been wonderful, was not an acci dent, but the result of industry, care and ability on the part of the officers and managers During the year ending April 30th, 1894, this Company received for premiums in Georgia, where it only does business, the sum of $260,000, aud for interest from invested asserts, over $48,000; the entire expenses and losses of the Company were only 45 per cent, of its income, and it returned to its pol icy holders in dividends 71 per cent, of the'r premiums. This Company has j paid neatly four mil'ion dollars of ; losses., has saved its policy-holders three ! and a half million dollars in premiums, 1 and jet has accumulated a surplus fund of about a million dollars that is so well ■ invested that it yields an annual income of 5 per cent. This is the Company that the CARO-1 LINA MUTUAL is to be patterned after, I and its obj t ct is, not only to save our property owners a great deal of money, ! but to keep iri the South a share of the mouey that is being annually sent to the North and Europe for insufAhce. The management of this Company 1 proposes at the beginning to take the people into its confidence, and tell them frankly its plans and hopes. There are to be no secrets now or at any other time, that will be kept from its policy holders or from the nublie Iri the first place we want the CAROLINA MUTU AL to be pre eminently the PEOPLE’S I fire insurance company of the Carolinas; our stockholders, who are aud v. 31 be from all parts of the two States, aTi? of all classes, among them are Bankers, Merchants.- Manufacturers, Lawyers, i Physicians; Clerks and Mechanics. Under ouf Charter there can never bt?| a larger dividend than ten per cent, an nually, paid ohour Capital Stock; so we j cannot water our stock, and enrich the stockholder with.' the profit* that rightly j belong to the poHcy-holder. And then j our c- arter provides that the company * SHALL PAV TO TBE P& fCV HOLDERS a pro rata dividend of not' more than 50 per fwr of the balance ct the profits, till th? assets of the corporation shall have i became one-hundred thousand dollars j after'which the directors* may at their | discretion return the entran balance of the perils to the poTcy-fcd»ders. Our Charter further provides, that. after tbr first year, one-third of our Directors MUsT BE POLICY HOI-. I)ERS WHO ARE NOT STOCK HOI. D E fts 4 * elected by the po i- j cy-bolders; bo- the policy-holders of the CAROLINA MUTUAL will always have their o*n representatives, elected by themselve'fon our board of Directors, who will see to it that the conditions of sour Charter &?$ faithfully carried out : and their interrtstaearefully looked after The Compary will commence slowly and carefully, will* underwrite nothing 1, -t dwellings abd brick stores; will not write more thah £3,000 on a brick dwelling, nor than s2 ; of 0 any cat' solid block; i and ill do business caiy in towns when • file business bleaks aro- built largely* of brick, and that have got d , fire protest ion By writing only small lines ca fche tiest classes o: property, a> d keeping our ri.-ks well scattered, we will preverA the possibility of disastroi s losses and insure large dividends to our policy-holders, thus materially reducing me c >Bt ot iheir insurance. Our Capital Stock is FJFT Y THOU SAND DOLLARS, which is ample for the business we expect to do, in fact Ml CII MORE IN PROPORTION THAN ONE MILLION DOLLARS is to the large Companies, who write large lines on ,Ui classes of property and. do busi WE STAND BY OUR REPUTATION. The whole house, every department, has faced all- wards. All eyes are upon us,, curiosity is craning its #ck a catch a glimpse of the new fashions. Our predictions for the future have blossomed iu..o rs of t. e pr« m nt. We’ve dona, more - better-time we promised, We entered into competition, with ourselves, and have grow* to oar greatness, steadily, perseveringly, successfully, upiu even the glorious record of pa, is no m- a-rarj for the E). ■■ .in„ers of the present. Every stitch of the stock in the sjore is an arm of perfection that hold, ns dose 10 your confide-** On the people’s tongues are flying the emblems of onr,-jptarpri.se. Best qualities, lowest,prices. Yon just ought to see our Spring Suite, *ou prejudge enough to appreciate the perfection of lit, make apd linish. Oqr own designs. When they are all here there w«l bo several hundred styles. Each fashionable. The warmer change wilt soon call them into service. The Spring Derbys are all hgm -aft the shapes -made for tub Best with best. Neckwear, Clove „ Boys’ and children’s ; Clothes. Everything “SpringiW’-ts just swarming in from emww <*■ thecreative world, Elusive and guaranteed. ! S. & O. Berwanger. ness all over the United States and Can ada. A huger capital would lw useless and unwieldly, and besides would make it necessary to give more of the profits to our stockholders and less to our pol ley holders. Section 6 of our Charter reads “That no stockholder or policy holder shall be individually liable for the debts of this corporation.” We expect to have our agencies es tablished and be ready for business by the first of April, due announcement of ! which will be made. b> ) < UP YOUR POLICY NOW, AND WHEN IT EXPIRES HAVE IT iRENEWED WITH THE CAROLINA MUTUAL DIRECTORS: M. P. Peuram, A. C. Summerville, I*. M. Brown, Hkiuot Clarkson, E B. H'Rings, J. T. Anthony, B. D. Heath, J. W. Miller, S impel E. White, P. M. BROWN, E. B. SPRINGS, President. Vice President, ! C. FI'RBER JONES, iSeerefary. Johnson’s Magnetic Oil, horse brand, is a powerful liniment especially pre pared for external ure for persons and all diseases of horses aud cattle. $1 size 50 cents; s n c size 25 cents. For sale by John Y. Macßae, druggist, Raleigh, N.C. Fora longtimeflr. SJohn Barbee, of 117 |R? : Main St., Durham, jw N. C. was a victim vs to Dyspepsia He was advised to take yr % Brown’s J Iron £ | Bitters. S On July 10, 1894, he |l| wrote a grateful letter in mg which he said: nfl “J have used Brown’s fin /» Iron Bitters for two BE months for Dyspepsia and it has cured me. ” hb r§A He does not mind J|? yjg it V being known- ££ perhaps his letter I|| 4® may help YOU to a §# ctirel This remedy jfjf $1 has helped thous andsduriihgthepast >§7* 20 yrs. Will yoti M try it? It dt>es not jp constipate aifd it M WON’T INJURE m THE TEETH. 11 Brown Chem. Co. Balto. r \ti>- Wa The No. agt<?n vritcr. I ,N EXPERIMENT. ii| Notable Improvements ' -Mmk incorporated into this j etaining the essential nplicity and durability Remington is famous. WYCKOFF, ENEDICT 327 BROAD t ALUICI, K. JOHN B. CULPEPER, Sales . East Main ud North Carolina, lEWIS^B Accident w The best $3.00 Men’s Shoes on the market. Made from tannery calfskin, dongola tops, all leather trimmed, solid leather soles with Lewis’ Cork Filled Soles. L nequaled for beauty, fine workman whip, and wearing qualities. Your choice of all tho popular toes, lasts and fasten ings. Every pair contains a paid-up Acci dent Insurance Policy for SIOO, good for Os) days. Wear Lewis’ Accident Insurance Shoes, and go insured free. For sale by WHITING BROS. North Carolina, t T Duplin county, f ln thebuperior Court Kilby Arm wood vs Lu rands Armwood— Notice The defe dant af>ove named will take notice that an action entitled as above, has been commenced in the Superior Court of Duplii county by said plaintiff agains said defendant to obtain a divorce from the bonds of matrimony. The said defendant will further take notice that she is required to appear at the next term of the Su erior Court of said county to tie held on the 2nd Moi day l>efore the first Monday in March, 18 u 5, at the court house of said county, in Kenansville, N G and answer or demur to the complaint in said action or th plaintiff will apph to the court for the relief demanfed in said complaint. This 14 s h day of January, 1895. JNO. A. GAVIN. C S. O. Slfi What do the Dickey Birds Say? That th© Nattiest and Nobbiest LINK OK Spring Wear lu clothing, Bats, Shoes, Cravats, Shirt*. Collars and Cuff®, etc., is now fctJogt received by us. PRICES RIGHT.
The News & Observer (Raleigh, N.C.)
Standardized title groups preceding, succeeding, and alternate titles together.
March 24, 1895, edition 1
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