j \ Paper with a Prestige
iof a Half Century. A
County, Not a Com
munity Paper
£... A BUSHED SEPTEMBER 19, 1878.
Fo odiums Siler
City Corraied
*
Six of Siler’s. Toughest Lodged
in Jail Within Three Days
—-Assault, Robbery, Forg
ery the Charges
—■ —<s>
S ;pr City and environs should be
improved in morals shortly if the
hoodlums of the community are
gathered in it at the rate of the
last week. However, the town which
V as disappointed in its population,
will be back in the Pittsboro class
if the decimation continues long.
Six young bucks have been given
quarters in jail here within a few
days on the charges of grave as
sault. robbery, and forgery. Fortu
nately. they were very accommodat
ing in timing their crimes so that
the county would not have to feed
them long before their trials.
Four came in Sunday night,
charged with brutally beating Mr.
Joe Frazier, night watchman for the
Chatham Sash and Blind Factory.
This crime was without provocation,
it seems, and is manifestly a result
of sheer brutishness abetted by mean
liquor.
The young fools took Mr. Frazier’s
pistol away from him and beat him
up seriously. They then threw him
into their old car and drove to his
home and rolled him out by the
wayside. However, some one was
near and persauded them to help
him carry the injured man into the
house.
There seems to have been no at
tempt to conceal identities. The
four are Floyd Langley, Claud
Brown, Harrison Brown, and Charlie
Maness. Deputy Charlie Crutchfield .
found Frazier’s pistol in Brown’s
bed at his home.
Another to find lodging here is
Ed Dorsett, reputed to be one of
the worst eggs of the whole lot. He
has quite a court record here and
in Guilford county. It is said that
he served a term in Guilford county
for stealing an' automobile and sell- ;
ing it in Danville, Va.. He has been
in the Chatham courts. Like the
other four, he seems to have lost
all sense of caution. He is said :
to have eaten supper with Mr. Boze ,
McLean, a bachelor who lives about
four miles from Siler City, and
Siler City, and after supper to have
deliberately thrown his host down ,
and robbed him of an even hundred
dollars. There is no report of any
attempt to injure Mr. McLean. Dor- ,
sett simply took the monev and ran. ,
He is said to own up to the deed.
However, it may be that the case
will be tried before this paper is
printed and that the reader may
find elsewhere in it a report on the
actual trial.
The sixth to be domiciled here
on the eve of court, is Raymond
Ritter. He is charged with forging
six checks on various parties in the
Siler City community.
The most of these hoodums are
natives of Moore county, we are
informed.
John W. Smith Dead
Mr. John W. Smith, aged sixty
five, died at his home near Silk
Hope Wednesday afternoon, May
7, and was buried at Mt. Vernon
Methodist church Thursday after
noon. The funeral services were
conducted by Rev. Ed Harris, as
sisted by Rev. J. W. Bradley. The
burial was under the auspices of the
Junior Order, of which he was a
member. He is said to have been
popular in his community and a
good citizen.
He is survived by his widow:
three sons, W. M. Smith, C. H.
Smith, of Siler City, Route 1, and
Earl Smith, at home; four daugh
ters, Mrs. W. C. Johnson, Mrs. A.
C. Perry, of Siler City, Route 4;
Miss Margaret Smith and Miss Jocie
Smith, at home; one brother, H. P.
Smith, Siler City, Route 1; two sis
ters, Mrs. W. F. Crutchfield and
Mrs. Lonnie Durham, Pittsboro.
Owen Roberts Named
for Supreme Court
President Hoover on Saturday
sent to the senate the name of
9 c-n J. Roberts for supreme court
in place of John Parker, whose nom
inate >n was rejected by the senate
Wednesday. Mr. Roberts has never
bt. n on the bench but is nationally
nown as a corporation lawyer and
< as served a special counsel for the
government in oil lease prosecu
tions. He is a Pennyslvania Repub
lican.
It is believed at this time that
be will be confirmed, although none
of the Washington correspondents
ill hazard a definite prediction, re
membering the Hughes and Parker
incidents. It was thought during
Ihe Parker fight that much of the
opposition against him was sectional
and must of the rest was inspired
by the wet interests. Mr. Roberts
I s of the Pennsylvania regulars and
ls rated as a wet; hence little op
position is expected.
The Chatham Record
Texas Court House
Burned to Get Negro
An infuriated mob of several
thousand people attacked the court
house at Sherman, Texas,' Friday
for the purpose of lynching a negro
being tried for criminal assault. Of
ficers locked the negro in the vault
to protect him from the mob, and
the courthouse was fired and burned
down, the negro being literally cook
ed in the vault oven. Governor Dan
Moody ordered out militia and de
clared martial law at Sherman—
but the damage had already been
done.
w
***************
• *
Moncure News
* *
*********<:*****
Mrs. J. L. Sprower and little
daughter of Freeport, N. Y., are
here visiting her parents, Mr. and
Mrs. J. J. Hackney. Mrs. J. L.
Sprower, Sr., also of New York, ac
companied them here.
Mrs. H. D. Strickland is visiting
her sister in Fayetteville this week.
Mr. Clarence Crutchfield, who has
been teaching in Biscoe high school,
the past year, closed a successful
school year there one day last week.
There were 15 in the graduating
class. Mr. Crutchfield will spend his
vacation here with his parents, Mr.
and Mrs. C. B. Crutchfield.
Mr. G. F. Womble spent one day
last week in Raleigh on business.
Rev. J. A. Dailey and Rev. P. D.
Woodall were in town last Saturday
shaking hands with friends. Several
from here attended the revival serv
ice at Pittsboro Methodist church
last Sunday evening to hear Rev.
P. D. Woodall a former pastor, who
were glad of the chance of hearing
him preach again.
There was a very appropriate
service for “Mother’s Day” held at
the Methodist church here by the
pastor, Rev. J. A. Dailey, Sunday
morning, May 11th, at 11 a. m.
Songs that our mothers used to sing
were sung during the servfi&e and a
special “I Have Not Forgotten
Mother” was sung by the choir.!
Each one in the congregation wore
a red rose or a white rose.. The
wearing of the red rose was a sym
bol that their mother was living and
the wearing of the white rose was
a symbol that their mother was
dead. But the most beautiful of all
flowers is the “flower of love” that
blooms in all mother’s hearts.
Mr. Dan Trollinger of High Point
spent Sunday with his brother, Mr.
B. L. Trollinger.
Mr. and Mrs. S. D. Smith and
children of Greensboro were guests
of Mr. and Mrs. W. W. Stedman
Sunday. . . .
Miss Beatrice Wilkie is visiting
relatives in Durham and Miss Lois
Wilkie spent last week-end with her
sister, Mrs. John Bell, Jr., atFuquay
Springs.
Mr. and Mrs. Floy Womble and
children of Raleigh and Mr. Guy
Womble of Raleigh spent Sunday
“Mother’s Day,” with their parents,
Mr. and Mrs. R. P. Womble.
Mr. W. W. Stedman is attending
the district confei*ence of the M. E.
church at Roseboro, this week, which
is in session May 13th and 14th.
Prof, and Mrs. W. C. Tarward
and little daughter, Miss Betty,
spent last week on Ocracoke Isl
and visiting her father. They re
turned to their home here last Sat
urday. _ ,
Trains N. & H. No. 12 and N.
& H No. 11 have been discontin
ued. Norfolk and Hamlet Train No.
4 does local work and reaches Mon
cure at 12:25 p. m. and Wash. &
Ham train No. 3 also does local
work and reaches Moncure at 5:19
p. m. The rural carriers of Mon
cure office leave out a little earlier
each day in order to return and
dispatch all mail collected, on train
No. 4 which reaches Moncure at
12:25 p. m.
Mother’s Day Dinner
(Contributed)
At the dear old mother home
place of Jackson and Mary Griffin
the children, grand children, great
grandchildren, friends and neighbors
all met on Mother’s Day, Sunday,
May 11. There were present 119
from Pittsboro Hickory Mountain
Burlington Carrsboro Chapel Hill
Durham Merry Oaks Moncure Che
raw South Carolina. How happy the
dav was spent thinking of our chi -
hood days past with our dear moth
ers. The bountiful table was spread
in the yard, under the dear old
hickory trees, where we all spent
our childhood days of play. Ihe
blessing and prayer were rendered
by Dr. R. E. Clark of South Caro
lina. Loved ones friends and neigh
bors Our Heavenly Father has a
feast and a great reunion for each
of us. And may we all live so that
we will meet our tove j ones at our
heavenly home. —A C ua'Hughter,
Mrs. J. B. Powers.
«.
ATTENDED CONFERENCE
Pastor J. A. Dailey, Messrs. H. C.
Clegg, Henry Durham, Mrs. D. B.
Nooe, Mrs. Ed Hinton, Mr. Lacy
Womble and perhaps others of this
M. E. circuit attended the district
conference at Roseboro, Sampson
county, this week.
PITTSBORO, N. C., CHATHAM COUNTY, THURSDAY, MAY 15, 1930
SEVERAL NEGROES DREW
PRISON TERMS IN COURT
Assailants of Lonnie Knight Convicted After
Short Period of Deliberation by Jury—
Three Submit to Charge of Robbery
and Assault
After only a few minutes of deliberation the jury ren
dered a verdict of guilty in the case of each of the six men
indicted for assault and robbery of Lonnie Knight, January
17, 1930. Judge Lyon immediately sentenced them as fol
lows: Roy Bell, Leo Huggins, Lonnie Lambert, eight to ten
years in the penitentiary; Jim Henry Myers, six to eight years,
Ransom Durham, three to four years, Roy Monk, two to three
years, the term being lessened on account of his physical
condition.
The trial of the half dozen
groes charged with assault and rob
bery of Mr. Lon Knight on January
17 took up all the afternoon of
Monday and practically all Tuesday
of court this week.
Three of them entered pleas of
non contendere and were used as
witnesses by the State. These were
Roy Monk, Ransom Durham, and
Lonnie Lambert. Durham and Monk
were represented by Attorney L. R.
Morris of Durham, whose main pur
pose was to minimize as far as pos
sible the part played by his clients.
Attorney B. Ray Olive of Dur
ham was counsel for Jim Henry
Myers, and his attempt was to
prove an alibi for Myers, and he
had an unusually strong array of
witnesses who testified that Myers
was in Durham at the time of the
assault and robbery. However, these
witnesses could make little headway
in the face of the statements of
Durham, Monk, and Lambert that
Myers was a member of the party
of six who came down from Dur
ham in an old car for the specific
purpose of robbing Mr. Knight. Yet
if any motive could be assigned for
the inclusion of Myers in the group
when he wasn’t, the alibi would pos
sibly have held.
Roy Lee, who formerly lived in
the neighborhood .of Mr. Knight,
was not of the party, but according
to the story of the three who turned
State’s evidence, he was the man
who suggested -the robberv and fur
nished the car. Lee had no attorney
but went on the stand and denied
knowing anything of the trip or of
the conspiracy to rob the old man,
though he admitted that his son had
told him that the gang got his car.
Monk and Lambert stated that Lee
was to share in the boodle for fur
nishing the car.
Durham declared that he did not
know anything of the purpose of
the trip, that he was picked up on
Fourth Street in Durham and when
he learned what was up tried to
persuade the fellows not to do it.
Monk and Lambert also ,failed to
declare that Durham had knowledge
of the conspiracy until he was on
the way, and Durham and they
agreed in stating that Durham took
no part in the robbery and was at
a distance when Mr. Knight was
assaulted. Also, Mr. Knight testified
from the beginning that he saw only
five men, and according to the testi
mony of the three turning state’s
evidence, there were six in the
party, including Dune Rogers, who
has "not yet been captured.
Lambert, who was without at
torney, entered a nolo contendere,
though if any one is guiltier than
another, it is he, and he made no
bones of the matter, admitting that
he knew the place, that he directed
the trip, that it was he who first
accosted Mr. Knight, asked him
about his money, knocked him down,
and helped to drag or lead him to
the house, and searched for money.
He was raised in the Knight com
munity, and when Lee, according
to the testimony, declined to come
himself, he said that Lambert knew
the place as well as he did.
Leo Huggins swore that he knew
nothing about the trip or robbery.
Roy Lee also denied any knowledge
of the conspiracy. But, like Myers
in his attempt to establish an alibi,
they were helpless in view of the
confessions of the three who pleaded
guilty, and also in the face of a
clear-cut identification of all of
them by Mr. M. E. White, at whose
filling station at the foot of Bynum
bridge the car of negroes stopped
on the day of the robbery.
That man White seems to have
an indelible memory for faces, also
names. He had seen the men m
the car only for a few brief mo
ments, yet when the men with an
additional non-suspect were led be
fore him in Durham, he picked out
the five he had seen and omitted
the non-suspect, though there were
supposed to be six in the car, and
Mr. White might have been expect
ing all six in the gang brought be
fore him. He also swore that he
had recognized Myers as the driver
of a furniture truck in which he
himself had ridden to Durham sev
eral months before.
Several of them proved good
characters previous to the report of
their arrest for the robbery.
* Mr. Knight lived alone about
»
three miles northeast of Pittsboro.
He is generally known to have
money, but it was not so well known
that he kept it banked almost to
the last dollar. Accordingly, the
two former neighbors might readily
expect to find easy pickings. But
when they had come down and as
sailed their man, he drew forth his
money pouch to show that it was
empty and told them that he had
his money in the bank. He did
have sixteen dollars and thirty cents,
which disappeared, but no witness
acknowledged seeing any more than
the thirty cents. Also a deposit
slip for a large sum disappeared,
but was afterward found near the
scene of the assault.
Mr. Knight was carried into his
house and when no money could
be found was left tied to the bed
under threats of death if he should
attempt to escape. However, he un
fastened himself shortly after his
assailants left and rode to Bynum
only short time after the car con
taining the .. negroes passed the
White filling station,, he having
come by a nearer way. He was
somewhat bruised about the face,
but he testified that he was soon
over the hurt.
When it was discovered by in
vestigating officers that the men
had, come into the Knight commu
nity on a car and that one of the
tires was off when it returned,- the
trail became easy, especially with
Mr. White’s * memory and later
identification of the car.
Solicitor Williams made his usual
energetic prosecution.
The jury trying the case was
composed of the following good
men: J. R. Marley, M. W. Willett,
W. F. Marshall, W. E. Griffin, H.
E. Mcßane, J. E. Harmon, Wade
Harper, John C. Kidd, R. I. Bowers,
John Perry, B. T. Phillips, W. B.
Merrit.
The partial blindness of Mr.
Knight prevented any recognition
on his part.
— -<s> ■ ■ - -
BILLY GIVES PARTY
Master Billy Eubanks Hamilton
entertained a few of his little
friends at a party Saturday after
noon, celebrating his sixth birthday.
Billy came with his parents from
Winston-Salem Saturday to spend
:he week-end with his grandparents,
Mr. and Mrs. W. M. Eubanks, on
vvhose beautiful lawn he entertained
his friends. Each guests presented
Billy with an appropriate gift, which
?ave him great pleasure.,,
After they played games on the
lawn for a while they went into the
dining room, where beautiful re
freshments were served. A large
birthday cake, on which six pink
candles were burning, formed the
center piece for the table and at
each place were a pink toy favor
and a basket of mints.
Mrs. Eubanks and her daughter,
Mrs. 0. W. Hamilton, served cake
and ice cream to the happy group.
The following little friends enjoyed
Billy’s hospitality and wished him
many, many more happy birthdays:
Margaret Poe Tatum, Eleanor and
George Johnson, Celeste Connell,
Walter Johnson, Jr., Betty Scott
Barber, William Reid Thompson, Jr.,
Dalton Gunter, Jr., Betsy Condon,
Walker Blair, Jr., Betsy Hatch, Cal
lie Vick Farrell, Nannie Johnson.
Mrs. W. P. Horton, Mrs. Ed Hatch
and Mrs. Victor Johnson assisted
in entertaining the children and en
joyed the party quite as much as
they.
s>
WILL PLANT KUDZU
Th Record’s frequent harping
upon the value of kudzu as a forage
plant, echoing the praise of Editor
Ashcraft of the Monroe Enquirer,
who is the apostle of kudzu, seems
to be about to result in a worth
while trial in the county. Mr. R.
V. Morris of Baldwin township has
ordered seed for an acre. He has
a few plants already, but is going
to give the great bean a real trial.
Watch out for results in a year
or two from Mr. Morris’s test.
Judith—How did Lola manage to
reduce so much?
Muriel—Oh, her boy friend is
out of town and she’s been paying
for her own meals. —The Pathfinder
UNION NEGRO DIES FOR
FIRST DEGREE BURGLARY
1 Ernest Brumfield, young Union
county negro, died in the electric
chair at Raleigh Friday, thus paying
the penalty for first degree burglary
and attempted criminal assault, of
which charges he was found guilty
by a Union county jury. Brumfield
is alleged to have broken into the
home of Rev. M. D. L. Preslar near
Wingate and attempted assault upon
his daughter. He was convicted on
circumstantial evidence, but he de
clared as he went to the chair that
he was not guilty of the charge.
Court in Session
Here This Week
Judge Lyon Presiding—Knight
Assault and Robbery Case
Most Important on Docket
Court has been in session this
week, with Judge Lyon on the
bench.. ..So.li.itor Williams has been
present as prosecutor and Miss
Speight as stenographer.
The greater part of the first two
days was consumed in the trial of
the assailants of Mr. Lonnie Knight.
But that case is reported in a sep
arate article.
Monday forenoon was spent main
ly in hearing reports of men on
probation. However, two small cases
were disposed of. Charles Johnson
entered a nolo contendere to chick
en stealing. He was sentenced to
three months on the roads, but
prayers for judgment was continued
on condition that he pay half the
costg and pay for the chickens.
Ralph Slade submitted to a charge
of trespass and was let off with
payment of half the costs.
The following served as grand
jurymen: E. H. Hearne, foreman,
Lacy Beall, C. M. Covert, J. B.
Ingle, W. M. Sturdivant, Hubert
Fields, Sam White, R. D. Phillips,
Geo. H. Brooks, Sr., T. C. Perry,
Jno. W. Snipes, C. R. Yow, G. F.
McCormick, W. J. Durham, J. J.
Hackney, J. S. Stroud, J. J. Hatley,
R. G. Huckner.
Judge Lyon’s charge to the grand
jury was brief but comprehensive.
•„ ; , >-
• ; *
* Bear Creek News *
* *
***************
Mr. and Mrs. T. B. Beal and
daughter, Frances, were recent vis
itors in the homes of A. P. Holt,
Salisbury, and J. J. Burns of Troy.
Mrs. S. T. Coggins, of Greens
boro, was a recent visitor in town.
R. L. McDaniel and Mr. and Mrs.
B. S. Beaver and family of Dur
ham, were week-end visitors in
town.
Boston Marsh, colored, has moved
into his new home on route 2, near
where he formerly lived. We are
glad to welcome him back.
Miss Elizabeth Woody, who has
been teaching near Raleigh, has re
turned to home for her vacation.
Mesdames M. E. Saunders and
C. C. Hargrove, of Raleigh and
Burlington, respectively, were Sun
day visitors in the home of their
parents, Mr. and Mrs. J. D. Willett.
Mrs. L. D. Poe is on the sick
list, we are sorry to state.
June J. Phillips has been ill for
some time, but hope he shall soon
be recovered.
J. T. Coggins, of Washington,
D. C., was a visitor on route 2 last
week.
W. P. Ivey, carrier No. 1, has
purchased himself a new Ford to
carry his mail.
M. W. Willett and J. H. Watkins
are attending the criminal court at
Pittsboro this week as jurors.
®
CIRCUIT WIDE PICNIC
The pastor of the Pittsboro cir
cuit of the Methodist church is an
nouncing a circuit wide Sunday
school and church picnic, embracing
all the churches on the charge, to
be held on the spacious, beautiful
lawn at the parsonage in Pittsboro
on Saturday before the fourth Sun
day in this month, May the 24th.
It will also be the occasion of the
celebration of the pastor’s “birth
day.” The congregations of the sev
eral churches and other friends are
expected to bring baskets and meet
at 12 o’clock. There will be brief
addresses by several out-of-town
friends, dinner served at 1 o’clock
and an hour or two of a social
nature will be enjoyed. The pastor
will furnish ice cold lemonade, ice
water and build a fifty-foot table.
The bachelors are requested to come
early and look over the field and
take note.
J. A. BAILEY, Pastor.
Touzalin —I hear that Miss Pen
holt has been able to write but one
successful short story.
Foozello—Yes, she thinks she’s
■ handicapped by living in a one-story
'i house.—The Pathfinder.
Subscribers at Every
Postoffice and All R.
F. D. Routes in Great
County of Chatham*
VOLUME 52—NUMBER 31
Veterans of 85
Are Dwindling
Dnly Two of Heroes of the
Sixties Answer Call for Re
union May 10—Dowd and
Jones
The veterans of the war of the
sixties have almost run their course.
The five years since the editor of
The Record first saw the Chatham
group gathered on Decoration Day
have seen the number dwindle from
a score or more to two, who re
sponded to the call of the Daughters
of the Confederacy to assemble last
Saturday. There are other survivors,
but very few and some of these
unfitted for a day from home.
The two who came were Messrs.
R. M. Jones and W. I. Dowd. Both
these appeared in good physical and
mental condition, and were feasted
at the Blair Hotel, along with Mrs.
Bright, widow of Veteran J. R.
Bright, and others who came with
the veterans and Mrs. Bright. .
There was no address this year,
but the graves of veterans in the
several chuchyards here were deco
rated by the good ladies.
Upper Cape Fear Items
Mr. and Mrs. R. J. Seagroves and
daughters, Ruby and Ethel, spent
Sunday with the latter’s mother,
Mrs. Bettie Goodwin. .
Mrs. Emma Goodwin and son,
Charlie of Burlington, spent Sunday
at the home of Mr. and Mrs. J.
L. Goodwin.
Mrs. D. L. Webster and little
daughters, Louise and Betty Dan
of Philadelphia, Pa., are visiting
Mrs. Addie Webster.
Mr. C. M. Goodwin of New
London, Conn., is spending a few
days with his parents, Mr. and Mrs.
W. M. Goodwin.
Mr. and Mrs. Glenn Tysinger. and
little daughter, have returned to
their home in Davidson county after
spending a week with the. latter’3
parents, Mr. and Mrs. R. F. Sturdi
vant.
Miss Lillian Jordan who is teach
ing at Aberdeen, spent the week
end with her father at Merry Oaks.
Mr. and Mrs* G. B. Sturdivant of
Pittsboro were Sunday visitors at
the home of Mr. and Mrs. J. L.
Goodwin.
Mr. and Mrs. J. B. Beckwith and
daughter, Myrtle, have recently re
turned from a visit to relatives at
Greensboro.
Quite a number of people from
New Elam attended the memorial
services at Ebenezer M. E. Church
Saturday.
Many of the pepole who were
reared in that community were back
to enjoy the day with friends.
The singing and talks were ex
ceptionally good.
Among those who made inspiring
talks were: Rev. G. T. Mills, Mr.
P. G. Farrar, Rev. Brown, the paSf
tor; Mr. D. A. Mann, Mr. Ruffin
Farrar, and Rev. Walter Farrar.
The annual memorial will be held
at New Elam Christian church,
Saturday, May 17th.
Miss Lola Jones entertained a
number of her friends Saturday
night.
BURIAL OF MRS. BRYAN
Funeral services for Mrs. Ann
Virginia Bryan age 81 widow of
the late David C. Bryan, who died
Monday, May 5, at her home near
Silk Hope, were conducted Tuesday
afternoon at three o’clock from Mt.
Vernon M. E. church, with Rev.
Ed Harris in charge, assisted by
Rev. J. W. Brady, pastor of the
church.
Mrs. Bryan was a life long mem
ber of Melaughan Lutheran church,
and has many friends in Randolph
and Chatham counties. She was a
woman of beautiful Christian char
acter. The large crowd attending
the funeral and the many beautiful
flowers bespeaks the high esteem
and respect in which she was held
by her many friends. She is sur
vived by two sons: Lewis H. Bryan
and C. C. Bryan, both of Siler _
City R. F. D. No. 4. Two daugh
ters, Mrs. S. G. Hunter, of Greens
boro, Mrs. J. W. Lindley, Siler City,
R. F. D. No. 4; two half brothers,
Tom and William Smith of Florida;
three half sisters, Mrs. William
Rightsell of Greensboro, Mrs. Ar
thur Ross of Asheboro, Mrs. Alex
Burns of Asheboro; 1£ grand
children, and nine great grand
children.
Pallbearers were James J, Robert
A. Thomas H, Henry W. Lee A.
and Jim Lutterloh, first cousins of
the deceased. Interment was made
in the church cemetery.
T. L. SMITH
Siler City, May 7.
■
Oboe —Scotty MacPherson hide 3
the false teeth when he is away
from home.
Sax —Is that so? Why?
Oboe —So his wife can’t eat be
tween meals. —The Pathfinder.