North Carolina Newspapers

' i - ' ' : ; . .-.v . -..-Jt-'C'-J!- .-' i 1 .. . .. .. ";! WWWyW"'1 ljM1IWiiiiiiiii ii. i v i a Lfii.-ir .1...,, -i U.. . AMrA ii'"j.'IWWW'lll'nLHtlu . . . . . 1 .Vllt' tt- . . ..iryi ' ri in . . .); :r v -? j. - t .1 11 11. 1 - . . I I . d " !v do cain nd " l?;?n for the United State of Amen. 5 7 in this consUtuuoothejr extended nhe citizens. I hold that ihe govern f -..Tlnited States is a government if ' e, as much so as the government to Carolina, and each is independent l "her within its constitutional sphere rfJ'Madisoa, in theortyth amjer of dera'ut. in peatingpfr attachment, rZle to the federal and State gov lays, -notwithstanding the d ffer ""Hei i whicb they lrere appointed, consider, both of thero as substan- tltnl on tlle citU f the United S atea. -,1 assume this i,re at it respects the first, reserv- rrt'Z:rn another tdace. A?1"6 Ej!.! and State Governments are 11 . . .mrornnt ncMMitfi ana trustees of t' rt Bill tiiit'v o . i,lu :..c,uid with different nOwers K Cf. ated for different purposes. The ne of the constitution seem to hare &tof the pearl, altogether, in their 1 on this subject ad to have vie w- tl,Lc .-.; - u... . i I fiva S SnU e'Cinirs, uuni u"tuuirui- -, rommon superior in their efforts .., the authotity of each ollv-r. These tlemen must be.remtnded of their error, ivy mUSt be told, that the ul imate aulhor '.uv.r the derivative may be found. Li)""- ihe neo4le aJaiie ; erefyo'i the cpmpa ofthediffere-'tgov am I it will not Wnd mere comparative ambition of the different govern ments, whe- -jjdress veither, or which of them, wH' be able to its'sphcre of jurisdiction at the ex- eeftM-n. ..... , Fi..n tir in support of thi doctrine, J quote Lnnimon of Chief Justice Marshall, delivered ..-.I. 1910. in iliecase ol McCuIIovh asrainM " Siale of Maryland, and others. The plaintiff ,i,; rar was the Cashier or a Branch Bank 1,1,s .' . o... 1 : tu; -.i ,ifd the payment of a tax iinpced bf the Le- a 1U re 01 MiVllu uu 041 IVi uaua. urviuui lictin pi)wer of t!ie gtverninent of the Union ijnJ iw meml)ers. The Chiet( Justice deliveivd 'at opinion of'ilie Court, and amon? other things, tar said : " 'n discosins thii question, ihe Coun . r .u- Uiotn r Mnrvlaml-' have Hpemed it nl' hrtiornic u.-. j imporiance, in uie construciion 01 uie .on I . (.... il nponln -hut as the act ot'Koverern tli independent Stales. The powers of the Gen '4 Government, it has been said, are delegated wihe Stales, who alone are truly sovereign, and I jusi be exercised in subordiaation to the states, tho alone possess lupreuie aominion. 11 wouia baifficult losusiaia this proposition. The Con tention which framed the Consiiiuiion. was, in selected by the S-ate Legislature. But the Bsrament, wlien it caine from iheir hands, was l mere proposal, without oblisfation or pretensions I . .1 ... I ff, iKa t hon avMinit fn felt. I WHS rrjwjiKTU in aii- rauiiu vxvst- Ussof the UiiiuhI Mates, witti a request mat u M. . . l 1 . r .: ii ... liosen in each State ov me pwipie inereoi, unuer . .... a -I l- .1 1 i rprnmmendath.n its legwlature. lor Hieir eu and rauncaiion. ' muur i jirucrru . . M !: :. j i" I a; iris adopied ; ' and by the Convenuon, by unOTfss. and by the "Mate Legislatures, the in- Uuineni was submitted lo the people. They Ktedunon it in uie only manner in wlucli iitey 1 .. . . 1 mictn eW. mecttvety, anu wisely, on sucn a nbiect. bv assembling in Convention. It is true an assembled in their several Stale and where I ' 1.114 HT . tr.! l dtshoulJ ivy nave assemoieu ixo pomicai inmer was e ver wild enough to think of break down ihe lines which seperate ihe States, and ("compounding the American people into o&e ommon mas. Of consequence when ihey act. iey act in their Slates. But the measures they lopt, do noi. on that account, cease to be the leas u res oi' ihe people themselves, or becoiHethe 3orw of tr Saw eoreroeni. - From these From these) (in veil 1 ions, ihe Consntulion derives its whole wiihoniy. Ihe government proceeds directly frnn the people ; is " ordained and established" a the name of the people ; and is declared to be oniained to form a more perfect Union, &c. The Km! ol the folates in iheir sovereign capacity, is implied in calling a Convention, and ihu sub Bffiin; ihat insiruaient to the people. But the I pwple were at perfect liberty to accept or reject it; uxlmeir act was hnal. It required not the atnr nance, and could uol be negatived by the Slate Mwtunents. TheCoiisiitutioii, when thus adopt inl.was of complete obligation, and bound the 8ute sovereignties. It has been said thai the peo plr had already surrendered all tjieir powers to the Sale sovereignties, and had nothing more to give. But surely the question, whether they may resume mi modify the. powers granted to government, not remain to be fettled in this country. Much more might the legitimacy of the General Government he doubted, bad it been created by tkeSiateji. The powers delegated to the Slate overeigniies were 10 be exercised by themselves, by a" distinct and independent sovereignty, ere nil hy themselves. To the formation of a league. arch as was the confederation, the state sover were certainly competent. But whea "order to loini a more Derfect union." it was ixti necessary to change this alliance into an tfffcuve government, possessing great and sover 'jn powers, and acting directly on the people, "nwvssity of referring it to the people, and de "in; in powers directly from theia, was felt and dnowled-ied bv all lueovernmcnt of the Union, tlven, ("whatever ' iif Ka.i. r . l i". . i : ' I 'x-uie inuueiice ' I una iti on me ciur,j is tmphatically and truly a government ofthepeo-fk- la form and in substance it emanates from 'hem. lt powers are granted by them, and are to he cjf rcisfd directly on them pnd for their ben ft TW2ovnnmentis acknowledged by' all to be one of enumerated powers. The principle, it it can exercise onlv the oowers eranted 10 it. vould seem looapp rent lo have required lobe nforred Or all those arguments which is ealighU menus, while it was depending belore ibe I p . . "Mr. CI e, iuund u necessary lo uree. rman, did our fathers who accepted ,.j . i . . . . . . . . 'i.uopipu ihe leqVral constitution msist that a tale had a right id secede or withdraw at pleav ,Urff No sir, in the convention ot this State W lo deliberate upon the question of accept constitution. Governor Johnson said, the niiuiion must be the Supreme law of the land, wise it will be in the po wer of any one Stale cuanieractthe other Slates, and withdraw itsell "m ihe IWn Theseauthoriiies show most conclusively, il opinion 0f thpse nien is of any value,' that a jT'sQ organized political cOmjnuoiiy, has Uhd i l SeceiJe or withdraw from the Cnion.- k y "2 ''''s 0P,n'on I am not advocating one wen puts i jeopardy the rights of the South, oihe contrary, one upon which its. rights Prwervaiion may depend. Many of our worth millions of dollars haye escaped in- rej ii Olaics. I niltr a law nl i:nnrress m pursuance of the constitution, we have a SWIO no tin r-an,l ,..K. Kit.;. a Wfi ijj , . " 'he duty of the President to enforce U; rf.L . ne nas of command the Armv and Navv to de t We llHTe a r'ul un(er lhe constitution rresiiUni t.- i r, . . ttuiu r ueciard that he will enlorce the ex ' 4 r ,be 'aw at ail hazards. If the doctrioe wsiob is admitted theu, we relinquish this T a"1 sk ihers which may be delusive may v.. , """cur K UIMMnno I correct, then one or all of the 7"-ivehold Glnrr Stlnto t.f.na . miUf .a w,KiraW 4i let iw n. .i t:. vuiuii. carrv with i wm nnr property ueuance. ,!, 01 t-nmgs, what remedy wouw tk imsnt noutder our musKeis anu ""r Uo thein. But what tor ! aurely i.. lt'Ceo,np, for aecordinjr t.o tlie doclriac 'jethat ri2l,t,and if right, it ia no Just ! trm . 'r- Now. Mr. Chairman, I put H-tp 12 le ma lo aay which, he prefers in ;W iaie ,)f thinsiMiltether toavail hirp- mit . """J nu navy lo enforceable ngfttw Kildi! t'f'ie whkh may enable ihoo-slate iL " 10 K nut of tho Union and carry despite of us. " In advocating tbw W 1 J JJ V HI W." Ji NJI -LI II V II V 'III III II I lit ' I i - - ..i ,1 VI T I VI V !i I til I I I r' 'tif,a;i i -f i i 1 III Itl MV ' f II V II V! J III s '. . I I I II III III --' '...I V.l ' 4 f '. II " 1 I ill 1; W: I I 1 l-.: . . .1 II I I tm " ........ ; rf . , .."7 i a . 1 : - l ' v vvvjt . -jr p i .. i.. . ..... .- Volume LH. iU trine. Kentlemn fm in forest tht other . Firirt.' f dmtbt the emutitatiaiwility of aucb a S''m Miy avuil theinnelve of it if mloptwl. Maw. 1 think it repaenant 10 the aeeind ela Nw York Hwywde awleiirrf wilh'her Preii- f of ihelenrti eotioo of the flrtt Article f lberB. uteiit Fillniorwandclii.111 hintlivirfedanegiRcaf Ktituiimi of, tte' United State, which declare' HCiMnlin? 10 h !ict rine futtii in the uiitr 4ht State ahall, witlwuit the eonmnl.ot C iy rep.rt. JtVho then would enforce the Uwi irm Jay any itwpoa or duileaoo import or ei ot the Union; and what would Hreidnt Fill-'f ports except, wht wtiy be abiuie!y nceBaiPy mvf d with hi oath of office t eiecutethe for zee u ins itt inoection law.'' Thia .due- Uwn. The gentleman from Burke (Mr, Avery.) say a Slate ha a rijht in aOiMilve citizen from his oaih, but who i prepared to nanctioit a doc trine .io mintrt,u, except perhaps thoe wild fan atics who -y there it a " higher law" and who nruke a nieiral reservation when tbey Uke' an oaih. No, air, an oath la an appeal to a higher tri bunal than an earthly one, and no human power ean absolve ru from ita1 obligations. 5Ir. Jhair man, I hesitate not to declare that in my opin ion, while the Constitution is observed by t-'on-gress ami the laws are faithfully executed by the executive, the safest position for the South is in the Uidon., ' Then we have the whole power of the government and the countenance and aid of all good and law abidiug men, in all sections, to protect us from enemies at home and enemies abroad. The institution of slavery has other enemies than those to be found in our own Country. VVe have, something to fear from abroad. When these blows are aimed at us I hold that our Northern brethren are bound by the solemn compact entered into, to aid as in warding them ofE In peace they most ' respect our rights, in war they are. bound to aid us in defending them. Is it wise in us then, to as sert a doctrine, by which they may absolve themselves. from these sacred obligations! No, sir, let us hold them to the bond they dare not repudiate it. Mr. Chairman, the doctrine of Recession is errone ous, and if uoi, it will avail us nothing to assert it at iltia lime Thera exists at this day a cls of poli ticians like those who opposed iha adoption, of the Federal Constitution. They feared unurp.it ion They rraaoned until they .got into uu unfathoiaabla abytis "The imagination inny range at pleasure till it gets bewildered amid.t the labyrinths of an enchanted cantle and knows net on which aide to turn to escape fmtn the apparitions which itself ha raised., The gentleman from CuinberUn-1. Mr. Dobbin, has quoted f om the report ot Mr Mndison, ou the Vtrgiui Heaelulions of 98 and 99, with the view of showing tint be aproved of the doctrine of secea sion. Nw, sir, either the geutteman or myself is mistaken iii the niuninc of that rap rt. I will read a oortiouof it in order that Mr. Madisea nay be heir J to spexk for hiotself and explain what b uteitns by a Stale. "It is iudeed true that the term "States'7 is some times used in a vauge sense' and sometime in dif ferent sciims according to the auhjact to which it is appliel. Thus, it aometiinm meant the separate sections of territory occupied by the political soeietirs within each ; souietimes the particular governments, edtablUbel by those scieiie; sometime those socie ties as organise iuto those particular governments and lastly, it meant the people composing those po litical societies, in their highest ssvereiga capacity. Although it might tie wished that the perfection of langmge admitted le diversity m the signification of the same words, yt linje iucoavenieiice is pro duced by it where the true sense can be collected with certainty from the different applications. In the present instance, whatever different construe :ion of the term 'States, ia the resolution may h ive been entertained, all will at lettt concur in that last cautioned ; because iu thu sense. Ihe Conitutita. l"s aubawtted ( the "States.-in mat sense t be -States ratified it, and in that sense or tae term "Stnte that they are consequently parties to the compact frm which the powers of the Federal Gov ernment result. t Agtin, sir. I will quote from the speech of Mr. Madison in reply to Patrick Henry in the Virginia Convention, to show that the geiitleman from Cum berland h;is mistaken his view. "This Government is not completely consolidated, nor is it entirely federal. Who are Ihe ptrtiesto ii? The people but not the people as composing one gre.it body but tne people as composing ifairteen tMivereigtinea.'' It is or a eompiicaiea naiure, ana this complication, I trust, will be found to exclude the -.villi of absolute consolidation, as well as of a mere ennfedprncy. A Koveiuiaent that relied on thirteen independent sovereignties, for the means of its eiisteuce. is a solecism in ineorv. ani a mere nullity in practice. Is it ennsisfeot wkh reason that such a xoverum-ut can promote the happiness of any peoplr?" The ecntlemait from Curoherland, Ihepe, is now convinced, lhat he has niiaconceived the opinions of Mr. Madin. Mr. Chairman. I will proceed fe state what I conidr ihe true theory of our government on ihia snhjfct. I regird the eontitttiua and laws of the (Jniied State pn..ed in pursuance thereof as the supreme Uw ol the Uod, and aasneh it is ih dotj ol evary eitia-n and every Slate implicitly teohjr i hem - If hoiisvrr. the government of the United rtt.ites stepM beyond Ihe limits prescribed by the con stituiiou. then its laws thus pMsaed are neither btnd iatr on a Slate or citiseq' I refer to the opinion of Alevipd-r Hami'ton. "If individuals enter into a state of society, the Itws of that aociety must be the supreme rejrnlator of their conduct. If a number of political societies enter int." a larger political socir tyj, the law which the hitler may enact, pq mount to the powers entru-oed to it by the constitntion; raaat necesi-arily be aapretne over those societies aiid ihe iullividnalsof wbon they are composed, (l would otherwise be a mere treaty dependent en the good faith of the partiex, aud not a government which is onlv another word for political power and supremacy. But it wilt not follow from this doctrine that acta of the larger society, which are not porsuaut lo its con stitmiount potter, hut which are invasions of the residuary authorities of the smaller societies, will be come the supieme law of the land. These will be merely acta of usurpation and will deserve to he treated as urh" Chief Justice Marshall sajrs, "the GCverqroent of the Untt-d States, then, though limited in its pwrrs is supreme; anu its laws wnen maoe in pursuance of the constitution form the supreme law of the land, "anything in the constitution or laws of any State to the contrary notwithstanding.'' The people of the United States have a nv ernineut peculiar in its character. It was formed after no model. They have.su to iak, two go vernments, one national m its character, f eno meraied powers, ejtercisinjj a super viswn over he iuiereai of all; the other, local in ita charac ter, and guarding the interest of a particular com munity. Ech within its sphere, is independent of the other yet mutually dependent lor hanno- niiiu action, ii may oe asaeo woai prmirciiuu we have trout usurpation. We have that inhe rent rizh, which every people and avery: com munity has to throw off an oppressive government. and tins nzht belnrs to us as inoiviouais. a therefore, Ciiogreea shall pasean uticonetitot ton al law, or witohold from us our constitutional ri-fliL. it is our duty to use all constitutional mesne lo obtain those rights, and when these fail, then in assert Ihat inherent and inalienable right, to establish a government, which will the better secure the blessings of liberty to ourselves and our posterity, ;: The second remedy Bropoaed t prevent Not Ihern aggression, is by the majority of the Com- j mifee, which is m these words: v tiinveu,inai it is expedient to impose an ad vakii-em tax upon all articles of merchandise, of ihexrowth. mn. ufacture or product of non-slaveholdink States, which shall be brought into, and be offered tot ale within, this Sute, from and alter the first day of August next, provided, however, the Governor ahall be authorized and required by -and with the advice of. the Council of State, to euepend the exr-cuiion of such law, o mil ihe ineeiiag of the next General Assembly, if it ehall appear thft the fugitive alave act hath heenfatbfny exeouted." My ohjclion to this le fourfold,- - : ' : -., . -: ; ' ' V fx iff ..Ji - T-ri rf trine ws fully. discussed by the Supremo Court of the Unit! State, in Hie ease nf Browrt and other', again! the State of Maryland, to which I refer gentle wen who have double on this aub- jecf. . Secondly. The people of the Sooth are an agricfflMtr: and net n wtanufarluriog pepl, and this tax will fll upon, them, for the doctrine is truej that tho- consumer paya ihe tariff of duly, when there ia nn competition, and hence it will weaken alavery in the South, by exciting hostili ty Jrttt h r among ihse who have I hie lax in pay. Thirdly, Thwi law wilUlienale ibe affeeiinrui of our friends, at ihe North, and thereby strength en the power of fanaticism. -iti . Fourthly. The RSHlutioa pmposes to leave it opticmary. with the Govermir and Council to suspend ijit operation of this law, thereby en trusting the power of legislation to the Executive, which requires the different departments. Exec utive, Legislative and Judicial, to be separate and distinct from each other. Mr. Chairman, to the Resolutions of the' major' ity, (except the latter) I give ray cordial assent, and upon them, I am prepared to stand. Northern fanaticism has encroached far enough up on our rights. We must now meet them with a firm, manly, and temperate resolve to resist farther en croachment at ail hazards, and to the last extremity. I proceed now to consider the report and resolutions of the Minority of the Committee, and I shall do so in a spirit of kindness, for I have a high regard for those gentlemen, and regret that my judgment should differ from tbetca upon any question, and particularly one in which we feel a common interest This report asserts, that since the eatabbahment of the t 'onstitatkm of the United States, there has existed two parties in the country, "one contending that the government created by that instrument, is a consolidated govern ment with no limit to its powers but its sovereign will and pleasure." Now, sir, I should Toe pleased to know what party or respectable statesman ever held such a doctrine. I suppose they mean the old fede ral party. If so, I deny the correctness of the state ment, if Alexander ilaoiilUai is a true expooent of the doctrines of that party. I very respectfully refer these gentlemen to the federalist, in order that they may learn what the federal doctrines were. The doc trines stated by the Committee have never been held by any party, at any period ot our nistory, sines the formation of the Constitution. It is true, sir, that be fore that period there were persons in favor of form ing a conolidated govornment, and this fact, I sup pose, led the draftsman of this report into so great an Again, sir, this report asserts the doctrine, that a bare majority of the people of North Carolina, acting through the organised authorities of the State, have the right to secede or withdraw from the Union, ami m such an event, would be entitled to the sole and undivided allegiance of all her dtixena. Are we pre pared to avow this doctrine I It will do no good, but will be a just causa of alarm to a largo number of our citizens, who honestly entertain a different e pinion. i Again, Mr. Chairman, these gentlemen propose as a remedy the amendment of the Constitution, and ask, " if we cannot trust the justice and fairness of our countrymen with the task of amending it." What a visionary proposition f If the fairaesa and justice of our countrymen wul not induce tnem to yield to as acTmowledged coostittitional rights, how 1 can we erTpubUe prejudice, arising; from Its difficulty pect them to enlarge those rights by Carotitutiooal amend aienU I Such a hope ia vain and delusive. We must stand by the Constitution as it is there is danger in proposing amendments. Tbey say the " Constitution ia the greatest triumph of human iutel lect and virtue," and yet tbey propose to amend it, as if that would give it more vigor, or inspire northern fanatics with greater respect for it. Our rights are sufficiently guarded in the constitution, if faitafully carried out If however, fanaticism becomes too strong and overrides the constitution, then it will cease to give protection, and will ho longer be entitled to oar allegiance. In such an hour we Will present an un dived fn ait, and bravely meet the foe. Mr. Chairman, I entertain the pleading hope that our northern brethren will retrace their steps, and cease to agitate this alarming subject If my voice could reach them, I would appeal to them in the name of our common origin ana common history, by the memories of the sainted dead, and in view of the calamities which may await us to pauseto hesitate. My vision is too short to see beyond the curtain that encircles the Union, but rather than be dishooered, I am prepared to raise that curtain and trust to the future, Mr. Chairman, I should prove false to the prompt ings of my heart, were I to conclude without uttering my attachment to the Union of these States. From my boyhood ! have been tanght " to cherish a cordial and haMtual attachment to it," and to "distrust the patriotism of those who in any quarter may endeavor to weaken its bnodm." It i enshrined within the inmost recesses of my beast. What glorious results have followed from its establishment t More than twenty millions of freemen now enjuy its blessings. It is the beacon light which has lighted up the path way of freemen ia every clime. Ii this light soon to be extinguished can it be that " Tbou America whose ever golden fields. Ploughed by the sun-beams solely, would suffice For the world's granary ; thou who sky heaven gilds With brighter stars, and robes with deeper blue; i nou m whose pleasant places summer buuda Her palace, in whose cradle Empire grew" mat tnou art soon io stand A noble wreck ruinons perfection.' Forbid it heaven, forbid it my countrymen. Mr Chairman, hope springs up buoyant in the tql Keason and patriot ism will triumph over fan aticism The genius of my ccantry shall arise, A eedar towering aver the wilderness, Lovely in all its branches to all eyes, Fragrant as fair, and recognised afar, Wafting its native incense through the skies.' -. COAL FORMATION OF NORTH CAROLINA MR. WILLIAMS LECTURE. We publish; to-day, the Correspondence between a number of gentlemen ef ibe Senate and Mr. W3 hams, asking a copy of bis Speech delivered in this City, on the )4th inat together with the Speech of that gentleman, on the Coal Formation of North Carolina: Lexvtl William. Esq. : Dtar &r ?We respect fully solicit a copy of your very interesting, able, and instructive Address, delivered m the Senate Chamber last evening, for publication. - LEWIS BOND, i W. H". WASHINGTON, 1 . JOHN A. GILMER, N, W. WOODFIN, JOHN A. LILLINGTQN-,. i A. JOYNER, A, R. KELLY, WM. B. SHEPARfV J. H. HAUGHTON, SaKATX CaAMBsa, Jan. Joth, 1851. ; . , . Ralxigk. W Ht, Jan. Uu, ISfiti GxjrruMiin I have bad the honor to receive your request of ,copy,forput4catkof the nmarka made by me in the Senate Chamber, on the evening of the 14th inst, on ihe subject of the Goal Fields, hr the valley of Deep River. I feel greatly gratified that my observatkiQS should have met year approvsly Jty address was extemporaneous, wunont even, toe usual preparation- of .written notes. Bat, as I spoke Iron a full eoerfietien of the trjtneuse value of your Coat yegioae s convicttpw which Was the result of much previoua study, and reeeat toeormut krvestiga. ticn wBl eest me bwt little labor to state ray views i 1 w . a . - beforeilie publiei Die ana eniigmenea an auaicnca as i oaa tne noocrto ift h i.-.iwifcia 1 - r-"i.i. . fvi,IL?.' u RALEIGH, N; C4 JANUARY 29;; address, Wtheliaracter : of a Lecturer; but I felt I should poorly have requited the kindness and hos pitality, with which I have been every where jreeeiv ed, by the people f North Carolina, ia refusing a comphaocs) with 4beir wishes. , The. same sentiment forbids my refusing a Compliance with yours. I will prepare my written statements at my earliest leisure. I am, gentlemen, with Very great respect, 5 Your eVt servant, f LEMUEL WILLIAMS. , ToLarwis Jfearn, and others. LECTURE. . Gcntlsken : If I had the talents toamuie nd entertain public audience ; taleota, to which I taake no pretensions ; I could not expect to afford amuiement and entertain ment on a subject of dry statistics ; but on a subject so deeply interesting to tKe people of North Carolina as the developme nt 0f their resources, I hope to be able to com rnand the attention of an audience o patri otio as that which I have the honor to ad dress, while I discourse, for a short period, on the value of the Coal Feilds of Deep River, a subject to which 1 have given my undivi-j ded attention and laborious investigation for the last few months. The, value of coal, as a Mineral fuel, is but little known, xcept to ihose whose in terests have made it a subject of study. Pro fessor Taylor, in bis invaluable work, .on the Statittict of Coal, vtry justly remarks, that it would be no difficult task to show, io figures, how vastly more profitable is the ap plication of labor in the mining and working and transportation of coal, than that of the precious metals. "The annual production of all the gold and silv r mines of North and South America was estimated by Baron Hum boldt at nine millions of pounds a erling and at present (excepting the recent discove ries in California) is less than five millions of pounds, or twenty five millions of dollars. Now, the value of the coal produced annual ly, in Great Britain alone, it computed at fifty millions of dollars at the pit's mouth, and from seventy-five to one hundred millions of dollars at the places of consumption." Great Britain is indebted to her coal for her supremacy as a manufacturing, commer cial, and maritime nation. Take from her the coal mines and she would sink into fourth rate commercial and maritime power. Her manufactures would cease- her Sheuelds, Birmingham and Manchester would be no more and her people would be compelled to emigrate or starve. The use of coal, in the United States, to any considerable extent, has been very re cent. The immense coal fields West of the Alleghanies were considered of little value, twenty -five years ago, and the anthracites of Pennsylvania were scarcely known thirty years since. The whole amount of that kind of fuel mined in Pennsylvania in eigh een hundred ana twenty as only 365 tons. The mining of that species of coal increased very slowly, as it had to make its way against oi ignition. In lozn , the amount of authracite mined and sent to market was only seventy-seven thousand tons. From that period the quan tity rapidly increased, and in 1849 amounted to nearly three millions and a half of tons. In 1850, it is estimated, the amount did not fall short of four millions of tons. The ben eficial effects resulting to the State of Penn sylvania from the. development of tier coal fields was felt and acknowledged throughout the length and breadth ef her land. The growth of her commerce increased with the growth and development of her mineral re sources. In 1880, the coastwise arrivals at the port of Philadelphia amounted to only 877; in 1847 to 18,069. Three millions of tons of anthracite coal were brought to market that year, whose value then was tteehe mil lion of iottart, and eleven thousand four hundred and thirty-nine vessels cleared from the single port of Philadelphia that season oaded with a million end a quarter tons of coal. ' ' ' I During the agitation of the tariff in 1846 at Washington, it was stated by Mr. Came ron, of Pennsylvania, that thirty years ago coal was entirely unknown in this country ; J ret in 1846 it gave employment to four mil ions of days work annually. It kept in movement a thousand ships of one hundred and fifty tons each, and afforded a nursery for the training of six thousand seamen, who earned three millions of dollars yearly. It gave circulation to a capital of fifty millions of dollars. ' It kept in activity fifteen thou sand miners and sustained a mining popula tion of seventy thousand souls. icAo annually consumed upward of two millions worth of agricultural productions, and more than three and a half millions of dollars worth of mer chandize. To Pennsylvania ( says Professor Taylor) the almottexclusive possession of this species of combustible (anthracite I within reasonable distance oi tne sea-noara, is a noon oi merit- vuttUe pnee, which places her in a position of envwuic tupenoniy, ana cames specuiauon as to the point to which it maj ultimately ele- -!!- t m ' . vntener. 11 such then have been toe mag nificent results, from the development of the coal field of Great Britain and Pennsylva nia and inch the anticipations as io the fu ture, the question occurs what are the value of Me coat fields tfJVarth Carolina. Their value depends upon their extent. upon the thickness of the beds, the quality of the coal, and Vie facilities and cheapness of transportation n ftde wafer and thence to a market. As to their extent, you heard last evening the ta entent of Professor Johnson, than whom no one Unds higher in his pro fession. He had recently returned from a tour oi several weeks examination m the valley of Deep River. . He stated that his own observations satisfied htm that the coal measures of Deep River extended fifteen miles and .that he had reliable authority for tnetr extension mteen muea lartner. ne did not state the width of the meaiureiaa he had not Ume to examine, except in one place where he had traced the beds on both sides of the river and where tbey wete from three and a half to (bur miles wide. . . From other sources of, tnfbrmaUoa I have no doubt of their greater extension, both in length' and width. i But, if we take the length to be but 99 miter and tow mem wrath at three end half miles, : we'have.atji aYeaof (mthkndred i anajwe SQvare mucsx (4 , - i85i: iv" uw lumKness oi several ot the veins. theT learned Professor stated. . ' None that He t. L amined were less than six feet Some were ol greater thickness, and. in some localities, two or three veins were found, underlying each other. Now, Jf we estimate the area to be underlaid with only one vein, and that vein to be only six feet thick.1 this estimate would gie for the solid cubic quantity in the ground six millions of tons to the square mile. Making allowance of one fifth for waste and faults, the whole available amount would be five millions of tons to the square mile, or 525 millions of tons for the entire coal area of Deep River. The coal is of three kinds, the highly bituminous, the semi bitumic'ous and the pure anthracite, and each kind. has been shown by analysis to be among the best coals of its class. In quality of coals the fields ot Deep River are unsurpa. i;-in variety unequalled by any location in the United States; in quantity, as far as re gards all practical purposes, equal to any other. To mine the coal of Deep River at the r.ate of two millions of tons a year would occupy 262 years, and at the rate of three millions of tons a year 175 years. The re maining question is, what ar ihe means and cost ot transportation to market ? The means of transportation are through the slack water improvement of Cape Fear and Deep Rivers The enterprise of a few individu als, aided oy the liberality and. wisdom of your Legislature, has opened a pathway to the ocean, which for extent, and capacity combined, surpasses any canal in this or any other country, and at an expense not ex ceeding four hundred thousand dollars. Compare the canal, as it may without im propriety be called, with, the great canals which have been cons:ructed with a view to benefit the coal trade of Mary 'and and Penn- Slyania. The cost of the Chesapeake and bio Canal, was upwards of seventeen mil. lions of dollars. It is about the extent of the Cape Fear and Deep Rivers is sixty feet wide, and six feet deep, with locks of 15 feet in width and 100 feet . long Tour canal averages 450 feet in width. The wa ter in the pools is Usually from ten to fif. teen feet in depth. The Locks are 18 feet wide and 115 feet in length. It requires 14 days to go from Cumberland, at the head ol the Chesapeake . and Ohio Canal, io Alex andria and return, not including the time occupied in loading and unloading the bar ges. A steamboat with her tow of barges can go from the mines on Deep River to Wilmington, and return in 4 days, making a difference of ten days in one trip. The expenses of transportation are greater in other respects, as well as in the saving of time, as it regards these two improve menu. On tae Ma ryland Canal, animo power is used to draw the coal bargwa. On the Cape Fear and Deep River improvements, ateem twicer will be used. From the relative cost of the two improvements, and the eaeaas of transportation to.be used on them, there eau be scarcely a comparoaao, aa to ihe relative amount of loll, or the expenses of transportation. w nen at tiue water, at Wilmington, the coal can be sent to New York, at as little expense as from Alexandria As far then, as revards Wimtiaoitt coals, the owoers of mines on Deep River, need not tear any rivalry, from the Maryland mines, or from any other quarter. Nor need the owners of the Maryland mines fear any rivalry from North Carolina. 1 he supply Irom both, and from all sources within our own bordert, will not exceed the demandor fAof species of fuel, when we take into consideration ihe rapidly increasm? number of River and Ocean Steamers. The case stands somewhat different as it regards THE ASTHEACTTK COILS. IMS Spccl&a ,OI COal IS supposed to constitute the great bulk pf the coals on Deep River. The market for this coal m not to the South, buUo New York, and the New Eng land Mates. To enable (he mine owners on Deep River to coinoete with the anthracites of Pennsyl vania, (which are all the anthracites of any amount in the United States) they mast be able to pLtee their coal at New i ork at as low a price as the anthracites of Pennsylvania. It is a saying, In Eng land, when a person sends bis goods to a market, which produces an abundance of goods of a simi lar character, that he baa "sent its eools to jVins cattleS' which, aa you know, ia the chief mart of the great mining District of England. A Pennsyl vania is the great mining region ef the Atlantic States, the Newcastle of America, and New Vork ia contiguous to her. Their territories join. Their capitals are less than one hundred miles apart, and coal can be transported from the former to the lat tercity at sixty cents per ton. The question then recurs, can we send the coals ot JJeep tvver to tne vicinity of Newcastle? to New York! Upon an accurate calculation, made by intelligent and prac tical men, I am assured that the Anthracite cuai, of Deep River may be placed alongside of the Pennsylvania anthracites in New York market, and sold on aa favorable terms, provided the former are exempt from the onerous tax of pilotage, to which they are now liable. The coala which go from Penn svlvani to New York, pass tliraueh the Morris and Kafitan canals, and are not subjected, to lees fer pilotage. The eoaVs which pass down the Delaware and Hudson eanal, to New York, are also exempt from any charge of pilotage. Yea' sels coming into the Delaware River to load with coal, are also exempted. The fees for pilotage in eomin? into the Uape rear, over either bar, and going up to Wilmington, amount, upon a vessel of one hundred tons aunnen, to, aoout loriy oouars. which w a tax of 40 cents open each ton, of coal ahe may carry. If this tax laid upon the coals of Deep River, they willarive st New York taxed with a daty that will disenable tnem to compete with the coals of Pennsylvania. A tax of forty cent a ton upon a inilKon of tons would amount to low hundred thoqsand dollars, and if a greater profit than any mining Company has eve made, or can hope to make. . The boast that the Slack Water improvement of Cape Fear and Deep Rivers affords a cheaper transit to ihe ocean than any other tmpraicmcm, iu una cuuuvrv , ui o iwuo icugu and capacity,' would be entirely fallacious with ibe burthen of pilotage on eoaL as forty cents added to the anticipated tollof eight cents would make the tolls greater than on the Chesapeake and Ohio canals, or on any one ot tne; rennsyivania canaia Whether the vast mineral treasures f the valley. of Deep River ahall be developed, depends upon the view which the people of North Carolina ahajl take of this momentous" subject, wnen l consi der what Maryland and Pennsylvania have done to foster and cherish their great mineral interests and the magnificent result which hare followed the ejercuw of that parental care, I eannot for A moment doubt aa to (he course which North Caro lina will pursue regarding her great interest. Tha$ you may have an adequate impression of the value in which the mining Interests of Maryland and Pennsylvania are held in these Common wealths, I will briefly state what each haa done for their ativauxssneinV ;?A r-v iiijs im- 1 The Chesapeake and Ohio Canal waa construc ted at an expense of seventeen millions of dollars. Individual exertiona ; proving unavailablp, the Kt-.t of ManrUnd and VJtoaia lent their aid bv subscribing money anrf guaranteeing the bonds of fjanal' jucioro. Air wiese jcemoinea exeruons I I I I LLTI- I? t rfv- illfy J 17; 4 .V '-.'! proving insufficient, the State Of Maryland waived its priority of lien, for the payment of Us advances, miu wongn capiuuists came te: ine rescue, ana py their aid that great work was completed, and with the sole object to open a path to the ocean for the coal of the Cumberland mountains. In Pennsyl vania, since the year 1821, more than 600 miles of canal and 460 miles of railroad have been con structed, by State and individual enterprise, almost entirely for the benefit of the coal trade, and at an expense of more than thirty-eight millions of-dol lars. The -results have shewn the wisdom of those gigantic expenditures. That as great re sults will follow from the development of the coal mines of Deep River, no well regulated mind can doubt. It is a law of philosophy, that similar eausea will produce similar effects, and I am yet to be In farmed that this law- does not hold good to the south as well aa to the north of Maaoo &. Dixon's line. If, in Pennsylvania, cities have, sprung no, under the. influence of the coal trade, with a sud denness that reminds one of the fable in the Am-: Wan Night's Entertainments, where palaces were bilt in Mr awgle-siignt, by' tbo magic influence of the Iaunp of Aladdin, why may we not expect te see the borders of Deep River, within a very few years, inhabited by a dense population, and adorn ed with flourishing villages and cities, and WH mingion; with her increased commerce, approxi mate to the wealth and splendor of Philadelphia! That similar results will follow from the develop ment of the mineral riches of Deep River, Is aa certain aa the la w of cause and effect That they will follow more rapidly than they have done in Pennsylvania is equally certain. Pennsylvania, at the eommencrmet. of her mineral operations, had to contend with prejudices ss to the use of her anthracite prejudices which experience has conquered, and you will not have to overcome. In eight years from the opening of the Pennsyl vania mines, she had sent to marker less than two hundred and fifty thousand tons. A greater a mount can be sent from Deep River in two years from the opening of her navigation. It was twenty ' two years before Pennsylvania bad sent to market in any one year a million' of tons. Deep River ean send that amount within five years.--. If capital and enterprize will do for North Caroli na, what tbey have done for Pennsylvania, then will the future progress of North arolina, oe more rapid than has been the past progress of Pennsylvania. In Pennsylvania the soil and eh mate are- against her, in North Carolina they ate in her favor. . The uavigation of Cape Fear, and Deep Rivera is never interrupted with ice. The canals of Pennsylvania are frozen up four months in the year. During that period, the bituminous coaly ot Deep Kiver can go North or seek the more profitable markets of Charleston, Savannah. Tex as, Mexico, and the West India Islands. Anotlr er advantage in favor of North Carolina, is the natural fertility of her soil, while the coal regions ot Pennsylvania are sterile and unproductive, in agricultural products. Deep River and the adja cent country, with the aid of me fertilizing ma nures, lime, plaster and guano,-which wilt form the return cargoes of coal vessels from the North, will become, in a lew years, the Nils or Tirc Soots. Its products will quadruple, and will find a home MAaxcT on the spot which produces- tnem. The Iron ore of Deep River forms an important item in this estimate. Iron of as good quality and in as great abundance, aa in any country, is found it) North. Carolina On Deep River it is in in mediate. contiguity .with the Coal. On the land ol Peter G. Evans, Esq., the coal is overlaid by e stratum of iron ere, three feel in thickness, which yields fifty percent of iron. The coal which un derlies it, is six feet thick, and of that kind best adapted for the manufacture of iron. The iron, when manufactured, can be transported to New York, at a less cost than it can be sent lo the same market, from the celebrated works at Danville or Northumberland. oA the Susquehana. Jt eau be also manufactured at less expense, as those est ah-! Iishments pay a higher price for their coal, than it can be procured at on Deep River. At Danville and Northumberland, the coal costs $2,50 a ton. ' On Deep River it can be had for the price of min-1 ing it, as those who own the iron own the coal, ' But the iion need not be sent abroad far a market. There is a better market at home. The time will undoubtedly crime, when the manufacturers of iron on Deep River will supply the wants of a large extent of country beyond the limits of North Carolina. " " The -water power on Deep River is scarcely equalled hv any part ol our country. ' la cheap ness, it ia unrivalled- Dams . which, on most sit uations, are expensive structures, are here already built'Wlthout charge, to the owners of the adja cent lands. Eighteen of these are already con structed or in progress of construction by the Nav igation Company of Deep Kiver. - such abb thk BOSPECTS Of THE VAttlV OV XK ttlVSB. And, in view of them, can the most skeptical doubt of the Maokimccrt FoTuaa of that favored, re gion? Or that the .progress of popuation and improvement will advance with a mobs bafixv. pace, than it has ever done in Pennsylvania? Should foreign capitalists hereafter be induced to .associate with your people, in developing tne treasures of Deep River, in coal, iron, and other minerals, the present holders of the land will part with their iu terests, upon a full knowledge of their value i and the capital that may hnd its way hith er, from other regions, will form part of that fund which is to coutnbute to the support or -your Mate Government, and the laboress, mechanics, had tradesmen who may accompany or fellow it, will mingle with your poople, become identified with your interests, and add to the wealth, popolatioa, and strength of your native State. , s The wonderful rapidity wt'fc winch villages and cities have sprung into ejostence, in the mining dis tricts of Pennsylvania, may be instanced to the cases of Carbon dale, Bonesdale. and Pottaville, among hun dreds of others. In 1828, there was but one building, on the site of Carbondale, and that a log tenement. In 1 845, it contained a thriving anu iudustnous popu lation of 3.500. occupyintr eood buddings. Honesdate was covered by the primitive forest in 1828 f m 184 It conuunea a popoouon ot mm ,tfw u ,uyv a; ons. .Voiiofwi JfaoostiM for AwrutL 1845. And all this prosperity acpse from the milling of let than three and a half millions of tons of coal The same amount mined on Peep River would produce, nsess tarily, the sane results. In 1825 commenced ihe first mining- operations in tscnuyutui county, in leti toe central town of Pottsville, originating at a later date than w have quoted, contained the following estab- Iwhmenta for the education of the children of the miners and new settled residents ; Six private schools, numbering 47t pupils ; eight public schools, number ing 4ft popus; eight Sunday schools, numbering 1.187 pupua; . teachers, lee: total, zj, with a library of 1,859 volumes. Tayfsr on Statittict of Uoal, page 1 at mtroaucuon. rotisvuia now cow tains a population c neejiy fifteen thonaand. Florida JU. S. Senator Elec4ed.-Jtho Waahington. Southern Press of yesterday haa a .despatch irom saiiauasse uaiea tne ivnu inst, wuicusaya; ; , ... . , Mr. Mallorv.deinocrat, of Key, West, was elected .pn.Yednesday last United Slates Senator, oyer Mr. Yulee, by a consolidation of the vmga with the disaffected demoeats. . 'Mew Orlean Jan, 18, P. M.A fir brokt out this morning int he St; Cbarles Hotel, and.' belore the flames could he arrested the entire bufldingrwitb? nearly all- Ha fasm)e furoiture.vrere laid m ruim i -1 .s 1 PVBUSUEOBT ' ' ""' ' ' AT THREE DOLLAR PERANUM. Ours are tno plana of fair 4elicbtftd peosv 1 Vawarp'd by party raffs to live like brother 11 A LEIGH', N. C. i'ifi rj &'4 On Monday the bill iMrodoeed by Mr,-atelly,., te abolish Jury trials in the Coenty Courts, and , ,, to establish annually three SupetSor Cotjrlsv, in : each county eame up en its secoo3d'readin,Bvand . was advocsted by Messrs. o.tEtoriju$ others. Mr. Bynum offesed ;sar aroerninsVBt to require the Judges of the SiiWnw Couru t ride the circuits, which was advaeiMd by himaejf and and Joyoer. ,The amendment was adopted, but, h the biU,as amended. Was then lost. , ; On Tucsdsy,- the billfof the relief of the pux- t ' chasers of Cherokee lands" came up;whj wa merous amendments were offered by Mr. Bynum The bill ana) amendments were debated by Messrs- 1 1 Bynum, Barnnger, Caldwell, of Burke&- Hoke, oi Thomas and , Woodfin. In the course of the de- bate, Mr. Ttomas made allasion to the ptrsenal 7 V. opposition uf Gen. Bynum to' thia Cherokee Bill and the i Western Turnpike jiwhftr that Seajator -took occasion lo refer to his pofi&ba, in the late . election fiir governor, and before toncfuingad ministered tor David S. Reid one' of the severest eastigatione t has ever been ousTlot to bsteovto. He remarked' that whatever expectations be may have at one time entertained, irV regard to the . newly elected' Governor, he had dtxw lost every hope and eonfttlence in his political boaesty and integrity. He condemned, in most eloquent and ' indignant terms, the Governor's receot attempi io' interfere with and dictate to ibe Legislature. Be spoke of this conduct as uodignifiVd and unpre-, cedented tn the history of North Carolina. During the Afternoon Sesvion.-tl Bill for the extension1 of the Central Road to Iewbern pair- sed its 2nd reading.' Mr. Washington advocated the bill hYone of fair ablest and most effective Speeches. It was also ad vacated; py Messf. Gilmer, IJaeghtoa, Jtoyner and . Woodfia each in a few appropriate remarks. FREE. BTJFF&AOE RRTIVlWS!t? The Senatetook np and carriedi an WedDafday Mr. . Washington's motion to veconsider the vo by which the Free Sufirage Bill was defeated, on Saturday last. We have only room' and time to' say t-before prOCood- i ? ing to give our brief ntufsative of Wednesday's delibe rations, that the Bill ytused its second reading. ( Messrs. Washington, Shepafd. Malky nod Pender; who voted against tho BUI on Saturday, having doing ed their votes. Mr,- Shepard avowed Am object in reversing his potiuan to bo to. prevent' tk pauoy of a Bill tubmitttmg the auettioi of Comstntiow Of no Convention to the People j as bh believed u)at such a movement would thereby staved off VThe sen- . timents eafoseed by Mr. Shepard oo tins same sub- ! ject, two years since, and even on Saturday last, in ' connecuon with, the sentiments expressed by hirn en yesterday, make hijvef p(rstow not a hide re-" markable,' and certainly mort ntoexpectedj ' What ' InV.'ToaAiriijrWs object was, We, of course, hawe ho f means of kskowing; and in the ajbsence of any hoowl- 1 edge en tkesubjeCt, w can bbt'etpreas -W"Bgret,vf ' that a geotljsman bf his Republican vieWs afaouldaave been so mainly kistrumental in giving precede? toss unsafe and anti-republacan a mode of amending the Constitution. f . ' Alter the BH1 was taken up, !jr. Woodfln-addr ed the SenaU in a stroog effort ikV favor of subthitting all qnestions of Const utional ReJbrm to the People. ms reply to Mr. Sbephrd-a avowal' tiiat Am object was ' to defeat the vote of toe People was masterly and tri- . umahaut. He was foowed by Uesays. Haughton and . Caldwell, of BuvVswba took simuagrouiidnd defen ded their positions with sqmal ability, Ws may wall . , sayjh una connectaea, on reviawing the progSassof Uas . Bif in the Senatev that not one of those who' bars re- sistsd it, (with the exeeptiavi of Col Joynef, and Mr ; Shepard, at first, who are (ia. Mr. S.'s case .,)-, well known toLe ia favor ef adhering rigidly to the old Constitutieo.) have expressed any seotimenU of hostility te the ehange contemplated by the Bill but, supply and solely, to the manner of effecting k.' Thai " is ear poHUon; and by that poskkn we intend to stand Mr. Caldwell's amendment, irfeationed under the ' Legislative bead,, having been eeted, (Maasrs. Arendell, BarringW, Caldwell, of' Burked Byinnn, Gilmer, Grist, Bjnghton, Kelly,- laUingtOB Lssm, Richardson, Waaling on, and Woodfin, vonis ia favOr ' of it,) Messrs. GHrner and KeUy each addreased the Senate at some length and wit coturilerable fores- ' after hearing, whom, we were at a loss to conceive how there could be any difference of Opinion as to". the safest and most politic mode of' AWf ndmg or orgaoic law, jf Aa ameadmeat, ofiTersd by Mr. Ebon, iasertiag r the ward vkitc bet Weca free and twit, where iha, ' latter occurs, wss umanimottily adopted; and the qnestisa reearrws on the passap ef the Bill Its set t eoad rsadiag, it wss passed by the followipg yets Ayes Meaers Barn ard,- Barrow. Berrv. Bawer: BnMiiag.G W.Caldwell, UassereaXoada, Clerk, ,, Csltins, Drake, Eborn. Hargrava, Hsrriag, Heater, uuaa. joara, "ic.tiuhd, maiiey, mton, ? render, ' RoKrwJBhemd, Shepard . 9Deicht.Thoaaaj.Taain. sen, Washiagton, Watsea, WUUassson, Wool. a, . Noer Messrs. Barriaser. Bvaam.-CTaldwall' of' Barks, Bond, Davidson. OilmarUrfat. KaatMi ' Joyner, K-lly Lan. Ijllmrten, Richardaom, 8es : waa, r iiiey arau vyeedaa.---ie. , . . JPwrwthe Daily Register of Friday J .. ' THE 8ENATE. - . yesterday aftesnrjon. had tie ChnsRalief B01 under ecoskleratibn and dKussiott. It wsa a-' moulded, and laid or tie table,-. The Free SuffraC Efl was taken sar aw ka Srd ' readingbut no vote had been taken af the Gam ot' the evening reeeav . ttr. Haughton odavod as aa ; a-' tnertimaot, the B for submitting the qnestton pf Convention or no CWe it Was voted down. .'mi! The actio of toe Senate shall tv fbfiy no&ad fa s enr next The final vote wS probity be token vi? sagH (Tnnvjday ; bot, a ow pape haa oacasanrdy toga to fsbeJbTossonra tne8snato. we shall not be able to annsxme tW resuU h tius papeiv 'fe o- . . to tbe Very great press on ett eofunaYaywe , a eempsQed to defeV IalaUVe' psoec-dinga uotU ; wtT Btonv They shad fWappsar.faatxne anded fbn jeini oederprepeAuig; toadjourn ea' Frkiayl- and resolved to aoowrn an lionday naxi ) eeived by ua last nehL tavs that no Odmrs' Bfd beet rteeived ef the Steamer Atlantic i rff irl'l, a t r it 4 I, 1 !. Ill H 1 1 4 t' f ; 12 4 I