BI R ' H AUG HTyON,
Delivered, in ih Senate, on. Secession.
Miu Srs tisa t-t.lt Is s with ; unanVcretl embnrrawtn e n i
tlint riwto nddresslhe benatn-f-first.; because it is my
raislortune to b opposed t to. the distinguished Senator "
from Pasquotank. (Mr, Shrpardwhom I have had the -pleasure
to know longer .than, any Senator on this floor,
and whoan.ahlft effort a a candidate for Congress lathe;'
Edenton District, are among the pleasant recollection of
mj DOJUOOU.. .. Alw. "Oa.V.aa uF"nCO Ol IDB SUDjaCl,
upoji. which we ,re. calledto deliberate i orv sir, - in.
it is involved to some extent the preservation or diolu-
tinn of this Union, aye. sir. I will still say, (hU.glo:
nous
.',--5
One of the resolutions of the Senator from Pasquotank '
(Mr. Sbepard.) and also of the minority of the Committee'
asserts thereat efa State to secede from the Union.. .This ;
I deny loto cvbIo, and shall endearor to demonstrate that
it has no resting place fn fhe Constitution or theory of our
Government, v I shall endeavor to show this by compar
ing and contrasting certain portions of the Articles of
Confederation with the Constitution of the United States.
- Tie H Art of the Cooftdtntioa,
daclarea that ase State nUrims Itt
twtrtigmtw, freedom, and fodrpen-deees-W-
vv:-vc-
Art X, of Confedentioo, lb
dd Bute hereby mteraUw enter
late s Cm Uagm ef friendship wfta
; each otb4l&31ngtbetneelves
to assist i eh other agiunstall force
offered to, or attacks made apoa
. thm. af them, oa aeeoant'of
rt!fioaaoTar!nt7, trade er any I
atW wUm arhalitvwft. ' - . - i
Art 4, see. J, provides, that tf any
par tttfltr ef er charged with
frsJoe,fee,ta say State shall flee,
and be foend b any of the United
States, he shall, apse demand of the
Governor ef At SMtftga whirs
he fled, e delivered ep and remsT.
sd to tlte Stat-' having jvrudictim
of hiaof&nee.
"Art. 5, sea. S, eaeh State shall
maintain jta owe delegates in a
meeting of the States, fee. -;
4 v. :
.Art 5, see. bi detenainingqiiea
tioaa in tbeU.8. ia Congress as
sembled, est State ahalt hare est
.The preamble to Umj Constitution ,
declare that we, tlve peeple ef the
U. 8, U order to form a mora per.
set wmor, fte, do ordaia, fcc this
omttUutim for the U. a ef Antevi.
' See.1, Art S, of Constitvtioa
providfa that travtm aramst the U,
8. ahall eonaUt eely in leTyin J war
against them. Ate. ( And that Con
eras ahall hare power to declare
the jinnUhmrnt of tuasuiL
Art 1, see. 8, the Confreaa ahall
hare power to lay and collect
taxes, to pay the debu and pro
vide for the common defence and
Jeneral welfare of the U. S, and all
nties .and Imports, &e ahall he
uniform throigboet the U. S.
Art 1, sec L Mlerialatfvepow.
er here granted, ahall bs vested in
a Congress of the U. 8L which ahall
eonalst of a Senate and House of
ReprssentatjTea.
,T -These articles of confederation were by the anited
roieeof the States pronounced inefficient and utterly In
competent for the purposes of Union. This ia the srnti-
' ment that rans through all the resolves of the 'several
States just Vfdre the adoption, of the ConstitatiSn. One
Of the resolutions of, the Legislature of New York de
clares,' that the present eystem (Articles of Confederation)
of these States ezposeslthe common cause to a precarious
issue, dec .'and that it is the natural tendency ol the weak
vess and disorder ia our national measures, to spread dis
trusj among the people. And again; nhat in the opinion
of this Legislature, the radical source of moat of our em
bar'rassmenta. is the want of sufficient power in Congress.
M effectuate that ready and perfect cooperation of the
diflerent States.? 4-0. - J
The Congress of the Confederation on the Jlst February.
I787.declared that they entirely coincided in opinion with
the Commissioners (to whom the subject bad been re
ferred) from New ? York.' Virginia. Delaware. Pennsyl
vania and New Jersey, as to the inefficiency of the Federal
. Government and the necessity of devising such further
v previsions as shall render the same adequate to the exi
gencics cOi XJkwnJ''.l': Z. J .: z. '
; the next place. Mr Speaker,! invite the particular
attention of the Senate to; the opinions expressed by
members of the different State.Conventions. to whom was '
referred the question oHhe mt ificel ion or rejection of i he
Constitution. I will commence .with our own. In the
Convention that sat in Hillsboro fn 1788, the Rev. Mr.
Caldwell Insisted that the Cpnvention that formed the
Constitution bad exceeded its powers. in using the phrase
-we tie people, in the preamble t to which Gen, Davie,
wbo bad beeo'a member. of that. Convention, replied,
nhattbe observation of the reverend gentleman is groun
ded, I suppose, on a supposition that the Federal Cooven
tion exceeded their powers This objection has been in
dustriously circulated. As j had the honor, sir. to be a
member of the Convention, it may be expected I would
answer an objection personal in its nature. &o -After
repeated and decisive proofs of the total inrmcienci of our
General Gevernment. the States deputed : the members of
the Convention to revise and strengtbenJlU And permit
me to call to your consideration, that1 whatever form of
confederate government they might devise, or whatever
"VY ""e4" prwpww io rito iqis new government.
7lrtf nnUI the whole Constitution
bad received the solemn assent of the people. What was
t he object of oar mission ! To decide ppon the most ef
reetuaT means of removing the defects of our federal
Union. a.,c. - " i;
Gen. Davie then roes oa to nnmM k p .i. 1
eial ! objects of the Union, to-wii: -1st. ;To protect us
against foreign invasion. ; Snd. Todsend us against in
ternal commotions and insurrections. 3rd. To?prorocte
leommerce. agriculture and manufactures of America.
.-.wjw,,,, rvuuisite 10 maxe Di aub nA
pjaple. and ihey cannot be'jittained without a firm and
ecteat system of Union." ' p 0
.Again, -the encroachments of some States, on the rights
JnfT 'J W ot the confederacy, are i.
, PnU,t,ble proof, of the weakness and imperlection of
' lfSS. F lr!T ? htT 'F contrary to th5
articles of confederation Congress had neithe power
nor tnnence to alter it , all fAey could do Wa. to aSdT
contrary recommendation. a"
:.lt Is provided by the Cth article or the confederation
StlLT T,paCul b,UI -U tween two or more
Sutea without the consent of Congress ryet this Us been
Pennsylvania and New Jersey. - North Carolina and
Massachusetts have bad a considerable bodyff?cVron
foot, and those In this State, raised for twoyea. noxwS
tsntZ I" 10 th? 'M J"- which
71 W1' plated on
' yndnotbrthelnntra
rtZrii2 fn bort ' Tne eonderatSi.
determined the Convention to depart from that MtJril
ftTTHlt "BILL.TO PRnVIDK FOR
poiNTiaarr ip? 1 superintendest of
-COMMOIf AICU00I3 AND FOB OTHEB PURPOSES.-
.ifnHot f';iv;:v f
jMnv SrKAXsitt It j eot roy purpose ;te
make a Mt Speech,: noraui ) aiabitibus of
uoiorieijr o this Assembly. . My desire is
to dp gwxfrro carry a purpose which I deem
of much impori'aTiee id'the people of North
I -educate the pevpte of. the
tic ft WoatdliiefTsarae
a a - 1 VT , . . : .
L f 1Vi)f MatI f fiaa. saf teseattrtj S-ir trisw F n SI f s fVks a IVi YV YYlA
- m wv in rwia auv niviiivi wa hvreev ava i imw
meats to the opinions of some of the members' ol the Con-
vmiioa oi couui vnruuna tnai nuuncu mo r cuerai v"i'
titnttnit . ttnn f' I? nt!foPM ' A 'hm f tAiirkt tK-n1it
confederation is so very weak, so very inadequate to the
asaak Ms lai
tha sun nf-Amerien indentindenea would indeed soon-set.
never to rise n era in.' What could be effected- for America
under that highly exalted Constitution I Could it force
"a 'a a. a w as aw a j t
ooeaience to any one law oi tne union I i ne people oi
. Afflirti Kat n thiBj '-8 - had l'lt th nnnu.
quenees of this government, if that deserved the name of
. 1. .. J . t i
ivicrmueui WHJ6U unu nv puwer vuruiurce (qwi iuuuuou
on solemn compact j and. it, was under the' influence ol
those feelings that, with almost one ooice, they had called
'Gen. Charles, Cotes worth JPinckney, said,. Let us then
consiuer suiauempts to weaxen mis'umon, dt maintain
i inz that eaeh Stats ia senaratelv' and fndielddallv inda.
, pendent, as a species of political hereyv which can never
ucucui ui, iui.wa unng on us moj mon ; serious uis
trau " ' ' . . . . - '. '
; I have1 endeavored to show the true nature of the nr
' a a . a . a
rangement. into .wnicn tue ptates enterea . ; under ine
old articles of Conlederalion, and the necessity for a
change, and from it, I deduce the following propositions
That the several Slates entered 'into the Confede
ration (by tirtde of the Articles of eonlederation) as States,
. ihhwwiiui uovisi vi iu.i mu UMt, i.uuucu iu
sovereignty freedom and independence 1 '.;;":.. '
- 2nd Tnat jhe States, in the language of the "Articles
of Confederation." entered into a league-of Iriendship id
assist each other account of any attacks rahde upoji
them or either of them, on account of sovereignty.
3rd. . That this league was formed and admitted by all
, the States, inefficient, and that a radical change Was de
mended by all. V j
Mtb.Tbut this league was abaedoned and a Cokbtitu
"TTOKfortned. adonlt;d and ralifiexlin its nlMM
. .lib. That the preamble to the Constitution, iu various
provisions, and the contemporaneous exposition ot its
framers, shew 'n surrender by the several States, of so
much of their sovereignty to the General Government, as
was necessary to form a more perfect Union.
6tb. That the Constitution thus formed, and the laws'
that might be passed m pursuance thereof, were declared,
adopted and ratified by the people ot the several States,
as the supreme law of the land.
But it i said, that whatever the delegated powers to
the General Government ' may have bpen.yei that there
were certain 1 reserved . rirAts retained bv th Xtt
States, and that in these reserved rights is included that
ae"1 t t,a - i
oi accession. m is important to enquire in this connec
(ion, a io ine origin oi iuis rigut. did it exist prior to
- the adoption lot the) .Constitution t - Or did it orieinate
wun ine very lormatton ot tne institution 7 These are
imM,t.ni .nnn;;u. -r.i A- i . . .
.uwa.wM . um .mf uu ucm T C VUT1UUU serioQs couaiu-
eration.- . . - ,i
First, then., did it exiat prior to, the adoption of the
constitution T . I mainUia that' it did not, because the
Article of the Conlederalion declares, as 1 have alrendy
shown, that the States entered into - a league to assist
each other on account of sovereignty, dec." and as by the
very nature of the league, and is also shown from the
history of the Confederation,; no one State could be con
trolled by the other ; and as the other States, by virtue
of their joint or common regulation, could not oppress
the others, it therefore follows that this right of Secession,
according to the very theory of its advocates, did not
exist prior to the Constitution. For, according to that
theory, wberierer the Constitution is violated, and the op
erations of the General Government become oppressive,
a State has a right to secede ; and they virtually admit
that independent of these considerations she cannot.
Again, these States reserved their sovereignty byW
pre stipulation. This right did not exist by express pro
vision, nor could it be considered as one of. the reserved
rights of sovereignty, for thai is a contradiction' in terms,
that would imply that a Government, which is sovereign
to all intents and purposes, must, to maintain its sove
reignty, iu existence as a, sovereign power, have certain
reserved rights to fall back upon. . Now this idea of re
servea ngnts presupposes that certain rights of sovereign
ty have been surrendered, and that ICertain others have
been retained. Indenendwnt.
t , . , "6" c-uicr noooay Knows soy mine oi tne ope ration i
Into a league or treat y, do not therebr suit ndr tUi . f th .t.m k:. J: j.
ereignty or any part of it, and this arises necessarily from nd when complainti are made to the Gen
the very nature of a league. If, therefore, this right of ersl Auembly, from time to time, it haa to
secession did not exist belore the Constitution, it will be !glle in the da-k and at random and oer-
... ..-j m wiin c, iu suow mai it Qiu not grow out I ru wi ine reaoii oi tu policy
i iho oiiamoiion useir. i b advocates of this theory
maintain ; that in the language of the 10th section ofthe
Amendments o! the Constitution, all powers not deleg
ted to the United Siates. nor forbidden to the Slates, are
reserved to the States respectively, or to the people, and
they derive from this latter clauae.tb i-iht
oaeof the rested nVnto. This v;;;iaV':
M "'Si ?lln,,bo f, iNow. of chairmen of obaVot
m-m m vvvMBtvi a auo a ricri ITU BT a n W SB 8f aw wnnn eai B Bv m. 1 m A . a - . ta. a 9 a
lectivelv or tha neonU nrntuuMl ,kn .1 r :.: LM anm 1. : ...
iiut, Mr. Speaker, mere it snotner,ana ss cientand more oseiui,aaoos tbatare disbursed ae
Ixonceive sclusivr srgumer ' r isvoc cording
of iha snnointmeht of each an r ' It ia 1 Anr neeessarv exDendilur ol monTtiS asWa
. .-rown- theater amount, is true econoror i and sucti.I be-
neve, win ue rae o Deration i on out. . . i .
wirwuii, , to 'uucmi ioe peepie of.ine
Sikte flitifiild' hef il sVems tVuie; 4 lubject of
greatcoeeera tr nr poiiiieiniik and t4tes.
men t. a, subject sjhin ought ilo engage the
serious and'anxtpue atteution of tbia Aasem
blr., . By couuuoa 'conaenii-however, this
matter seems to be Icfi te toy crpeeisl cere
al least no one seems willing to go before
ine. "and I bjii. Ilierefure. eomnellad In msr.'
Torm task; from which I would gladly . be
delivered. -' ! .
Diffident as I ara,however, I will not shrink
from thev performance of uiy duties Jo the
public i and I w-ll endeavor in as brief anf
plain a manner, as possible, to convince this
House of' i be necessity and importance of
the Bill under emisideration. ;
It has been well considered ami strongly
recommended by the very intelligent Com
mittee on Uiiucauoit -sail laough a great
many otber bills and propositions were be
fore them, they iiot only selected this one is
best suited Wthe eiigvuey of the times, but
have emlorsed;k without recommeiidiug a
single amendment or alteration. This sane,
tion might ensure success to ordinary bills ;
but the on bsfoff us, proposing lo create a
new office anr being of general interest,
ought jo ha well uuderstaotl by those to
whom its fate1 re -how committed.
Mr. Sneaker, .since i bat been of an air
to take,aii fnlerest in public matters, I have
eiveu a cood deal of attention to I h ,uh.
ject of ediicalMB..: I regard the edocatioit
oi tne utauea as neeeaiarf ito theaialtiln
of free institutions, and as especially necea.
aary lo the comfort and happtiiesa of the
people themselves:
: ilie establishment of Free Schools m
North Carolina gaVenw mora pleasure than
1 have experienced from any ut her public
event ; and I have watched with increaaimr
i uterest and auxielr. their oroirreaa and ef.
fects.
The system so far has not fel filled public
expectation ; complaints are heard in all
quarters, and a remedyj loudly demanded.
WhaVia il tVTo aolvethia queslion, I have
personally examined the Systems in other
States have even gone,' for information, to
the yankee,' holding it to be "right to get
ueftil information, if I can, from an enemy,
anu knowing 4bat he New-England peoile.
-II .1 u- t -i
" unu imiu, nave oeea eminiiiij
aucceasful, and judicius in reirard to the
subject of public education. I have wit
nessed their f systems and those of Pennsyl.
vania and Uelayare ; conversed with their
officers and responded with Uiem. I have
also attentively examined our own syatem,
and compared-inr Uwa and their effects
with those of other St-itcs. After all these
pains, I have arrived at this conclusion:
That our laws, as far as they go, are gene
rally good and suited, to th subject and the
Sta te, I toy msfar as tkey go ; and 1 he rad.
tea! defect of . the system M, that it in not
cnmpiris. i nrre. is no nvaii to it ; there is
an excellent machi ne, but it ia inert matter
iiw mi iiavvr, ikch proviueu WIIB S motive
The wisest laws will not administer them
selves the finest systems need a controlling,
governing, sentient principle or agent lo
put them in opravton. . .......
Our sehout lawa are gootl, aad they pro.
vidrt for the annointment of local and inferiir
Agents and officers ; but these inferior offi.
eers act without concert, are, In a measure,
irresponsible, ; . because there is no one to
Call them lo account, and the LeiHUiar.
laws is ignorant of ibeir
the author ofthe
effects.
Nobody knows snv thing ofthe operations
animnerativedutv which webwc
selves and to the State td find out te opera-
tion or our own laws and ta smena tnem i
thev am defective.' ! The i : ect of educa
firm ia all imnnrlint anft 4h Statm twatAWB
MWft. .m . .11. w , .. -v .w.w .
about one hundred thousand dollars annually
on intf ooject. nai- gooa aas 7 ooo f
What good.is it likely to do ? y tVe ought to
know j sod we can be informed only, in the
" A nnlifalinnV fnr m "kania Vf tha faora nr
notnerooi and increasing daily ; in what par
ticalsrscan we change them for the better?
Frenuisnt rhariirea sretniadicions Unifnr.
' o . j -
roity and certainty, thingigrestly to be -de
aireu in an taws, cannot oe aiuuneu irnen
the laws are often changed. 1 'Why not then
complete our present system and give it a
fair trial before we change it?. Why set ia
the dark if we can bave li?ht ? - The Deooie
are beginning to uodentand the system S
school Uws,tbey will continue to be inopera,
live and orove a constant failure.- . -.!..
Let us, therefore, infuse a living soul into
this dead body ; : let us apply a motive, pow-;
badly we can wisely abandon it for; a bet
ter. The Legislature, too, before it acts, will
he well informed it will know what has
beea done, what ia doinir and what" tnaV he
expected. ; , The ; officer provided for ni jmtf
out win report progress is toe next meeung
f ftKt. Ia4 m wilt hmh.I '. mnw
facts which we ought to have and which' he
onlv can furnish, enrin? ni a minute, com-
. r . . o . O "... ' ' "
prehensi ve and. complete picture of . the ope-
rauons 01 our scnooi ijaiem, 01 11s asiecu
and of its results up to that time, s '
If we can obtain snen; information we
should certainly make no material alterations
in our school system until we get it; we
should not act without it, thi -yet the cries
ef the country demand that we should set in
some Sr ay; Then it is most safe, most pru
dent, most statesirjan-like to move -first to
ooiain imiormauoa:, we can poiatn .ine re
quisite informationj by the provisions of my
oiii ana we cannot oouin 11 wuuout some
law of this kind, j v--;vi '
Desinns. Mr. Sneaker? to bronose mea
sures that would make onr common achool
system meet the just expectations ofthe pub
i: j k. -J:...iJ. ij ,1.
iiv iuu 11a aujBivuaiT wcuocraieu on tue
matter, I have'Concluded that we ought to
appoint a General Superintendent; and the
cuuua va kuku uiia cwuciumon ia oasea
have been partially given.' I am satisfied
our lawa are. in the main good, and need
only an officer to see to their faithful execu
tion ; and I am equally well satisfied that if
they are defective we cannot so pronounce
them, nor judiciously change them, until the
law changing and law making power is put
in possession of facts which can be' obtained
easily by an officer appointed for that pur
pose, and which cannot possibly be obtained
in any other way.
Other duties are assigned to this officer in
my bill ; and the mention of those duties
win snow tne necessity of such an agent.
He is required, by the advice and concur
rence of the President and directors of the
literary fund, to prescribe a uniform set of
uooks 10 pe reaa ss text nooks in each coun
ty ; and in the discharge of this duty he would
ef course consult economy and prescribe
works best suited and most eaaily obtained.
He cannot prescribe without the concurrence
ofthe President and directors of the. literary
fund ; and the object, in giving these veto
power in mis mauer, was o prevent tne pos
aibdity of improper speculations in books, or
vi uj-uciupi iu eueci poii'icai purposes.
The frequent change of text books has be-
:,t ui r .
wms 111 lutuicrauic nuisauce , 11 imposes S
heavy tax on the community, and retards
the progress of students, and enpecially of
joung cniraren ana new-oeginners. the
Free Schools are kept open about three
months in each year : and as things now go,
, who sit fw days weeks
. and anrLimii' an lUlikla.
eioaely WKUtood, jadksoualy applied,
I saw 51 .LaV- ft
respect for; the per dei W ha Uterar-
x unq naa oeen apulcen of contemptuonalT in tliia H-fl
without proper cnnatderatiulr that they Vho i sTspasfc
haro either not examined ..iBattev waieh ,they
dtnn m eap tereia, or M not wffia'flT
fiwnilmr with the uKereats, aUustion, wants an habiu
of tho nuwwa Mlenaita tlitini t6;lnitiate or umW
stand a system of bonoficent knsktiai.
piey who sre educatedat iostof fir hundred w
sr thousand doUsw a year may pnasiWy be utiable to
undtirstandliowpfljme-A rje B4rocted for t-?dol
Iara a year -r bu air, their inabinty to unerstand thi.
raised bv tw, svrtragfttwo doUora., Wadiur
Ite-Awwwatr
tend subsenbtum KrhinU mm,i ,n , .
if nronerir nfttnazed.AwlI kn tK .oi..!. ,
three months. out of .twidw ... aV k lT.
i fSfftia'Mb H every Vear fiw tea or tmilrl
v- vf, "VTf1 upw n ne ones not bacom
a od acbolar i and oo know, sirand T know that
"a" wiu iiwiui niieiiecu nave rmerWi
tfceirjpobsk i with fewopptirhmitie-.' ' :
fin ilsdelphia,where they have an adn i
rabhrtvstem of free aehrtota din'.
' i m t O ! IllCai-
colable amount of good. thd average W tcboJ
lar orte;U'n Idistributed Is ttleover .Vi
ollBrs-andltbes scbdols, witbthis sum
where the cost of living ii at least three times
as great as it is in the Country, in this latitude
me stuoeuis are inorougniy taught in all the
branches of aft iEnrlish' edneit.on ,.i
f10 micJnJ4lweful sciences
""tTnf T'r.s'Mjumics me sum does
not averaee more than fivn dnn. ..n
with this is educated ' race ofinen and wo
men who oot-wit us in every thing, Vho sop
ply u with all the faW th:..
- r . u'&t'anw
wnoareooren?ineer: oarmfnp, '...
graphers, and historians, oUr mathematicians'
uiu astronomers. i
. T.be. salariea paiiLtcrrKe teachers of our
tree schools have beea characteriae as piti
ful; and We are told that no one fit to teach
i engage tor such paltry sums. The
teachers get, Afr. Sneaker ahnni ji
are tw month. mmtimii mr... .
. . , - wv w a sum,
WbKft, I acknowledge.-ia vre
e compared with lh inmm or ...;
Attorneys, owners of factories sad extensive
planters but it wouli be a matter, of vast"
importance to three Aha. tohna.
- - w -y w miv lUUltUij
of the respectable men sod women of North
We cannot all be ereat lwn'M nJ J.r
torsw-but a small portion of us are born, to
rich inheritances;, and tlu-ee irths of tha
men and women of N. Carolina temi t
pat ions more laborious than that of the school
master and for much less than fifWn ,iiu-
per month., r . V
We may not now beble to get first-rate
teachers fer such salaries r bntih m.a
become educated poor roono- mea -anti rvn
young women will become our teachers and"
We Will be most abundintlv..annni;..l , A
great manv bovtv with disnraitiona i;hni
as ours, now follow the plow and handle the -
axe lor less than naif of fifteen dollars per
month r and manv thousand Virls whn
veins are crimsoned with Wort i a ri
that which mantles the cheeks 6T the prou-41
I the students can study only three months in
an
It an V one ahle in rrwt nnvrt.ia .n r
We are beset by. d amors for reform. Can
anv one tell the. precise nature of the evils
lobe reformed i.Have e any authentic
information .before us t , '-
Sir, we are informed by the. Report of the
President and Pirrctorxof the literary fund.
respectively or the people proposed. wbn the Constitution
ymm ....uw. ,.U ii iun oi arcesstondid not then exisr,
tf could not U rescrre. TbU theory 4s predicated upon
the idea, I hot there was a roost important right, admiitrd
by all at the -formation of the ConaiUatioo to exist i and
yet we bave the remarkable fact staring us in the face,
that not one word ia said -about it in that instrument.
Would the States, I ask. If this was a well ascertained
and admitted right at the time,; bave failed to bave as
serted it in express and anmistakeable terms? Would
they have left it to vncna nrmi. t nnn,. w i j
r n .1 ; rr wm Anicies j TTir " TM wotwiia uie Known sum of
ofConlederatioo wai so strong, and ber aversion to the 1M00. notsccpuntecl.fbr? Isitdoing
CnsUfution to great; that she was the vert last Stat tn Fd for the publicT. Tsitaiffusini'tiffhtaml
come into the Vnien, under theConstlrmiba. SuDDose hi 5noww4g .moog the poor? Or is it used
. .... yvv.jm, BMkrwllU UIU pn-
Vita inaonUIo.. ,V if
a iMa bo rvaecvoB8 on
mense sum there is an""indefimte amount"
in me nanus 01 pnvatSthdividuals who have
mieo uiese county otnees. What does this
mean? - That a sdmwice as large as the
whole revenue of thir State is in the,posses
sion of men who. fan 1a Inform you, and are
not called upon to inform you of its applies
tion; and tjiat a sum nnknown, and which
cannot be ascertained bw
sppliedd5obUesitohe purposes of private
rcvutiMpa ana may . ne ost to the State.
iw are (oey-rnocnave-lnts mooev be-
Innmn U Id. Ci.l. - J r. .
tepiwsentative of the pe.
aea a ST
about
OMie
. ... - v vkuuini nine, . i ii.. - . ..-
... . ' ' wimhiiuwu Kjupuuse IL .
bad been inserted In thd Cdnstltptioni Would it have been PP Po
adopted f Doe. any man believe it t Ut 7 2 f 2ZLT?l
onesker. haw ih nM:.;.. u. - , . .xAf snv one : out as a
.iw. i.iuu w mini t oars sou mien is .1" , . . r .
- connection wUb the Otb Art. 2nd Sec' of the Cn.5.f ft: JLT? rif h! lo ?k.tb? questions. and
tmn t that provides that -the Coustitbtion aid the Uw. w f answe7us T ' " Tmf
passed in nursuahen tWAf a-k.n .l. .. . . Wl"lniwer. , Mfif I
of the land," Drovided fhaTJITh prerttW We w 4e th necessity of
wIieMwbaa may withdraw a head, here e have overwhelming ' evi-
mit to ft t tm. L 7 v v io aun- ah wesvcaairmea w county boards
kwl. : VL-i wh wt of a Constitution would' that wboare county trssiureri sre reoSired by
aiSlJSi . ! Pmble to the Constitution and the w ?ake an annualportt'this year, a-
:j ; 7 T , . fcUW onor irora rasquoUnk. (Mr. Sben ur.H4.Iv7 Dnc out or seventy nine nave com-
7 ZV l j l' M constitution was ordained and es- p",ca WIU1 and in years
taoliabed by the pecms of.lbe several Statas. In r.t.. doxen.,The law cornmaads; I
7 aaa-m a. - - . . . ' VB VMS S SV ISaua. . L .-A A. ' .
- . o. uioro penect anion and yet, aceordiosr to bis ace CTJ , P16111 IU command is mere
ond resolution, provision was made TondTr fad w ?h Vw'M UtUe heeded 5 1
Constitution for iho disSuon ?. on. kNv nt rf "X1 h to
iMfflnwoI-UieaTeatii 1 Pcer to attend to thuery imtKmati
frxforiSoeW ter' fohtTe ,l head ofice7 who hsndleTno
cMuS gentlcmanV money, toxsll to account those who do, and
I .tZ 6"lfT': f Wf r t0tll.!!Ir?. . r fOjWil be theofficer not of a coantv; hut
j mi uuriaer. wnai mam ii.. .... : .... - 1.1 ik.Di.i.. , . . . ... . .
. M , " - - cAurcton .more perfect owe, uu aecoumaote to tnis1 bod v.
'ImftI-!?.0 "-tort.QoJSES:. Tb bill makesit bduty to ascertain
. Uoh, andtt virtually declares, thatunderibem the States V9 Jocaiion andicohdifiod ol me rin-
TUT . P?wer 110(1 bat proviaion was, necessary vWudsdlo.-in.-vfta report of the
tO Drnmnta that Uh.... r .v. . r . . J I Praltnf InJ '.Mk'. . .
liiri rrr'f?m oe.now,air.l anould 'lYZ ZirZ-T'lZF IuoaJ
bat K-fci f 17 . c r us immeaiaie recovery.
Kii fe f .S " 8t,000 in tfie
t"Miiaan as or exisbng officers and: unaccounted
chaur-
" iT .77 f W6 wbo.Uiia in war- - . .Md'.eapriee a. Stale, foe, iai' Is 7 sT',U .f -nWm d-'of existing officers snV unacb
.rMfc fipi4AttaldU was found JmnnklKU r:.I Utin.rrt "J!:
KVrJ Wise ana iDdiiLAn'fnnM... . i..- - .rv""s.K :-. rt . .. j--- .. - .... . . - 'o Keep tne reoresenf atlra r til t.
, , " a" ww imno.,.
lo keen the nrtriaibrk. r tvl . t.
fJlj irjformed of the situation of ail thTmi.
V one book.
I It is a familiar fact, that a child can learn
a . a . .
best in his own book ; and if he is allowed
the same book, he will contiuue to make pro
gross, though oftep'lnterrupted in his studies.
As it is, he is just beginning to learn and be
come familiar with his book when the achonl
is closed ; he is then kept at home for nine
a .
montns, and wnen be starts again, a new book,
which is all a mvstery to him, is put into his
uanas son ne oegins again, not where be ief!
off before, but at the beginning.
Thus is his nrozreu retarded : and 1t1
books coat m much as it would take to keep
. i . . . ., r
Ui uw lUHXH. , - J.'
"A remedy for thil evil is loudly demanded;
hut it ia nn fkrutw'a Kcin... in .1. i
II anv nna kait 'tUm' mill t.' k. . iL. I
thoritV '4Tk-il"t-4 Xs '-':' ' ' "v t
The sum annually otsbursed i small ; but
With tha tav.t mirlA ?n i...t
- " cau. uvuuir, ti ss
. .. fC ! . . . I . . . ' .
uwmsbi laaecpac scaooi, tnree montns' ia
every year, every chUd in the State With
this three months schooling he csn, in' ten
years, become a good scholar if properly
taught: and wis should, therefore," see that
his book tax does not keep him at home, and
that he gets' the full benefit of tha money ap
propriated by law for bis f uitioo., To do good
it must be; well, faithfully and economically
applied: rand-tO effect these dbieela. ,da I
desire a general superintendent. , , f--
" It is aim ma'dlt hia"dlitv fn titna' iptrnla.'
leUers to the Examining Committee of each
County: the object'of' which, is to ensure,
by - his instructions, better teacher. ""
lie , is also , required to publish an aan ual
-A a a - . a. m m.
Auueraens oi uie aumoer or license teach
era, of each sex. in 1 every County in the
State, and of the averajje salenes paid; by which
ueaiw a generous rivalry, to increase the salaries
of ilieir teachers will be created among die Coua-
ea, anu leacners waouog emphif ment wul know
where to so to find hW-.-j-., . t
Havmff. Mr. ' fineakor. stafiaRswl anveasilf. af tlv.
-a- a bmj Vi;Wl SBSV
sbsuluie neeessitv lor s General Superintendent of
wuiiuuu .ocauuis. i was mm ov tne arrave n.iix.
tion, bow is tie to be paid ? Lejialators reneraiir
ever watcning tbe.treasry and readf to clamor a
gainst any bill that proposes a 'new appropriation.
. 1 Will nut sarihal other moti than .l..
to serve the public, sometimes prompt opposition
lo annmnriatutna . ikiui.k I a ... i .
rr I I iiraiat anj w TI1JIMCU U
remark, that such opposition is not always true
ecooom. - -4.; . ,tuti
I waspnet present is ihiliousi of resea
tatives. in Washington Gij .when a hiU proposing
toexpeod J500 was introduced ; and 1 saw a mem
ber, ( should call him a demagogue,) bavnbe
iiouse for two days to prevent the passage of the
r j ""CTsperaing bis aiscourses WKQ masv
fond and endearing terms applied le the people, aad
wan many fervent professions of regard tor teei
interests and their fiscal concerns. made a cak
vmwuwo vi iu, cusioi uie eaoria to save XoUU. and
amouoted fa some six ihoasaad dulUrs,'Vaeh
day's session ef the House coaling some three
thousand dollars. - - h- J' t
This nian wished to pass, ia bat district, foi a
great economist ; and doubtless he secured his eb.
I n. I JlMirr Knanl mIuinm annnallv ! m mt.rm
greater than the-whole Revenue of the SWe; and
(uaru Mwiausv, wio inaoace ir, ssHSeaceooai
lor it. ri hn Vi. . TmtniM .ni & (VminlivJIu.
who have Jo report to ibis body, while their acl
mi."u- .1. : n : . ...r w -
Finance Committee,
canninr rv itm
- I ' . r "3 T" - 1a'""
ture the results of their bbiuhm and sarWuar
aminatioo. Of the former and lanrer sum. which
U nearly doubled by cbookraxe faid rrf difitrrehf
Gountiesj no account rendered p the Legisls
ture beyond tnegeeral statemeel oribe Literary
Board j snd this ernerafnd meajp report' tells
u ma, iu iiiKuuiic auii w nuuudiij iiiisappiie
to nHvataarinPilalnna ' unit thai hrt It AnrfhttI an
airl(1 itUMMami atiltaM-ITaa' atnoh- t tli'.'-tian.lo
in the packets of officers whd do hot care io' telf
monies. We are told that they are. all respectable
OlantlamJifl' 'nn'ttntint ,fi mra kul Kk...'
heard that any amount of respectabilitv ii a tutS.
faithfuf conduct of Treasurers of the Public 7,1.'
lctailily,iff
be an cxtraragaot, or a vstfnl usw of ..the
ntiblic fuiidAta arlnrnnrialn M dam HnfTi-!'iit
td enforce the accountability of sgents' with
wnom are annuMlty deposited the fnlerest in
two millions, of dollar'! and s uni nearly
equally a,s large, raiseu froiu, the people by
taxation., . 6t ill; Air. Speaker;! did tiot a'ish
to come in conQiet. with those 5Wfiei ini hi
thi st ef i tT fcisi ly i "I did oHwishls fiJillJ
which 1 deem oft so uiuch iiiportaiice", to
have to eiico'uriler lh nrovertuaL iiulmrvMi-
iin of ioiln, (carotins , Legislatures to- the
' m a .
ma K ing ot m w- epproria t lortsv A tfer east-
illtf Shotll fnr'lh). ialatti nt M.miIhi. Ihia hr:
I happily; found tlieor j ; f was lenaMed trj fii
on a biaii' bv 'winch io' nav' the CSeueraf .Sii
aaaintaiytni aama il Ih..' a . 2 1 1. T I
wi iniviiuriia -wiiiiuui iff, A tug iiao lmWmrj
rund a tingle cent and by winch stmteUitng
will even be saveii.- : ' '
Under oor Schotil law 'the Comity T3mrrts
aravannoallv to etrct S Board of Suoenn ten-
dents of Coinmnn Schiiols for each County ;
and ihest Superiienii apori4 ScJkioI
Committee jnen,1 for eaehl ScImiaI ilninn in
their respective CeOirtieo.' It is t lie duty of
the Schobf GoftHiWeemenUolwild.&ihotif-'
houitetf, employ; teste hers. &c, dec, and to
make returns to tha Sun riiilendenis. . Tha
Siiperinieiidt nts ebct one of their numb. r
lr Oiia.TMiarr; ami. with this Chairtnan are
intrusted all the School uionius of his Cuiiii-
The Committee-men and thcaSuperin'.en
lents, with the excention of the Ciiairinan
ffet no nav : the Chairman, whn ffiiirallv
.resides at the county low receives for Ilia
services i lie mn or two ami a half per cent-
on an monies wiucii pas tbrnugb his hands
ms dime. .Mr. r-aker are Uw im niMn,
arduous; he pt-rtorua but little more labor
man tiie Other anMer. and A,-m nnl Mr.
lisp roust! ine ten wltnle davs in ill pir. in
- j - j -
the bnsinras of his office. And vet for this he
is most liberally rewarded ; and his eouioeii:
at SI 1 1 rat a- asa auma . ...... a . - . . . . a. . .
vises w fji'uiitics giuuunis io more i t : "T v jiuu
lh.i ou huiulred nil ISA 'dothr ! Gen J rt .Prt??r ?nd ;WWMf-kMpii
. I I aSarKOaa i-iafiaiai a X? , S " I J
tieroen can ciimer tor themselves : let them 1 -7 bb rennso as uiose- I our
lake the amount disbursed in anv one coimi I . . ' ,,e nve the loom,lo
ty and a.t.l to it the suiu raiaeil bv iax no. .Qra.aS? 'A open fields for less
and they can eaadvfiad out the suits paid S J?- "'
1.. it... rj..;.. r o . r iManyol these nave. alreadV been miihj
..... ' . 1 frnm Ih.i.li.ni uJ.t:. k.. e
flljt bifl proposes lo lax the salaries of I lie 1 : " ujwttUaj uy ur iree-scnoots;
county Cliairraeif: l. allow the,,, h.,t,, a,.,; -ww insinMaeo at inem, and are
h.lfr cent, al f mtemilP
to thi; aalarv nistimiuxl fi ilu. 2. ....l C..
in a manner roore Jady-Iike. more suitaHe to
perintendent. One end s half nr rmi. will
Uhe-UndeanOe
k. ... i i r . rnr . I contutuuon tlian are the nrtcrnnafinK
' -,hiiio saiiiry i or inese uairm"il . 1 ' t.- l il '"-51,,"'iJ'-T7r,"""jt6iii
aed I'll ,wer for adhere will heiouad Sail
every eotmtvemt.1 men. intelligent meal irh I r . VT,"" re crawea,
will discharge tailbliilly all she dtiesbf;tliia !? wn,,ft " n,erand'beUescboob
ffice.KatH.'cpeLt' Se.l
manomy coimty UaVactelfe fmvffil
tullieht olficer j ho take,, iVelyialei?est iu S leara,D5 olher M accomplishing.
the Com'n Sclnnd sv-tem. and i. In eterv av f'.TfV . . 'la'Ml
i uuCi air. huu imacDuno ins aranf a arrrf
.-..II I. C .. 1 . . : . -"' " t J
r'1 r"Me" ,f5 the bteresU of the nennl- Jm w2T.Z
iiuccra in me stale; ami I , feel perfectly f ki : , F-' r7,r -v ' T".r
sure th.,.fWt one .aad Jtpsrl ifm?
would, if called for. continue the disoh-nre. r" r" . ' -T V" operationotr
aim oiiutniiiiutied fidelity, of the duties ol
me station lie now hlls. . ; j ;
, BuV&lr, SjMaker, the. very stna.'lcounties
wiay be. exempted ; the ftwirir iiva Chair.
men wlio not receive ui all 'more thaw
twenty five dollars inav lie allowed to r.
eeive two and .a half oerettd. otttha-iuaiii
our own tyilem of free-scbools and that in f
short time the comnetitinn fr h iv; r
the school! win be veryVreat, evehat asaiaiS
ry of fifteen dolUrser mcoth;.;
In Massachusetts 'where all r.1a,,ii -aria?
educated and all; occupations crowded thetr
teachers generally do
t j o luau
they dishurVeaisUKwdl vaeaouS JV XSf
ny bill. We w.lfotonfy iibte thiis in enU Md:tb. W varied and thorough ac
''Mf nnu-nil complishment , .,- - ?i.
but, as the sum disbursed for School pufpo-, . iCc.' l u r-" - '""t3? ". r-t
ses increase.. w will actuaiit aare i... . ' Mr ?!lmHl tt Iftjlh
thing, in addition, to b-lrriSa--ill "f"1' Prco rf
we wilr have aefJilM ititeai ? ooisiiat muttCOnJess sir,- that I
....i,.,- .T-r" leei awkward in makin the attemnt.'?
fini vaiiroien as we wiw U. ,a t '. 1 " 7
aWaaSaf skAikl aa
S. -i E . . 1 ' . . t -a a a. - -r
As the system ,hw warks -ome of tho- "IV a.e?!.f.
ChaiVmenlise for ye.rsahe fnaditedi
with ihaai. ....J,.... .n. 1. i.'. Wa'iii'-iJ I WP?? rge which musHnot go jon'
with them, apolyuiff theiit to novate nurnn
ea; aad Iheo when thev.come to setile wtlh
the Treasurer 4l lha SuteJthav donltth aa
retain two and a half per cent. for each year;
ror uie inuioi4 oi naving apiJtetl tne iUviiey
lo their nrivata snr,ilinia I ' '" ' ' "
r v . v . i
The Sultan of Torkey, a you lraow Mr. Speaker,'
answered.'
ced as a
f F... ...., - , 1 J
vui aTBicui ubb ucen- opnonn. -
h umbno-: - and w' h a v K .t 4
hat it it better to give up" our literary "fund'v
; Surposao sir, it were given back to thrS .
Treasurywbatwoiild We do with UrWouhfi
we nouoa m ine condition of the man Who
tbmr puac
making it,
umm, igniiw maaiers, as uct-ot sots aoycrewn and t " . , : iwuu piana-
people.: ItU.aidtbeiiatrwpof QMm al of jbetn bitterly'". "
y , - - wwuiu ni aw up-1 vvvww-, HHHiiawi wawouiEsaiereus wouki ...
$t. 1VM ,oa Ppwpriationisecuontl inW
Tr? .bo!-1 snd sectional snimosities would leroed fkM
they would preaeat a chwga and tbtae itsi l 10
PI! .1- a . . a a I at aaaaa aa. a 1 mm A aP S " al . S ' a... '
, siu oj itcnci sirjie toai would sprit
our Stale iota aaneut factions afi tett Vi.1
lasirig injury upon etery;ihdutrial and evef
ryj fiheisj;ursu.th? elfetpoi
would be equally disastrous ; and North Car-,
elina-would bejostly entiUed ,to the derisioirf
of the workllill can tae Ver Conteat in thi 3
lmA milk . A f iL' 1 'I ' ' 1 " ". ..-'I .Tf
Sgsinst such, policy
uwii in uie union, ana . am urv nAt imi
fr behind ihVeyery kHid of im
But. ME.neaker.r when f 13 v Ni flamiL
na is the most jgnorsnt State in the Union XT"
ought to Explain why sho is W , and fdf thisbw
akUoa.- This chum ana fna- Varfas aataiaaaas a awl X.m.
t i . r " arwaass S-asaw. j Waaa. UajSg
peasanU wbose subatanoe had been devocred, had to
naif ttia fni.n f ir.l ' t- t- i-- - V i .. .
ttia purpose : )l dot ooti m U Veamparetba unef.
r m. n, noow. correct scieutioos.jno.
BUl instances bar a awnnad anrl mirtf ... J
OUT ITaUai of S nractiaa ailhtlar n tW .11,1. . ' -
w'.to towWge thaf our system ia defective
and refte Jo amend itt Are we to declare before
the World that s cannot make a good sjsteni of
eomi aAools r to efeaathat jre Uva "made a
fcaare and cannot do better It- If we were the rat
who had tried She experiment of establishing free
adMU,wa might make soch a confesiuoo and sroid
disgrace by declaring the' seheme'lnriHrficaUeJ and
,elainr twrselves moompetent to the task of framing a
P. r ' " S" UB. ie. WUl BUS pubj
bah our own aharoe. ,J! -- r -.r.y?
H But it naa been aaiT! urml ?m vVt2L-ILi: n '
OrODTtaind tvr Uar la m o.Tt a , ' . J . i J,
tkertfore. attemnta at tmnm.rfn.nt ' .T' JfL:.. j i. I
nynaueu. 1 IUS, - jiT. DDeaKer. is tO OM
b.MM InnL. t J . . il ., . : ;
. o" " lurce oi mis reasanimr.
Is M as luuch aa tonruih. mm "ii ;.n -
nut it to be wasted weTl tell -the ieople we wJJ
and ask f more that we1 may be enabled to husband
rt taort carefully and apfy it With mora pnidcncev
I eupposed that be wbo la csieful oyer email fhinsrs t
Bad that ha Who miahjuvt '
taken from him even the little
i sopposecLand" atiU thftik,
3J
be SO aatisfr tluni thai tk. nMa. J:
arid ia prodenUy appUed ; believe !thatths sto5S
. ."-7., .uib cnerosiiy noq pubua
ecic
Pnt of Uw eommuiutV would ha on nfixL .-...
NMr.peaken tay ailf letuaBr'-oroiH
sse vaatauoianr rf... .i i"Tv l,.Th yery tact that our Fund small k aii r-.
in tirr nfMMftit : .1.: .' J i .'
rp-j
u
purpose and to do her i ufic I rmisJ a-o.iK J1
indulgeaeeof the Hoosewhile I make a sKcrti
Sze of -biffotrvJ and it Was settled ht;
who could not endure -the fashiaadUi,'an
w'lMiy y w aiuwv vuier otaiesrwer.
Colonized by f ugttrvfes from pursectitiW; tu
these fugitives had cberiih-ft Mda ar
lhey'me,U lKe American shores 'to iRcjoyv
their creeds and tbihrea
theui. Evtry one believed himself right an1
all others wrcogi nU ift w
. arw. ! ....
cf bigctry and intolerance. Tha; wttch doc-n's
tprs, the jeiuits, 'ah4i:lhe!gbis"cvOsd:''
an d Cambridge throw a discredit oa Uten,
tare-in the estirsaticd of somej and HaoseH
Were the select fewlihe tan-lineal !'rjyeef
.veho wUhcd to.attia'd ta their flwnaffurS ift
4 .