RH-A TD : : v """
IQ011S 1 LEUT, Idilff.
SOITI C1I0L1H Titfrfnl li lattllrrtnal, bmiI ud pkfilnl irescrrti, the laod f tar Dfti 'iittiB tf wfftiai
IIOXIBH I. IEIAi, Incfittt Niter.
VOL. XLI.
RALEIGH, WEDNESDAY MORNING, MAY 15, 1850.
NO. 21.
mm
,,M THJB VOBTH CAROLINA STAR
l KIUIUII IIULI,
II THUS J. IEIAI k Ml.
(Offlo nearly opposite the Port Offloe.)
- - Terns if tie fintr.
liMier annum, when pud u auvajics ?' 00
If f ejment it delayed three months.
Term ( AdrtrlUiiig. m -
Oh sqssrs, (1 tines,) ire UuartuiB, $1 00
" sees auhecoueat inwrlioK, 25
Cesrt order eed jwJieial d-ertienient, S par
cent, bigherv N
A ied initios, of S3 per cent, for sdrertiseuients hy
the Tear.
JtaAll latter and comannlcatioiM mast ba poM
mn KrallUnni aj oe maae oar nan.
THtf LAW OF NEWSPAPERS.
1. All bseribers, who do not'tire rxfrrss ko
nn to the wmtrarr, srs considered aa wubing to
contiaoe their esbseriptions.
1. It subscribers order the discontinuance of their
apere, tba pabliahera may continue to (end them
antil ummnt are paid.
(. If uuaeribara neglect or rtfoe taking their
paper, rron tn omcea to whtcb they ara sent, they
are bold responsible till their bill are aettled tad
their paper ardared to be diecontinaed.
t. The Court hare decided that refusing to take
. aaarapapar or pariadiaal from the office, or nrmnea
in ad leering it uncalled for, ia " prima facie"
e.idesee of UTsaTloial rmal'D.
AGRICULTURAL.
REPORTOF THE Yt A ft Y LAND STATE
AGRICULTURAL OH EM I S T J ruts
''"' H iooins, M. D. '"""'" "'
We proceed m-day wiirt the publication of
Doctor Higgings report, and give Ilia portion
of hi remarks on Lime.
B - Manh AtitJ. I ----4e-'lMil4c ma
nure. That at llie head or creek and ravine
ba been used with a general benefit, second
only jq tbls manure. The large marches
on many of ihe river on the ' Eastern Shors
are invaluable, and at the lime time exhau-a-lest
sources of fertility, i have examined,
lbs "mud from many of them in large
quantities, many ol tlie necessary constituent.
Many specimen are easily burnt, which af
ford great laciiity aim raving ol labor in it
application.
Thi mud shonuld be dug up and put in
heap, and at any suitable time ihntild be
burnt and the sshee immediately applied to
the land. When it will not burn, then ii
should he made into a compost with quirk or
water alaked lime and applied to the soil.
Thi mu J ia very rich in all of the neces
sary ovutiiucnts of soil ai miy be aeen
from the following analyse:
Mrh mud frtir Ohiekumacomico river in
Dorchester county, specimen being dried,
win composed f: Vegetable matter, 99 80;
rand, 7.1H day and iron per oxide, 90;
lime, (x. calcine.) 15; phosphoric arid, IS;
magnesia, 13; potash and mda, 12 ; eul
- ihuric acid. Mdrhlorin'4nat.'.s.':.:.
Specimen examined from the marshes ol
theTransqueken and Black water i" Dorrhes-
!fj-.ff' 9. .ih3 Niaiia.ii)jsiJ-.aalPjjeojnak!..
from thit Wiilo'iiicp ami M.mie in Someraet,
and from Chnptank in Caroline county, all
proved to be valmHIs as innnures. It extnU
la very .great WniUtwT ff tilar' y in tnir
nline, Dorchestar, Somerrt nd AVoreesfer
counties. On the border of the rivers, the
marsh sometime prcacn'U an unbroken levt
surface aa far a the eve can reach, affording
a rich psemre for large herda of cattle. Il is
composed mainly of vegetable matter, in every
alage of Hecsy. Its texture is so very soft and
rreMiitf; thai trr-maivy- taee -pole- - he-
. . JhruMdown to
without meeting wiln any obstruction. I his
ie peculiar to the marslic on the freh water
slreims. On the head of the salt water
creeks it ia much more firm, having a much
less proportion of organic matter and always
large per ceulage of soda. Tl.i marsh
hemiaV hafllcd in its wet 5ttrS, a i
large amount of lahor is incurred without
ny profit. It linuld alway be bnrnt when
it is susceptible of combustion ; and when
thi is not the ease, it should be mixed in
compos with water slacked or quick lime.
nut me larmer, n ne cannot nurn II, nor can
not mix it with lime, should not fail to use it
by Itself. When applied alone, it will he
found valuable application to all the soils I
which il is Contiguous. The only objection
to il use in its native state is, that il ii liable,
from the Urge quantity of organic matter
which il contain, to produce sorrel an e
vent which will not happen when the vegeta
ble or organic muter is - destroyed hy
firt, or decomposed by quick of water slaked
lime. 'v J
I The next substance which we shall men
tion i t manure i-ohe used from the earliest
ge to the present day, with various degrees
jof iueees. It cost to the farmer, the im.
' mense quantity and the generality of its appli
tion, it great value when properly used, the
kwe of labor, time end money when impro
perly nserl, are all sirong reason why it na
ture, the difference of its different varieties,
end the best mode of it e,p4cition shouldbe
erell known. .
- Lii. Lime a used In agriculture i ob
tained either from limestones, oyster shell.
Indiin shell banks, or Marl. In-all oflhesej
different substances it exists naturilly in the
' etate of carbonate. The litnettnne i ub
jeetsd in kiln properly prepared, to a degree
of hsat sulBcient to expel the carbonic acid,
becomes quick lime, (ox-caclium) & is chang
ed in it mechanical enndilion from t hard
compact mass into very 6ne powder. On
exposure to th itmoiphere, it abiorb from
' It esrhonie acid, and return into the ehemial
condition, as it existed in the limestone, its
pnysical character remaining the same, that
i. as, ii still f xista rn e finely divided state, fit to
be equally distributed over the land. On the
addition of water end the lime, end hydrate
. of lime it formed of in common language, it
become water slaked. This compound con
tains of lime above 76 per cent, while air
slaked lime contain 1 ul 88 and nearly one
4htrd per eenta "Th Km obrjine4""fronl of:
tsr shells it reduced to powder in the name
manner as atone lime, and I. in every re-
epect, identieil with it, far as the lime l is
concerned. It contains, however, another
4bnee .phosphate of lime, t e. time
ir -y V Pt'phorie h4 4k came thing
- which give bone their peculiar yalue. Thi
forme from one and a half to two and three
quarter per eeni in oyster ehells. 8o thai
uT 9 h"' " t" proptrue ol lime,
wuh those of bone duet ia hat quantity su-
-. 11 I n .... '
ro.iu.u, uyster enelle alo contain a email
Mantity of magnesia, but not enough to io-
meir agncullnral a!ne. We obtain
---frasai
oyer ahelU ioorertBao from eoov
liinesiooo.
The analysis ol the following specimens of
lime that had been sold for agricultural pur
poses, and comprising all of those used on the
Eastern Shore will ahow their composition;
Lime from North River, commonly call
ed "N ew York Lime, ia composed of
water, ("umlackedj 17.70 per cent ; lime as
quick lime, 27 30 percent; m-gnesia, 31
20 per cent sand, clay and iron, 33 0 per
cent. ,
This is the composition- of this lime as ta
ken from the load in the condition in which it
is sold; and I may here remark, that all of
the specimens were taken from lots which
had been sold. The proportions given are by
weight and not by measurement.
Kkadino Ling Psnnbvlvama. Water,
(unslacked) I 40 per rent ; rand, 8 80 per
rent; clay and iron 10,10 per cent ; lime,
(quick lime) 62 2V per ct , magnesia, 30,30
per cent
Schcvlkill Lime No. 1. Water, (un
slacked) 12.80 per cent ; sand, 4,00 per
cent; limt, ftuick lime) 35,00 per cent;
magnesia, 40 85 per cent; clay and iron. 7,60
per et.
Schuylkill Lime, No. 2. Sand, 6,80
per tent; clay iftd Iroti.TJ.OO per Yeul; lime.
52 00 per cent ; magnesia. 20 00 per ct.
Schuylkill Link, Nj 3; Water unslack
ed) 3,26 per eeui; sand, 0,00 per cent; clay
and iron, 8,00 per rent; lime, 00 21 per cent;
magnesia, 25,00 per ct.
civsqncHANNA Like near vvriohtsvillk.
" All of the "sperimeTis u nsIicUed " contained
of sand, 2,3 per rent; iron and clay, 7.10
per cent; lime, 73,00 per ct4 tiingnesia, 15,00
per. ct.
N org -t'ain't," T.8I' per remr fiinn anif
clay, 2,32 per cent; lime, iH,U0 per cent;
magnesia, 2 1 ,30 per ct.
No. 3. Sand, 110,? per rent; iron and
clay, 5, 1 8 per ce"nt; Time," 7 1 ,B3 per' cciit;
magnesia, 1 1,28 ,ier ct.
Ualtijsokk Coukt Lime. The average
of eight different analyse of the air slaked
lime, gave of lime as enrbonate, i, e. air
HlelCed lime, 81,4(1 per cent.
Lime from Indian Shell Banks, No. 1.
Specimen fully slaked. Sand, 2,00 percenl;
i-lay and ir.n. 30 percent., lime as carbonate,
04 10 per cenu lime aa phosphate, i e. bone
dust, 2 20 per cenf
Lime yaoa I.ndjaj Shell Banks, No, 2
Sand. 2,00 per cenl; lime, as carbonate; 05
50 per cent ; lime as phosphate, 2,25 per
cent; clay and iron. Oil per cent.
I.mx from Indian Shell Hanks, no. a.
Sand, 6,25 or cent.; cloy 6l iron, 18 pr cent ;
lime as caibonale, i. e. air alaked, 01,20 per
cent; lime as phosphate, i. e. bone dust 2,30
ner cent.
N. ft. The No. 1. 2. 3. affixed to the
"Lime from Indian Shell Banks" and "Schuyl
kill Lime" only denote the order, in which
thev were examined, ' '
North River Lime. R. Specimens ob
tained from Worcester county. Water, 7,00
per rerrrr Hand, ehrjr- -ami - -fmrH1 L00 -per
cent ; lime, 50,00 per cenl; magnesia, a,uu
ner cenl.
I'EC.dttA I.IMR. Useu extensively in me
'"PM? ,S.(..By.il!"Al3?;-3T WaiitU.lay...anjl
iron, 3.7a per ceiu : nine, oo.uw pur ceui ,
mngnesi'i, 38,00 per cent ; water, 1,50 per
rent.
Gas House Lime, No. 1. Y. Water
and free sulphur, 9,20 per cent; clay and
iron, 1,00 per cent; lime a carbonate, Bll.uo
per cent ; lime as sulphate, t. e. gypsum
3.00 per centT as pttoeptmle lime, 2,00- per
OQtt. w--" .-.-!"-.!. A-..r.-.xi.-Wii!lU(W-tjJWT;-W('.
"" Ga House Lime; No. 2. M. Sand
6,00 per cent ; Sulphur, (free,) 90 per cent ;
water, 13,00 per cenl ; lime aa carbonate
68.73 per cent 1 me as sulphate, fgypsum,)
9,30 per cent ; lime aa phosphate, J, 00 per
.c?nt,... ..,.,.,...
Report of (he M'lryland ftiate Agricultural Chem
iit James Miggina, M. 1.
We have only space to-d.iy for the remarks
of Dr. Higgins on marl, and its uses:
jVarf. The term Marl, in the sense in
which it is used in the district of country where
my labors have been is assigned to two sub-s-ances
distinct in their physical properties,
and essentially different in their chemrcal
ronslitution. This difference is denoted in i:s
name by the addition of shell in the one
instance, and Jersey or greeri s.uid in
the other. -The former showing the source
of the mrt (com th shell. The other (Jersey)
bee.ttue first used for manuring in N. Jersey,
and green sand from its color and appearance.
I shall now only Speak of shell marl, or that
derived from decayed shells reserving a section
for the exclusive consideration of the green
sand or Jersey msH.
The shell marl, as may readily be supposed
from its origin, owes its valuable porperties to
lime, existing in a state of Carbonate; it also
contains magnesia in proportion to the lime
generally, as 1 is to 75; in some rare instances,
however, the quantity of magnesia is as 8 per
cent. Phosphate of lime ia present, also; in
other there is a mere trace, and frequently it
is-entirelv absent; In some marl a (mall quan
tity ofhme i preent as sulphate.
The quantity of magnesia is not estimated sept
rately from the lime in any of the marl, unless
it forms at least 2 per cent. A particular de
scription of the physical character of each rn art
is not given with it analysis in the report on
the marls In the different counties, a it would
lead lo no better knowledge of their constitu
ent. It is enough to say in Una place, that
they differ very much in different localities,
both as regard appearance, the state of di
vision of the shells, and in the quauantity of
lime which ' they contain. Sometimes the
shell are almost as perfect when first exposed
as those in the recent state some crumbling
into fins powder on exposure to the atmos
phere, whilst others remain aound for a long
period of time. Some bare the appearance
of dirty lime; scarcely a reetige of shell being
visible; others are like mortar and have to be
large bard lump, which gradually fall to pie-
lees on exposure lo the air. Other specimens
again have a bock red color ana consistency,
obtaining (fieir . color and their consistency
Train their aluUnafionBf ffie per of .oTtron
They vryssireb in their egricjilwral alu
as in their appearance, tome containing as little
aa 18 pereent. of carbonate of time, with only
a raee of magnesia, and none of tha phos
Dhate. whilst others have as much as 70 per
cent, of the carbonate of lime, and others 2,50
per cent of the phosphates. The appearance
of the marl ia a very imperfect indica of iu
value. Some, in which there is but a mere
Lfisibli ippeararice of shell; yield aa much
.... - . -l-.-1.-A 11'-. Ll.k
asov per ct. 01 air-siacai-a iiuae; viuvis wumi
appear to be made up entirely of shell, have
not more than 20 or 28 per cent. In the one
ease the shell have' become disintegrated by
heat and moisture, no current of water pass
ing through them during the process; in the
other, water charged with carbonic acid has
circulated through the shell-beds, dissolving
and carrying away the lime, the ntrnrt of the
shell, andfesvuur only its form unbroken. As
a genera rule, those shells imbedded in clay,
or, which have a very large admxlure of it,
contain more lime than those which have a
sandy foundation, as water perculates easily
through sand, carrying with il some of tlie lime
by mere force of attrition, and dissolving more
when charged with carbonic acid. Water
ch.irged with this ga very readily dissolve
lime in the state in whi'h it exists in shells.
In many bed of marl, the form of the shell
only is left; all of the lime having been dissolv
ed by the above process. The lime iu marl
is equally good, pound for pound a that
which exists in limestones, and the advantage,
from its admixture of sand and of clay, being
more easily incorporated with the soil. It is
identical with it in every possible res
pect, serves the same purposes, answers the
enme end in ihc pmrlncth-Mi fif vi'geutloii, and
should be used to fulfil the same indications,
viz: to supply lime to a soil deficient in it. Its
application thin resolves itclf into a mere
question of cost. The per centage of lime in
a marl being known, its owner can determine
for hiinell' whether hi ran apply to his soil
any-gien-nnmHpr f -bshfl- of limei by--:
inginarl. cheaper than he can by buying lime.
An allowance must be made in the marl for
the application of a larger quantity of lime
the lime in it cannot at once be made available.
in consequence of the shells not being eniirclv
reduced to powder. In making this comparison,
howe-var, it wustbe understood that tlm -ogrK
cultural lime seldom contains more than 8-1 per
cent, ol lime. Another Hem in this enmnariaon
is the greater facility with which lime in marl
admits of more thorough incerporation with
the soil. The quantity of inert liin j for the
present iu marl, varies in every specimen, and
depends on the quantity of large shells which
re found in it, and the facility with which they
fall to pieces when exposed lo tho atmosphere.
These are then the 4 sources f rom which lime is
(h-rived for agriculfural purposes, viz: lime
sioni', Indian shell hunks, burhl oyster shell,
and shell marl. The indications for the use
of it, is its absence or deficiency in the soil.
IMPORTANT DISCOVERY IS CULTI
VATION. -
Russell Comstock, whilom of lhi.chy,new
of Duchess county, claims to have made a
great discovery in agriculture, by which the
growth of fruit trees and other cultivated
crops, of the farm of Southern plantation may
be milch accelerated, and their products in
creased, as well as improved in quality. He
proposes to reve il the secret to the public, if
the Legielilure will grant him a certain sum
of money j and a hill has been reported fof
that purpose, with the very proptr reserva
tion that the money shall not be paid, un
less' a committee of scientific, agriculturists,
fprovtitet1nr"tn '"KTI-n'"Hww".rew
year report to the Legislature that. In their
opinion, "the claimed discovery or discoveries
and improvement and knowledge, and rule
and method of culture adapted thereto and a
dopted thereby by the said Russell Comstock,
shall be worth to the eitziens of the State,"
and to posterity, the sum so appropriated.
I Several distinguished 'agriculturist' to whom
me serrei lias ucen maoe Known in cunn-
dence, speak of it in high trrma For our
selves, we know nothing about it, and of
course can give ho opinion -V. Y. Journ.
Commerce.
CONGRESSIONAL
Washington, May-6.
In the Senate, after tho election ol Mr.
King as President pro Inn., a motion to print
thirty thousand extra copies of part two of the
report of llie Commissioner of Patents contain
ing the agricultural statics was debated and
finally adopted. The bill to establish - R
board of accounts was considered till the ad
journment.
In the House ol Representatives, Mr. Stan
ly offered a resolution, which was passed un
der a suspension ofihe rules, providing for the
appointment of a select coinmiite of nine mem
bers, to make inquiry into eleclioimeering
movements of officers under llie late adminis
tration. A resolution was adopted, on motion
of Mr. Siowell, calling upon the Secretary of
War for information connertod with the claim
of Texas lo a por'ion of New Mexico. Mr.
Hurt made an ineffectu'd attempt to introduce
a resolution requesting the President "tosigni-
fv to the Government of t.rcat Britain the
wish of the the Government of the United
Suites lo terminate the 8ih article of the treaty
concluded between them at Washington, on
the ntmh day of August, A. D. 18i2," which
provided for a naval force on the coast of Afri
ca, with a view to the suppression of the slave
trade. The House refused to suspend the
rules, and took up the Census hill.
n athmtpon. May 7r 1850.
The Senate were engaged in debate upon
the establishment of a "Board of Accounts,"
or tJommissioiirrs, lor tlie settlement ol all
claims against the Government. The num
ber of members, tlieir salaries, and me length
ol their term of office, were under considera
tion. i
The House were in Committee of the
Whole and occupied the day considering the
different articles of the amendment offered by
Mr. Vinton, in relation to ine census mil.
Wednesday, Msy 8, 18507"
SENATE. .-'!
Mr. DAVIS, of Mississippi, presented the
resolutions of the Legislature of the Bute of
Mississippi, on the subject ol slavery, of
Northern aggression, and in defence of the
proceeding at the primary meetings and at
011? Stale i eottvewioit, 'In'mpertlff thf'rftrrt
southern convention. He read, at length
from the proceedings of the primary meetings.
and from the address of-the Slate convention.
to show the causes which induced the people
of that State to believe t Southern eonves
; wsa seesaary 1 wm ttot for the par-
nose ol promoting disunion, but to .promote
a faithful adherence to the guaranties of the
Constitution. And all the many charges thai
thi convention was called from motives: of
disunion were either maliciously (site or ut
tered in ignorance of the troth. He detailed
ih many and rartous subjects' of the resolu
tions, and of the address, all breathing devo
tion and attachment to the Union at contem
plated by the Constitution, and compere J
i those proceeding with those of the town
I meetings and conventions held by Free Soil-
'era in New England and in the west, where
the violation of the Constitution and disunion
were openly advocated. These proceedings
were permitted to pass without rebuke, while
those of tlie people of Mississippi, which were
simply in defence of their constitutional rights,
were denounced a incipient disunion. lie
commented upon the proceedings of northern
Slates and conventions, and attributed to them
all the alarm experienced at the South.
He hoped that wiser councils would prevail,
and that none of the offensive and unjust meas
ures of oppression would be passed by Con
gress. The majority might triumph, but
their triumph would find an united South
prepared to submit to no oppression. The
majority might triumph, but their shout of
victory would be checked, before it was half
uttered, by the voice coining from the South
"Wo, wo, to the riders who trample them
down."
The resolution were read, and ordered lo
be printed.., .
rill on leave.
Mr. ATCII ISON, puruant to notice. asked
arid obtained leave w incrodiK'e theftjHowiiig
bills:
A bill for the relief of the heirs of Nicholas
Lanclianee arid others. .
A bill for'the payment ofa debt due to the
heirs of Antoine Peltoine. ' '
ac port or the select committee or thirteen
Mr. CLAY.--intra tlie. Select Committee of
Thirteen lo w hom were referred various reso
hitious relating to California, to other portions
of the territory recently acquired by the Uni-
Je4Siate from the republic of Mexico, and
to oilier suojects connecieu Willi ine institu
tion of slavery, submitted the following
report.
tlieir uuties witn a ueep sense or uictrgreat
importance, and with earnest and anxious solic
itude to arrive at such conclusions as might
be satisfactory lo the Senate hud Id the coun
try. Most of the matters referred hiyvc been
not only subjected to extensive and serious
public discussion throughout the country, but
to a debate in the Senate itself, singular for
i s elaborateness and ils duration; so that a
full exposition of all those motives and views
which, on the several suhject confided to the
committee, have determined the conclusions
at which they have arrived, seems quite un
necessary. They will, therefore, restrict
themselves to a few general observations, and
to some reflection which grow out of those
subjects.
Out of our recent territorial acquisitions,
and in connection with ihe institution of slave
ry, questions most grave have sprung, which,
greatly dividing and agitating the people of
the United States, have threatened to disturb
the harmony if not lo eiidangcf ihe safety, of !
the Union. " The committee believe it to be i
highly desirable and necessary speedily to ad
just all those questions, in a spirit of concord.
and in s" manner- to -produces if practicable.
general satisfaction. J hey think it would
be unwise lo leave any one ol them open and
unsettled, to foster in the public mind, and to
KWg, if uoUaggravaUvt
It has been their object, therefore, in this re
port, to make such proposals and recuiiimeu-
nations as would accomplish a general adjust
ment of all those questions
Among the subjects referred to the com
mittee, which command their first attention,
are the resolution offered to tlie Senate by
the Senator from Tennessee, Mr. .Bfll. By.
prowmon- in liut rusuluuon of Congress, an
nexing Teias lo the United Slates, it. is de
clared that "new Suites of convenient size,
not exceeding four in number, in addition to
said State of Texas; and having sufficient pop.
uUtlion, may hereafter, by the consent of said
Stale be formed out of tile - territory tlicreol,
which taU-lreaiit7fd
Ihe provisions of the Federal Constitution;
and such SiaU-sa may bo formed out of lhat
portion of aaid territory lying south of-35
30' north latitude, commonly- known aa the
Missouri compromise line, ihall be admitted
into the Union with or without slavery, as the
people of each Slate asking admission may
deiire."
The committee are unanimously of opinion,
that whenever, one or more States, formed
out of tlie territory of Texas, not exceeding
four, having sulficicnt population, with the
eonseni of Texas, may apply to be admitted
into the 4JntMn they are eutided to such ad
mission, beyond all doubt, upon the clear, un
ambiguous, and absolute terms of the solemn
compact contained in the resolution of an
nexation adopted by Congress and assent
ed lo by Texas. But, whilit the Committee
conceive that the right of admission into the
Union of any new Stales carved out of the
territory of Texas, not exceeding Ihe number
pecificd, and under the conditions atatod, can
not be justly controverted, the committee do
hot think that the formation of any such new
Stale should now originate with Congress.
The initiative, in conformity with the usage
which ha heretofore prevailed, should be
taken by t portion of the people of Texas
themselves, desirous of constituting a new
Stale, with the consent of Texas. And in the
formation of such new State, it will be lor
the people composing it to decide for them
elve whether they will sdmitor will exclude
slsvery. And however they may decide that
purely municipal question, Congiess is bound
to acquiesce, anil to fulfil in good faith the
stipulation of the compact with Texas. The
committee are aware that it has been con
tended that the resolution of 'Congress
annexing Texas . was unconstitutional.
At a former epoch Ofour country's his
tory, there were those (and Mr. Jefferson, un
der whose auspice the treaty of Louisiana
wa concluded, was among them) who be
lieved that the States formed out of Louisiana
could not be received into the Union without
an amendment of the Constitution. But the
State of Louisiana, Missouri! Arkansas, and
towst have been alt nevertheless, admitted
Ami who would now think of opposing the
admission of Minnesota. Oregon, or other new
State formed out of tlie ancient province, pf
Louisiana, upon the fTound of an alleged on-
ginai defect of eon'.ltulirna power! ' In grave,
seuooei transactions, wbiht yet In Blew carrier
or incipient aUges, difference may well exist;
but when once they hare been decided by a
constitutional majority, and ere' consummated,
or are in a process of coniummad m, there
can be ao other safe and prudent alternative
than to respect the decision already rendered,
and to acquiesce in It. Entertaining these
views, majority of the committee do not tbiuk
it necessary or proper to recommend, at this
time, of prospectively; any . new State or
Stateslorjefonnedot1iftheTerjiloryofTexaa..,'h hasorgaoiaed lor herrell e Hutia govera
Shduld any such Stale be hereafter formed, and j mtn B,uw be hfny ni etitulionally re
present itself for admission into the Union, a1 " Territory until sli is actually ad-
whether with or without the establishment
of a-avery, it cannot be doubted that Congress
will, under a full tense of honor, of good faith.
and of all the high obligation arising out of
the compact wnh Texas, decide, jtiat as it Will
decide under tlie influence of similar consider
ations in regard to new States formed of or out
of N?w Mexico and Utah, with or without the
institution of slavery accordingly the constitu
tions and judgment of the people who compose
them, as to what may be best lo promote their
happiness.
In considering the question of the admission
of California a a State into the Union a ma
jority of the comtnittA conceive that any irreg
ulanty by which that Male was organised
without the previous authority of an act of
Congress ought to be overlooked, in considera
tion of tlie omission by Congress to establish
any territorial government for the people of
California, and the consequent necessity which
they were under to create a government for
themselves best adapted to their own want.
There are various instances, prior to the case of
Cailroriila, or Uit admission of new Siatei
into the Union, without any previous author
ization by Congress. The sole condition
required by the Constitution of tlie United
States in respect to the admission of a new
Stale is, that its constitution shall bo repub-
i: e fy . l
ucan in orin. vuiiiurum preseni men
constitution! and there- is wo doubt of her
having a greater population than that which,
according to the practice of tlie government,
baa been heretofore deemed sufficient to re
ceive a new Mate into the Union.
n'Fcg
California, the committee would have been
glad if diere existed more full and accurate
geographetical knowledge of the territory
which "thiiie toWilaf ie "IM
reason to believe that, large as they are, they
embrace no very disproportionate quantity of
land adapted lo cultivation. And it is known
that they contain extensive ranges of moun
tains, deserts of sand, and much unproductive
soil. Il might have been, perhaps, bettor to
have assigned to ('olifornia a mors limited
front on the Pacific; but even if there had
been reserved on the shore of lhat ocean a
portion of the boundary which it present
lor any other State or Slates, tt la not Very
certain that an accessible interior of aulucieat
extent could have been given to them to ren
der an approach to the ocean through tlieir
own limits of any very great importance.
A majority of the commiltM.-4luailL.4haL.
there are many and urgent concurring consid
rations in favor of admitting California with
the proposed boundaries, and of securing to
her at this time the benefits of s Slate govern
ment. If, hereafter, upon an increase of her
population, a more thorough exploration of
her' territory, and are ascertainment of the
relation which may arise between the people
occupying it various parts it should be found
conducive to ..their .convenience. and happi
ness to form a new Slate out of California,
we have every reason to believe, from past
experience, that the question ol its admission
A majority of llie Committee, therefore, re
commend to the Senate the passage of the
bill reported by the tjoainuttee on territories
for IhcVidiuission of California as a Stat into
.1. - ir..r . ! . ! .L
ine union, to prevent misconccpiion, me
committee also recommend lhat the .amend
ment reported by the same committee to the
bill be adopted, so aa to leave incontestable the
rjht-of the United
main and other public property in California.
Whilst s majority, of the committee believe
it to be necessary and proper, under actual
circumstances, to admit California, they think
it quite a necessary and proper to establish
governments for the residue of the territory
the pale ol Uie rederal authority, ihe re
motencs of thai territory from the seat of the
General Government; the dispersed scat of
its population: the variety of racespure and
mixed of which il consists; the ignorance of
some of. the races of our law, language, and
habits; their exposure to inroad and wars of
savage tribes; and the solomn stipulations of
Ihe treaty by which we acquired dominion
over them, impose upon the United State the
imperative obligation of extending to them
protection, and of providing for them govern
ment and law suited In their condition. Con
gress will fail in the performance of a high
duty, if it does ant give, attempt to give, to
thrtn the benefit ofsueh protection, government
and lawa. They are not now, and for a long
time lo come may not be, prepared for Slate
government. The territorial form, for the
present, is best suited to their condition. A
bill has been reported by the Committee on
Territories dividing all the territory acquired
from Mexico not comprehended within tlie
limit of California intu'Tw? Territories, un-'
der lUe names of New1, Mexico and Utah, and
proposing for each a territorial government.
The comirrltleo recommend to the Senate
the establishment of those territorial govern
ments; and in order more certainly to secure
tlml desirable plijcet, they also recommend
that the bill for their establishment be incor
porated in the bill for the admission of Califor
nia, snd united together, they both be passed.
Ths combination of tlie two measures in the
same bill is objected lo on various groundsi
ll is said lhat Uicy are in congruous, snd have
no necessary connexion with each other.. A
majority of tha committee Uimk otliorwin.
The object of both measures is the establish
ment of government suited to the conditions.
respectively. of the proposed new Stale end
of the new Tirriloriee, Prior to their transfer
to tha United Stales, they both formed a part
of Mexico, where they ttoodin equal relations
to the government of thatpuUKc. They were
boil) ceded to the vniled States by the same
treaty. And in tha same article of that treaty,
the United slates solemnly engaged to protect
and govern both, Common in their ori
gin, eummon in tlieir alienation from on for
eign government to another, common in their
wants of good government, and eonterminons
in some of thru" boundaries, snd alike in ma
ny particulars of physical condition, they have
nearly every thing la common iu the relations
w which they stasd to the rest of this Union.
There is, then, t general Ames and propriety
tn extending the parental ears of govern me ui
to both In common. . If California, by a sud
den andextraordinary augmentation of popula
tion, baa advanced so rapidly as to mature her
for Stale government, lhat furnishes no reason
why th less fortunate Territories of New Mex
ico .and Utah should be abandoned anile ft un
Sttverned by the United Stale, or should be
leconiKfiled with California, which, although
milled as a State ia the Union.
. It is further objected, that by eombiainf the
two measures in the same bill, members who
may be willing to vote for one and unwilling
to vote for the other would be placctl m aa em
barrassing conditio They would be enustrain-
ed, it M urged, to take et to -reject boin. Un
the oilier hnnd there are other members who
would be willing to aofe- for oouV united, but
would fed themselves constrained lo vote a
gainat the California bill if it stood alone.
Each party finds in the bill which it favors
something which commends it to acceptance,
and in the other something which it disapprove.
The true ground, therefore, of the objection, to
the union of the measures is not any want of
amnity between them, but because of the favor
or dtslavor with which they are respectively
regarded. In thi conflict of opinion, it seems
to a majority of the committee that a spirit of
mutual concession enjoins lhat the two meas
ure should be connected together; the effect
of which will be, that neither oniuion will ex
clusively triumph, end that both may find is
such an anHabhj 'SfyangesaetFit enough frfgoud
to reconcile them to the acceptance of the com
bined measure. A nd such a coarse ol legisla
tion is not at all nnsual. Few laws have ever
passed in which there were not parts to which
exception was taken. It is inexpedient, if not
impracticable, to separate parts, and embody
tliea ju (luuioci bilU,aM tocoiiKdse lbs
diversity of opinion which war exist. The
Constitution of the United Stale contained in
it a great variety of provisions, to some of
which senou objection wa made in llie coo-
of that body, and when it waa submitted lo the
ratification of the Slates, some of lliem object
ed to some parta and other to oilier part of tlie
LuniuYUsitfai part and
provisions been sepsrately acted on 'a tli" con
vention, or separately submitted to the people
of the United Ktstes, it is by no mean certain
L. L- i. i ,i .
uiu, mi vuiiainuooii iireii wouiu ever nave
been adopted or ratified. Those who did not
like particular provisions found compensation
in other parts of it. And in all eases of con
stitutions and laws when either is presented as
a whole, the question to be decided it wheth
er the good which it contains is not of rreater
amount, and doe not ; neutralise any thing
exceptionable in iu And at nothiug human
is perfect, for the sake of thai harmony to de
sirable in such a confederacy as this, we must
be reconciled to secure aa much aa . we can of
what we wtsli, and be consoled by the reflec
tion that what we do not exactly like ia a
friendly eoncesinn,and agreeable to those
who, being united with Ut in a common des
tiny, it i desirable should always live with at
in peace end concord. .).. . -,
A maiftrit v -of theemnmlttM tiawa i tiawfAA
been led. to die reeeommendatton to the Senate
that the two measures be united, f The hill
for establishing the two Territories, it will be
ohservfd, omits tha W ilmol proviso, o .. the
one nana, ana, on the other, make no provis
ion for the introduction of slavery inlnspy part
of the new Territories, That proviso has been
wei6Mitfi.aem
If it were adopted and applied to any Territo
ry i wouiu cease ia nave any obligatory force
a soon ss such Tetritotv were admitted as a
Stale into the Unhm. There was never any
occasion fur it to accomplish tlie professed ob
ject wnn wnicn it was originally offered. Thie
has been clearly demonstrated by the eurrent
of events. California, of all the recent terri
torial arquiaitions from Mexico. wt..Uit:in,
winch, il anywhere within them, the introdui
tion of slavery waa most likely to take nlaoet
and the constitution of California, by the unan
imous vote of her convention, hat expressly
interdicted It. There it the highest degree of
propabimy tnat Ulan aud New Mexico will,
when they come to be admitted a States, fol
low Uie example, The proviso It t to all
thrae rwktni in common, a mere abstraction.
Why should it be any longer insisted onf To
tally destitute, as it is, of any practical import,
il hss nevertheless had Uie pernicious affect to
excite serious, if not alarming, consequence.
it is ntgii time tnat the wound which it has
inflicted should be healed up and closed; and
that to avoid, in all future time, tlie agitation
which inuat be produced by the conflict of o-
pinion on the slavery question, existing thi
institution uoes in some 01 ids Dtatet and pro
hibited ss it is lit others, the true principle
which ought to regulate tht action ofCongress
in forming territorial -governments for each
newly acquired domain it to refrain from all
legislation on llie subject, in Ihe territory ac
quired, so long a it retains tlie territorial form
of goverumcnl- leaving it to the people ofsueh
Territory, when they have attained to a con
dition which entitles them to admission as a
Stale, to decide for Ihemselvet tlie question of
uie allowance or prohibition of domestic sla
very, I ho coininilloe believe that they ex
press the anxious desire of sn immense majority
oflheneoDleofthe United States, when the
declare that il is high lime lhat good feelings.
Harmony, and Iratemsl sentiment should be a-
gsin revived, and that the Government should
be able once more to proceed in it great ope
ration to promote the happiness ana prosper
ity of the country undisturbed by this dislraev
ing cause. .u v .- ,..,;,.,,.,,.;
As for California, far from feeling her sensibili
ty affected by ber being associated with other
kindred meesures h ought to rejoice and
be highly gratified that, In entering into the
Union, she may have contributed to the tran
quility and happiness of the great family of
Btaun, oi wntcn, it is to be hoped, site may
one day be a distinguished member.. . .
. The committee beg leave next to report on
the subject of (he northern and western bound
ary of (Texas. . On thatquestiona great diver
sity of opinion has prevailed, - According to
one view of it, the western limit of Texas
was the Nueces; according to another, it ex
tended to the Hio Grande, and stretched from
its mouth to its source, A majority of the
eoutwiliee, naviug outns to the cooclusioa of j
recommending an amicable adjustment of the
boundary with Texts, abstain from expressing
opinion a lo Ae true f- Ugitimnte tnetrn d wrtijr
boundary of lhat Slate. The terms proposed
for such art adjustment -see contained in the
bill laprewiilajteyfliedf nd they are, with tn
oon side ruble variation, the asms at that report
ed by the Committee oq Territories. v
According to these term, it it proposed to
Texas thaj; her boundary be recognised to
the Kio Grtndi , and up that river to the
poi.il commonly called EJ Paso, snd run
ning thenee up that nver twenty mile, mes
as red Ijbfreofl. X !irtiIWi. M.ttontee
eastwardlr to a point where tlie hundredth
degree, of west lonjitude crosses Jied m en be-
ing Uie south west angle iu the line designated ' .
between the United Siatee and Mexico, ii Uie '1
tame angle ia the line of the territory act a
part for the Indians by the United Ststes. '"'
If thi boundary be assented to by Texas."
she will be quieted to that extent ia her tide. 1
And some may suppose that In consideration "'
of thie concession by the Urojed St-itcs, she '
might,- without any other equivalent, re- '
linquish any claim she baa beyond the pro. J
posed boundary; that is, any claim to any -1
part of New Mexico. ' But, Under the in flu- '
enee of a sentiment of justice and great liberal
ity, the bill proposes to Texas, for her relin- i
quishmrnt oi any such claim, a large pecunbt-'
ry equivalent. As a consideration for it, and
considering that a portion of the debt of Texas '
waa created on pledge to hei creditor of the I
duties on foreign imports, transferred by the
resolution of annexiion to the United States, v
and now received and receivshls ia their trea-'
aury, a majority of the committee recommend '
the payment of the aura of- millions of ' '
dollars to Texas, to be applied in the first in
stance to Uie extinction of that portion of her'
debt for the reimbursement of which Ut die- '
ties on foreign imports were- pledged aa afore'
aald; and Ui ' rendu tfl iuch manner as she
mty direct, The said turn is to be paid by
the United States in t stock, to be created,
bearing five per cent interest annually, paya. M'J
ble half yearly at Uie treasury of the United) -.
States, and the principal reimbursable at tha '
end of fourteen years. ' ''--'' "tf
- AeeoTdinf; w- an fmswwinrir ltaf c
made, there are included iu the territory to t
which te u proposed dial Texas shall relin- j
quish her claim, 'embracing that part of New -
Mexico lying east of the Rio Grande, little)
less niah 13 1,033 square "mites, aud about '
79,987,120 acres of land.' From the proceeds
of the tale of thi land, the United States may
ultimately be reimbursed a portion, if not tho
whole of the amount of what t thus proposed
to' bi'iffyimlS'Tiaiti1''1 ' I?" '.'.
It cannot be anticipatod Utat Texas will dei
dine to accede to- these liberal prnpotitkini; .,
but if she should, it is to Be distinctly ander-
stood that the tide of the United State to any -
territory acquired from Mexico east of the Itia
Grande will remain unimpaired and ie
the same condition as if Uie proposal of
adjustment now offered had never been made, i
A majority of the committee recommend to
lite' Senate- that Uie seel Ion ctiiilaliiing Uiesa i
proposal to Text thall -be inrorporaied intol '
Uie bill embracing the admission of California
at a State, and the establishment pf territorial .
governments for Utah and New Mexico.-. s
The definition and establishment of the bound.
try between New Meiicodi Texas has aa inti-.
mate and necessary connexion with theestab. .
lishment oft territorial government for New
Mexico. To form a territorial government
for New' Mexico, without prrsbribirur the
limits of the -Territory, would lea re the work, ;
imperfect and iieomplote, and might ex pose
N.Mexico to serious eontroveray.tl'Dotiiaoger-
ou't collision, with the State of Texts. And i
most, if not all, iha. eonaidcra tiont whkhi i
unite in favor of combining Uie biU for th
admife'on of California se a Stale and "
the terilorial .bills apply to the, boundary j
question of Texas. JU..the .uniun of . ttua
liiree measures, every question of difficulty -and
division which lias arisen out , of Uie. -terriioriai
acquisition from Mexico will, H t
is hoped, be adjusted, or placed in a trail of
satisfactory ' adjustment. The committer, , .
availing themselves of the arduous and valua- .
ble labors of the Committee on Territories,
port a bill, herewith annexed, (marked A err-,
toping those tiarea .jpasaaua Uta -psaesw mf ' .
which, uniting them togeUier, they recommend 4
to the Senate.' - , ,., s- ; "(
Theeommitiee will now proceed to th' '
consideration of, and to report upon, Uie -tub-.
jeet of persouf owing service or labor iaon" ,
State escaping into another. The text of the
Constitulio qiiite clean apersoavheld
to labor or service in one Slate, ttnatr tht luwt ,i
thereof, escaping into another, shall, in eon sc. -
3uence of any law or reguUtian therein, b
ischarged from tuch tervica or lalior, but
Jr4 b delivered upon the claim of the par.
ly to whom such service or labor may be due,,'
nothing can tie more explicit than thi tan
guage nothing more manifest than the right
to demand, and the obligation to deliver up to
the claimant, any tucb fugitive. And the Con
stitution addresses itwdf alike tn the Stairs
composing live Union and to the General Go. '
vemment If, Indeed, there were any differ'
enee in the duty to enforce this portion of the
Conslitottoa betweea the State and lite Fed
eral Government, it is more dear that it it that
of the former than of Uie latter. But it is tha
duty of both. Il it now well known and in
contestable that citizent In slsveholJing atalee
encounter the greatest difficulty in ohtaii.inf
the benefit of tin provision or the Constitu
tion. The attempt to reeanture a fugitive is'
almost alway a tulijept of great irritation and
eiottement, and often leads to most unpleasant
if not perilous collision. An owner of a slave. (.
it it quite notorious, cannot pursue his proper,
ty, for the purposs of iu recovery, In some of
the Stairs, wltliout imminent ucreuoal luainl.
Tltis is a deplorable tlale of tilings, which
Ought to be remedied. The law of 1703 has
been found wholly ineffectual, and requires
more etringent rnaermenta. Ther is, espe
cially, a deficiency In Uie number of public)
functisnarios. authorized to afford aid in lh
seizure and arrest of fugitives. Various Stales
have declined to afford aid and en-opcratim ut
the surrender of fugitive front lalor, as tlie
committee beliere, from a misVonocption of
their duty arising under the Coiiitiwtioo. of
tlie United States. ' It is true thai a decision of
ihe Supreme Court of the United States ha
given countenance to them in withholding their
assistance. - Hut the com initio cannot but be-.
Here that the Intention of the Supreme Court
hss been misunderstood. They cannot but
think thstthe rourt merely meant that laws of
Uie several State which created obstacles in
tht way of die recovery of fiyitlvea were not
authorized by tlie Cunstitttltmi, and not Uiat
Sttto lawa affording facilities in Ute recovery
of fugitives were forbiditen by that instrument.
The non-slaveholding States, whatever
sympathies any of their eitiiens may foci for
persons who escape from oilier Stales, cannot
discharge then wives from an obligation to en
force the Coitsittuuon of the United States, AH
pari of the instrument being deoen Jent unon.
and connected wilh, each other, oinht to b
Huny anu jtisuy cotorcwi. il loms suites nny
seek to exonerate themselves from one por
tion of Uie Constitution, other btates may tit-
dcavor to evade Uib- performance! of other nor-
-c:.. i .u.. .i : ! r
mum. vt ii.- nu uius uie instrument, in some ot
its most important provisions, mi lit beeoin
inoperativs iiud invalid.
Hut, whatever may b ihs conduct ol Uiif
j
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