' I1E NOJffli-CA 110 1 J !A. STAR
SORTS CABOLHWFtwcrful ia iattllcctual, moral iRd phyiifBl rrmrm, tie fans of nr ilm tad kome tf tnr ifftHioai."
yO. XLII.
WEDNESDAY iMOIiING; JULY 22, : 18.51.
MX 20
TKBMS. If strictly In sItih, t J per so
aBjrihrMr-
ABVEBTISIKO- 1 8o,usre Usrt laeertloa.
it, U 't-u", lrtlun.
ORATIOX OF H. DAOTFX WEBSTER,
jti w W" V14 c"" " ,"'0" " '
(tyimt, ' tSSl.
' - (Revises' u rcsstefo pl uel-vsrul.
Fcuw Citixikk I crmgratnlaie j ou. 1
' g TO0 jov on the return of this aiiniversa
Jy and I fetaitate you also h llio more pip
ocular furpoM of which lhi eve r-memorable
Jay hat i been chnecn lo wiic the fulfilment.
RaiT. All haiP. I w before- and around me
mast of faces, glowing with cheerfulness
'nd palrioUe pride. I ee thousands of eyes
mrned toward other eyee, all sparkling with
waiaVation and delight. I'liis ia the New
World, thi i America, and tlnaNa Washing
' ton, he eapitol of the United Stalea. And
where alae, among the nation, an Uie aoat
, of government be aurrounded, on any day of
' any year, by those who have more reason to
rejoice in the blessings which they possess?
Nowhere, fellow-cilixens; assuredly, nowhere.
Ij .... then, meet this rising 'tin with joy and
thanksgiving. This is that day of the year
which announced to mankind the great fact
of American independence. Thi fresh and
brilliant morning blesses our vision with an
other beholding the birthday of a nation and
aee that cation, of recent origin, now a-
i ihng the most considerable and powerful.'
', and spreading over the continent from sea 10
Tr'i'i' tnlrT"IoHitir "from TSuropc to
tnispartofAmerica there wer3soinc,adoubtles.
Who contemplated the distant consequences
of their undertaking, and who saw a great fu-
iuriivi- huL in eeneral. their hone were limit
ed to the eniovment of a safe, asylum
asvliim from
tyranny religions biiucivh, uu u icojui.iwic
consistence by industry and toil. A thick
veil hid our times from, their view. But the
progress of America, however slow, could not
but at length awaken genius, and attract die
attention of mankind. In the early part of
the next cenlury. Bishop Bcrkely. (who, i,
will be remembered, resided more limn two
yeats in Rhode Island) wrote his well known
verses on the prospect of planting, arts and
learning in America. The last stanza of ihi
little poem seems to have been produced by
, i high poetical inspiration.'. .
' "Weeiwar I ih s-4r of empire tattes it way J
Tli" four flrat scla lrtty paft.,
A fOh shall dc the drams with the tiny:
True n tl,tet ofnilyiujt i the loft."
Thi' extraordinary prophecy may be- con-
C 4ie result of long-foresight
' tii-:ntfn sngaeiiy; of a foresjghl and
' . .' in i'l iied, nevertheless, by excited
.-j. i ; ; ingi.thasiant. So clear a vis-
, i: Am'-rlca would become was nut
! 'I i.;. ; i .re miles or on existing num
'r . .ir r n;y ulgar law of statistirts. It
-i i .Mjitirt- glance into fiHurity; it was
-.;; t .vi- -; i'.iu, siroiiij. ardrnt. jrtowing,
- rffrtete -i-t uuie sinca.the xreilion.of; tjie
' irKl. '.m l .11 religions of which ihat world
i roini'caed, and judging of llie future by
jus' an ilirv with llie past. And the ininiila
hle imagery and licuuty wi:h which the
llinught is expressed, joined to the conccpli'in
itself, rendered it one of ihe most striking
paxaages in our language. On llie (lay of the
declaration of independence,. o.or iUutrjous
rimers periormeu uie nrsi act in mis urama,
an act in real importance infinitely exceeding
Ihat for which the great English poet invo.
ked.
v...... msie of fire,
J A..y,f!teH --fc A tta.rim.efcm v, ,r:,-
An) BiOBarrhe to behold the iwellinir Mene."
The muse inspiring our fathers was the genius
of liberty, all on Are with the sense of op
presses sad a resolution lo throw it off; the
whole world was llie sbigi?, and higher char
acters than princes trod it; and instead of
roinarchs, countries, and nstions, and the age,
beheld the swelling scene. How well the
ehsraeten were east, and how well each act
ed his part, and what emotions the whole
rerformance excited, let hittory now and
ereafler tell. At a subsequent period, hut be
fore the declaration of independence, the Bish
op of 8l Asaph published a discourse, in
which the follow:; remarkable passages are
found:
"It is difficult for man to look into the des
tiny of future ages: the designs of Prot idence
are loo vast and complicated, and our own
power are too narrow, to admit of much
satisfaction to our curiosity. But when we
see- many great and powerful causes con
stantly at work, we cannot doubt of their pro
ducing proportionable e fleets". 'I'ie colonies
in North America hare 'not onliy taken root
and acquired strength, but $eem hatttnlng
ni'Uk mn accelerated progrttt to tuck a j. w-
trfltl Stair ai may introduce it tietf and
xmportanl change in human affuirt. he
acended from ancestor! of the most improved
and enlighted part of the Old world, they re
ceive, a it were by inheritance, r.Il t' ' i ;
provements and discoveries, of thr moi!."f
countrys and it happens fortunately, fm thorn
to commence their flourishing State nt r. time
when the human understanding !i..s ui!hii)ed
to the free use of it power mid ha. earned
to act with vigor and eerw.. : . Thuj rriay
avail themselves not only n: ! . .-xpciience
ana industry, but even of tir,' rro and mis
takes ef former days. Let it be considered
for how many age a great part of the world
appears not to have thought at all; how many
entire they have been busied in forming y
aem and conjectures, while reason has been
lost in a labyrinth of wood, and they never
etn to have suspected on what frivolous
matter their mind were employed. And let
the well understood with what rapid improve-
envwbavmportinr-discot efies have been
maue in lew year by a lew countries, with
oatown at their head, which have at least
discovered the "righr meo4flif Aug. tltelr
feltiea. May" wa'not reasonably expect
that. number of , provinces, possessed of
tkM dv-ntagcs,"anj quickened by mutual
. STtulatioa, with only lite common progress
of the tinman mind, should very considerably
enlarge the boundaries of, science? The vast
continent Itself over which they are gradually
spreading may be considered at a treasure
yet nlooched of, nanral productions, that
hajl IkarnfW afford ample matter for corn
mere and contemplation. And if we reflect
what a stock of knowledge may be accumn
"1 by the constant progress of industry and
observation, fed with fresh upplie from the
torea of Nature, assisted sometime dy those
happy strokes juf c,hjtnjM .whlcmick.Jl.,le
powers of invention, and someume bv those
superior characters whirhariseoecasioiiillv to
I instruct and enlighten the world, it is difficult
unnii: iu wnai neigntoi improve
ment their discoveries may extend. And
perhaju thru may make at comiduable ad
vanta in the art of citiil government and
the conduct of lift. We have reason to be
proud, and even jealous, of an excellent con
stitution; ut those equitable principles on
which it was funned, an equal representation
the best discovery of political wisdjni) and a
just and commodious distribution, of power,
which wiih us were the price of c il wars,
and the reward of the virtues and sufferings
of our ancestors, descend to them as a natural
inheritance, without toil or pain. Hut mutt
thy rest here, os in the utmost effort of hu
man geuitm Can chance and time, the wit
dom and the experience of public men, tug
gent no new rnntdy again! the evil$ which
vice and ainbiiion are perpetually1" pt lo
cause? May ihey not hope, without pre
suuif Uou, to preserve a greater leal for piety
and pul lie devotion than we have doHC? For
sure it can hardly happen to them, as it has
has lo us, that when religion is best under
understood and rendered most pure and rea
sonable, that theo ahouU! be the precise time
when many cease to believe and practise it,
and all in general become most indifferent to
it. May ihey not possibly be more succeful
than their mother country has been in pre
seri ing that reverence and and authority
which is due to the laws, to those who make
and to thoRe who execute them! May not a
method he invented of tiroiUrim; tome taler-
n'llc share (ifjhe.riiapxJx.iMlo-iwi4t-
vrrr::l ..i . " . i . . -
titur, usijni run; of men 10 wnjue indus
try we we i'mkbted jor the whole Time
and discipline may disrovrr sums inruns to
correct the txtrrme iniqua'itiis of rnndiliun
between the rich and the waor, s) dangerous
"' ,n Vlrt. J"HL..nopjwwis. a iwm,
i in v nt iy . mm uiiiitieiy oe tew, y naiui ui.o
rhoiee, to diKpise that luxury w hirli is ron
iilend wi bus the true enjiiMiieiil of wealth.
They may have little relish for th at ceaseless
hurry of amusements which is pursued in
ibis country, without pleasure, exercise, or
eiii.!oyiiieiit ; and perhaps, after trying some
of our follies and caprices, and rejecting
lh rest, they may be led, bv reason 'and cx
P'Tinient, tolhai old simplicity which was first
pointed out by Nature, and his produced
those models which w"W!ilt a 'mire in arts.
elowencejndmanrierajXAt! diversity of
new si enes and situations, which so many
gnwiig Stud i muit, necessarily pass
through, may introduce ehangts in the fluc
tuating opi lions a-id manner of men which
we can form no concpthn of; and not only
die gia i ius d spensaiiou 'f I'rov.idenc. but
the visible preparMiim f muss, serrrrs tn
iml eate strong teudeucey towards s general
improvement."
Fellow citizens, this ' grticiou dispensstion
of I'roi idence" : nj '-lliis wlble preparation
ofcarsjs" at le'igth lirought on the hour for
deejsive action. On the 4th of Julv, 1778.
jitha-wipVosoiilMtivfa- of the IfrU'ed Stales in
;ngress as?!nt.te(l, ileci ired that these ITni-ud-XiiduttUi-fi.JUiduf
ijtu onrht to he,
free and independent S ates. This dcelara
lion, imiile iv mosi ( atrtotie rnj resolute men.
'rusting in h- justice of iheir cae and ihc
protection ef Heaven, and yet made not with
out de'eps'ilieitudc and anxiety, has now stood
for seventy-five years, and "still rands; It
was sealed in .blond. It has met daneers. and
wvvrenme' Thern'rlf hits hlfd triemies and it has
conquered them all; it has had detractors, and i'
has abashed them all; it has had doubling
friends, hut it has cleared all doubts away; and
now todav, raising if august form higher than
the clouds, twenty millions of people coqlcjih
;dw ft with tntltriWcd ln te, 'antf the 'worid be
holds it, and the consequences which have fol
lowed from il with profound admiration. This
am.i erjary animates, and giaddrns. and unites
all American hearts. On other days of the
yetir we may be party men, indulging in con
troversies more or less impirtrnt I ' . public
good; we may have dkr. and i;.' I. . . , id we
m y maintain o"t j. iMtical ditfererc often
with warm nd' f.imewith angry f-rHngsi.
1.5 11 1 we arc A;erb..,). nil, nnd nl! nothing
but Americms. As U.e g.eat luminary over
our heads, d ... . .irain intsls and tog, now
cheers the wh il-- hci:. 'sphere, so do the asso
ciations cmifveted -wii?- this day disperse all
cloudy and siiilen weathtr, nd all notions ex
halations in t!i" minds and feelings :i( true A
merieans. Every man's heart sweiis within
him; every mans port and bearing become
somewhat more proud and lofty, as he re
members that seventy-five years have rolled
away, and that the great inheritance "f liberty
is still his, undiminished and unimpair. d: Ii
in all its original glory; his to enjoy, l:i in
protect, and hi tJ transmit lo fniore p-eri-
lions. 1
Fellow citizens, this inheritance which "
enjoy to-day is riot only an inheritance of litu r
ty, but ol our own peculiar American liberty.
Liberty has existed in other time, in other (
countries, and in oiher forms. There has been
Grecian liberty, bold and powerful, full of
spiritt. eloauence, ard fire a liberty, which
produced multitude of great men, and has
finsinitted o.ie immortal name, the name of
Oeniostlit n-s, to posterity. But still it ws
a liberty of disconnected Gtatrs sometimes
united, indeed, by temporary leagues and con
federacies, but often involved in wsrs between
themselves. The sword of Sparta turned its
sharpest edge against Athens, enslaved her.
and devastated ( recce; and in- her turn npar-
ta was compelled to bend before the power of
lliekes. And let It ever be remembeied, ea-
peaially let the truth sink deep into all Amer
ican minds, that it was the wkt or chiox a
mong the several State which finally gave
the mastery of all Greece to Philip of Mace-
don.
AninheriLhftt-alMJhec
a proud, ambitious, domineering spirit, pro-
fessing free and popular principles, in Rome
itselt, but, even in llie best dav ol the repub
lic readyiocaWf very-'arid Shaih'sihto her
provinces, and through: every country over
w hlclUicr eagles could be troe, w ho ever
heard of lilwrty in Spain, or Gaul, or Germa
ny, or Britain, in the day of Koine ? There
Wat none uoh. As the Soman empire de
clined, her provinces, not instructed in the
principle of the free popular government, one
after another, declined also ; and when Rome
herself fell, in ih'Ool all tell together-
have aaid, gentleman, that our inheritance i
an inheritance of American' liberty."- That
liberty ia characteristic, peculiar, and altogsth
er our own. Nothing like it existed in form
er time, nor w. a known in the mat enliht-to
ened NtaUs of antiquity while with git
, prmetple hoTe'tterwwmisrwowit" W
minds of individual men, connected wit't our
.1..:!.. : , ...... ....
uiiuy opinions ami our uaiiv nabits, until it is,
lf 1 may so say, an element of social a welt
aa of political life ; and Uie consequence is.
mat to whatever region aa American eitiirn
carries himself he lake with him. fully de
veloped in his own understanding and expe
rience, our American principles and opinions,
and become ready at Mice, in co-opera'ion
with others, to apply lhe.it to the formation of
pvw gevemraciits, 'Of this a most wonderful
instance may be teen in the history of lite
Slate of ('.aliAmtiaj
On a former occasion. I have ventured to
remark that ' it is very difficult to establish a
free conservative government for Uie equal ad
vancement of all the inteiesta of society.
What has Germany done, learned Germany,
fuller of ancient lore than alt the world be
side ? What ha Italy done? What have
they done who dwell on ih po where Cice
ro lived f They hvm the power of self
gevemment, which a common town meeting
with tia possesses. Ye, 1 say that those per
sons who have gone from out town meetings
to dig gold in California are more fit to make
a republican government than any body of
men in Germany or Italy because they have
learned this one great lesscm, that there is no
security without law, ami that, under the
circumstances in which they are placed
where iheTe is no military authority lo cut
their throats, there is no sovereign will but the
will of the majority; that, therefore, If they
remain, they must submit to that will." And
this 1 believe to be strictly true.
Now, fellow-citizens, if your patience will
hold oih. t-wilt- wnttire, vefomromitiHt'to"
the more appropiiate and particular dutiia of
the day, lo slate, in a few words, what 1 lake
these American poliiieal principles in substance
to be. They consist, as 1 tUnk, in the first
place, in the establishment of the popular go.v-rwnet'tnr-t!ifr1
for
it is plain tht a puro democracy, like that
which existed in some of ihc States of Greece,
in which every individual had a direct vole
iu the enactment of all laws, cannot possibly
exist iu a country of widu extent "This rep
resent ttion is to be made as equal is circum
stances will allow. Now, this principle ol
popular representation, prevailing either in all
the brunches of governments, or in some of
them, in existed m these Slates almost from
the days fif the settlement at Jamesywn and
I'ly mouth, borrowed, no doubt, from the ex
ample, of. the papular .branch of the- Britieh
legislature. The representation of the people
in the British House of Commons was, in
deed, originally tery unequal, and is yet not
equal. Indeed, it may be doubted whether
the, appcaraui't of knight and burgesses as
sembling on the summons of the Crown was
not intended at fiier as ait aasintanre and sup
port to the royal prerogative in matters of re
venue and taxation, rattier than as a mode of
necertaiuing popular opinion. Ncvei less, rep.
reseutatiou had a popukr origin, and savored
more and more of the character of that orgin
as it acquired, by slow degrees, greater and
greater strength in the actual government tn
the country. In fact, the constitution of the
iiothse of CuiiHiions was a fomi-f represen
tation, however unequal ; numbers were
counted, and majorities prevailed ; and n hen
our ancestors, acting upon this example, in
troduced more equality of representation, t' e
idea assumed a more rational nnd distinct
sh.iiie. At any rate, this manner -of exerci
siiiunnjdiirjwwer w
era wlieu lliev settled on tins continent, i liev
adopted it, and generation has risen up after
generation, all acknowledging it, and becom
ing acquainted with its practice and its form.
And the next fundamental principle in our
system Jsj that ihe willjjf-the msjarityforrly
expressed through the means of representa
tion, shall have the force of law ; and it is
quite evident that in a country without thrones,
or aristocracies, or privileged caste or classes,
there can be no olher foundation for law to
stand upon.
And. as the necessary result of this, the
ihrid eh ment is that the law is Uie supreme
rule f r the government of all. The great
sentimnt of AIcsmis, so beautifully 'presented
tn us by Sir William Jones, is absolutely in
dispensable to the construction and mainten
ance of our political systems :
"V'.at eonititutci s Stats 7
" Tl liTjtti. ridj'd bsttleneats or utboVd stoaad,
T '. k wall or aiostetl gate ;
Not cltiei proud, with spires and torrents erowa'd ;
Xot bmyt and broad sna'd port v.
M'here, lkaghinx at the storm, rieh nsrios ride ;
Not itsrr'd sod epsiigted emirte,
Where low-farow'd bsseneM vafle perfume to prids.
No men, bigh-mfitd. il ass,
-v.crH fl--ir j .Jftre c: r...fi endued,
I., : - ".- . . r
Ab-:. .r i.'-. t , ;r,blei rude;
r -lowing, dsn atoantoia,
Anaeiuei. Uiv vjin.i.t ituile they rend tke shsn :
Theee eonstltute s Bute j -
And sovkksiss Liw, that StaUt'e collected will,
O'er thrones snd Rlobei elmle,
Site empresl, crowning good, repreatlng tU."
Ami, finally, another most important part
of the great fabric of American liberty is, that
there shall be written constitutions, founded
on the immediate authority of the people them
srles, and regulating snd restraining all the
powers conferred upon government, whether
legislative, executive, or judiciary.
1 his, icllow-citizena, I suppose to be a just
summary ol our American ptinciplt; and I
have on thi occasion sought to express them
in the plainest and in the fewest words. The
summary may not he entirely exact, but I hope
it may be sufficiently so to make manifest to
the rising generation among ourselves, and to
those elsewhere who may choose to inquire
ifl to Al9 Jl!Jira.-of our- political inttutiins,l
the general theory upon which they are found
ed. And 1 now proceed to add that the strong
and deep-setUed convictions of all intelligent
f person anidn gstii li,vtfiaf fti order foiupporl
a uselul and wise rovernment uoon these non-
olarrineiTmw,the. gerieriT education or the
people, and the wide diffusion ol pore moral!
ty and true religion, are indispensable. In
dividual virtue i a part of public virtue.
It is difficult to conceive how there can re
main morality in Ih government When it
shall cease to exist among the people ; or how
Uie aggregate of tlie politicjd Tnsiitutlons, atl
th organ of which consist only of men.
should be war, and benencent, am com po
tent to Inspire eonhaenee, il the opposite qual
ity belong to the mdividusl who constitute
those organ.' and make1 up that itrgrrgate.
And now, fellow-citizen take Icvel.UMJM
psrrt oj tllf duty wincli I proposed to perform
land once more felicitating you and mvscl
I .i - t r .
mat our eye nave seen uie ugnt ol this bles-
sed morning, and that our ear haw beard the
shout with which joyous ihotmad welcome
its retaru, end lotninj wit ymi ia the hope
that every revolving year analt renew these
rejoicings to the end of lime, 1 proceed to d
dres you lurtly upon the particular occasion
of our assembling here to-day.
reitow-cttiiens, ry the act of Congress of
win scpiemner. ibou, provision waa made
for Uie extension of the Capitol, according to
s.ieu pi in as mignt oe approved by the rresi
dmt of the United Ktates, and the nect ary
jins lo be expended under hia direction, by
such architect as he miirht nnnoinl. Tlus
measure was iinperaUvely demanded fof the
nse ol the legislative and judiciary depart
ments, the public libraries, the occasional ac
commodation of the Chief Executive Magis
trate, and for olher object. No act of Con-
grcs incurring a large expenditure ha receir-
eu. more general approbation from ihtf people
I he President has proceeded to execute this
law. He has approved a plan, he ha appoinl-
eu an arcinicci, aim all Hung are now ready
fur the Ciwimeiiccnient of the work. The
anniversary of national -mdencudenuc an (war-
ed to afford an auspicious occasion for lavinir
lia foundation stone of the additional build
ing; That ceremony has now been perform
ed by the President himself, in the presence
and view of this multitude. He ha thought
thai the day and the occasion made a united
and imperative call for some short address lo
llie people here assembled ; snd il is at his
request that I have appeared before von to
perform lltat part "orifie duty wHclTwa oee'uf-
ed incumbent on us.
Beneath the stoue is deposited, among oth
er things, (a list of which will he 'publish
ed,) the following brief account of the
r!,.'',?,'.j.!!,"! -.'hi ..dalv..iii..ujy-utIwei4wgt
"t'uuiu muniing ui me nrsi nay ol toe
seventy-sixth year of the independence of the
l liiied Stales of America;, in thecity of Wash
ington, being the 4th day of July, 1831, this
stone, designed a llie corner-stone of the Ex
it n ion of the Capitol, according lo a plan ap
proved by llie President,' in pursuance of an
act of Congress, was laid by Millard Fill
more, President of the United Slates, assisted
by the Grand Master of the Masonic Lodge,
in the presence of many uienibcrs of Con
gress ; of oflicess of the executive snd iudi
ciul departments, national, Slate, snd district ;
of officers of the army ami navy the v por
ate authorities ol tin and neighboring cities;
many assort itions, civil, and military, and ma
sonic ; officers of the Smithsonian institution.
and National Institute; professors of college
and teachers of schools of tho District, with
their students and pul nils ; and vast con
course of people from placet near and remote,
including a few surviving gentlemen w ho wit
nessed the laving of the corner-stone of the
Capitol by President Washington on the 1 rlih
day of September, (193,) seventeen hundred
aud ninety-three. If, therefore, it shall be
hereafter the will of Got! that thia lru.;tuee
shall foil from its base, that its foundations be
upturned, and ibis deposit!' brought lo iho eves
M menj-he it then-kTirnvtt ttnToll tniTilay the
1'nion of the United Slates of America stands
tirin, that their coiostilutiou stiU exufta iiuiin
paired, and vt ith ail its original usefuhiess
anil glory, growing every day stronger and
stronger in llie all'ection ) of the great bod v
of the American people, and attracting more
And all here assembled, whether belonging tn
public life ir lo private life, with hearts de
voutly thankful to Almighty God for the pre-
servaiion of the liberty and happiaess of the
country, unite in sincere and fervent prayers
that tto potte,"ahd1
Uie dome and lower, Uie columns and entab
latures, .now to be erected over it, nay endure
forever 1 -
God avx the UWrTKa Status or Ahkrica!
DANIEL WEBSTER,
"Secretary of State.'
Fellow-ciiizens, fifty-eight year ago Wash
ington stood on this spot to execute a duty
like that which has now been performed... He
then laid the cbrncr-otone ol the oiiginal Cap
itol. He was at the head of the government,
at that time weak in resource, burdened with
debt, just struggling into polito il existence and
riwpectamtity, and agitated by Uie heaving
waves ..which were . overturning European
ihroneev- Rut even then, in many important
respects, the government was (iron;. It was
strong in Washington's own great chancier:
it waa slron. in the wisdom and patriotiim ol
other eminent public men; hi political asso
ciates and Idlow-laborers; it was strong in the
affections of the people.
Since that time astonishing changes have
been wrought in the condition snd prospects
of the American nation, and a degree ofpro-
?;rcss wiinesed wiih which the world ean
urnish no parallel. A we review the course
of that progress, wonder and amaxemenl arrest
our attention at every atep. The present oc
casion allowing of no lengthened remarks may
yet, perhaps admit of a short comparative
tiaiement uetween important suhiecls of na
tional interest as they existed at that day and
a they now exist. I have adopted for thi
purpose the tabular lorm of statement, as be
ing the most brief and the most accurate.
COXPAXATIVK TVRI.R.
lfa.
1S5I.
J"
1 )i
IM.TI
lflS,S4
4UV,o
ill.i7
4,r
J7.7
42,t
Number of gtsles It
HcpneenUlivos sad senators
tn (Jonrrem las
PopulsUon of the V.tS. .li,aa :
'ouli
Hortoa, is.oss
lwldmero, , I3J
INiiltdelphls,
N. Yortt, (oltj,,) 13,121
WMhiaxtoa, 1
Kichmond, A,739
Charieelon, . I9.3jV
Do
be
Do
Do
Do
Do
Amount of roosipts Into
Trouurv,
J,7W,II 43,77 4.S48
Amount xpendilures of
Amount of import, ' l,0(ia,ooe .
17,l;m,3is
lil, ,72
l.i:i4,4S4
Ho eiperu, So.liiu.ncs
Do lonnsre. AirS.TM
An of the United lil-, ' Soi.MI
Run Kut-tte of wriny-" S.IJ9
Ill.tWO
X,tM,M7
SlilitU, (carolled) -
Navy of the L'aii4 Alatoe,
iveeeeii) fiou
Xtt srmement, (ordnaaoo) -
1
1,01
Xumber of treutiee und eon-
vsuUoni with foreign pow -
K umber of light houses and .
Ufut-boou t
Eiuondituree lor do; J1,0I
Are of ths flltCftlHJl
171
29e
Mrtif,fTn eonurii-feir) '
ro proooiu tupuoi, i mv i
eiuainK exteneiotti
Uoce of railroads, ia miles
Do wlef raphe do
Kamber of poet offices '200
bomber ef mlleeef port .
Mill . .4 Si
4h seres
I4,(ltl
Xl,il
. V"ottlcea . 1104,717 ' ti.Wi.ai
dmouDt m t inenuiiurei la
f . ' :
'
"r
, l
the Port (UScee Dfrt-
uitint
Nonilter of mile, (mail
trsnportattua)
Number of ootlegos
Public Ubrurtco
Number of returnee lu do.
.SchoulUbniii. 1
Namhtr of vwluuMt la do.
T,040
W,itl,4
is 121
a "aw
Ti.Sw I,JI.3!
I is wo
,.
In respect to the growth of western trade
and commerce, i extract a few sentences
from a very valuable address before the His
torical Society of Ohio, by William D. Gal
lagher, esq 1880:
A lew Tacts will exhibit a well a 8 vol
ume the wndurte.l growth of western trade
and commerce. Previous to the vest ItitiO,
some eight or ten keel boats, nt twenty or
twenty live ton each, performed all the carry
ing trade between Cincinnati and Pittsburg,
la 1803 the first covenant nt vesaet appeared
on Lake Erie. In 1811 llie first (tenmboat
(the Orleans) launched at Pittsburg. In
1 820 Uie (teauiboat, a pleasure) trip to Green
bay being pkuned antf executed uV the auut-
mer of this year. In 1832 a steamboat first
appeared at Chicago. At the present time
the entire millibar of steamboats luuning on
the Mississippi and Ohio and Iheir tributaries
ia more probably over than under six hundred.
the aggregate tonnage of which is not short of
one hundred and forty thousand a larger
number ofstoainboai than bnghind eandaiiu,
and a greater itcara commercial marine than
that employed by Ureal Britain and her de
pendencies. "
And now follow citizens, hiving stated to
you this infallible ixoof of the growth and
.i;ro.Hr!Ay..0ie9.tiiinj I ask yrjUutulJ aouhl
ask every man, whether the government which
has been over u bus proved itself an at! union
or a curse lo the country, or any part of it?-
l e mew ol the South, ol all the original south
ern Slates, what say you lo all l!iis L AreXQU
Of ithj oryoiiVasliained of this great work of
your fathers? Your father were not they
who sinned the prophets and killed ilium.
They were among the prophets; ihey w ere of
the prophets; they were themselves the
prophets.
l e men of irginia, what do you say lo
all this? Ye men of llie Potamac, dwelling
along (he shores of that river where Washing
ton lived, and wlmrw h died, and where Ih
remain now rest ye, so many of whom may
see llie dome of ihe I iapitul from your owu
homes hat do you say?
Ye men fj allies river and the bay, places
wmawtwd by the-"eirly "etthment:'t(r ySur
Commonweaihly, what do you stiy? "l)o you
desire from the so l of your Stale, or as you
travel to llie North, to see these halls vacated,
their beauty and ornaments destroyed, and
iheir natisnal usefulness clean gone forever '
' Ye men beyond Ilia Blue r lfitlgeY rhariy
Ujeusand of whom are nearer toUii Capitol
than to the seat of government of your own
State, what do you think of breaking this
great association into fragment ol" Stales and
of pin, I? 1 know ioiuc of you, aid I beliere
you all would he jluiuaLA4, Utdl,altt.kd at
the aiinouiiccnvnl of such a catastrophe its il
you were to be informed that ihe Blue Ridge
itself would soon totter. Jhira iut-1'ai u, And
ye men of Western Virginia, who occnpylhn
sjretit slope from tho top of the Alleghany to
the Ohio aud Kentucky, what course do you
propose to yourstdtS by disunion? If you
secede, what do you "secede," fiiun, aud what
do vou "accede" to? Do vou took for
the current of the Ohio to change, and to bring
fwiuiil yooowmrii free mhe?fMc--tri-r',1
eastern rivers; hal man in Ins sntiH' can
suppose that you will remain part and parcel
of Virginia a month after Virginia should have
ceased to b part and parcel of the United
Slates J
The secession of Virgiuia! The eceion
of Virginia, whether alone or in company, is
most improbable the greatest of all improba
bilities. Virginia, to her everlasting honor,
acted a great part in framing ami establishing
die prescat constitution. She huh had her
reward an J her distinction. Five of her no
ble sons have each filled the presidency and
enjoyed the highest honor of the country.
Dtdorous cmnplaint com Aip to u front U
South that Virginia will not head the proces
sion of secession, and lead llie other southern
State nut of the Union. Thi would be
something of a marvel, certainly e msidering
how much pains Vjirariiiiab.tooL.Juj.Jbail-lhm
same (States into the Union, and considering,
too, that she has partaken as largely of il
benefit and il government i ny other Staff
And ye men of the cl'ier southern B'ates,
members of the Old Thirteen yes, members
of ihe Old Thirteen Uiat louche my regard
and sympathies North Carolina, Georgia,
South Carolina! what page in your hinto y,
or, in the history of any one of ynu, 1 bright
er than those which have been recorded sine
the Union was formed! Or thr uh what
effnot his prosperity hecn greater or vour
peice sad happiness better secured? What
na'mcs,e"ven haa Siiuth Carolina, no an mae'i
dissatisfied what nameshss she, of which her
intelligent sons are more proud than those
which have been eomfected wiih ihe govern
ment of Piouth Carolina r Jn revolutionary
times, and in the earliest day of this constitu
tion, there Was no State more honored, or
more deserving to be honored. Where i she
now? And "what a fall is there, my coun
trymen !"
But I leave her to her own reflection, com
mending to her, with all my heart, the due
consideration of her own example in time
now gone oy.
Fellow-citizens, there are some diseases nf
ih mind aa well a of the body, disease of
commun-tie a well a disease of individuals.
Uiat must he left to their own cure; at least it
is wise" to teste them o until- the )at critical
moment hl! arrive. '
I hope Hi not irreverent, and certainly it
not Intended ss reproach,' when aay that 1
know no stronger expression in our langu ge
than that which dcribejh(! Jteftoiatioo of
wavwata lonr. He came to himwlf." He
hail broken away from atl the tie of love.
family, and friendship. Ha has forsaken eve
rything winch he had once regarded tn his
father' houso. He had quitted his natural
sympathies, auortirrnsY and habits, and taken
hi journey into a far country. He had gone
awav from himself, and out of bimsclf. Hut
misfortune overfhok him, and famine threat
1t"d Uimjfitik tvBttm and desth. - No' en
treaties from homo followed him to beckon
back; no admonition from others warned him
of his fate. But the hour of reflection hsd
come, and nature and conscience wrought
within biin until at length "A came to him-
,4ittiewl4V ""' ..."
And now, ye men of iha new Stalea of the
j rV jib ; yoai are ntjl of lb original thirteen.
, i . ;: f-sww
l'lie battle had been fought and
on, the rev-
. oliitirtn rliiieil Inl
.utution aciticvcu, an I m coofl t ition eutao-
i: .l-.l I r 4,. .
noiirii, uciur your oiates nan anv extsictice
a Stale. You came into a prepared ban
quet, and had aeat assigned you at table just
as hnnorab'e as those which were lilted by
older guests. You hare beer and are i:igu-
larly proproa, and if any one should lcuy
this, you would at owcecoolradici his assertion,
Yrru have bought vast qaantltics ol choice
and excellent laud at the lowest price j and ir
puwie uomatn naa not ncm lansnea npnu
you, yoonxlves will admit that it lias been
appropriated to your own nee hy liberal
hand. And yet in some of iliese cilalcs not
in all persons aie fiiund in favor ol a disso
lution of the Union, or of accession from li.
Such opinions ant expressed even where the
general prosperity of the commnnity ha been
the most rapidly udraneetl. In the flourishing
anu iiiteresitng citate tit Mississippi, tor ex
ample, there is a lawe Ttarty which insists
tha( bett-firtevanrea aivtitoienibfo, tharihe
whole body nolitin is in a Mate of sutTjfiriir
and all along and through her whole extent on
the Mississippi, loud cry rings that her.uiily
remedy it "secession.' Nw. gentlemen,
wltat inlliciion does the Stale of Mississippi
stiller uniiei r tt hat oppreasion prostrates
her atrength nr destroy her happinos f He
fore we can judge of the proper remedy, we
must know sonieUiingof thedisease i ami, fur
my part, 1 confess that the real evil existing
ii im imwt ai,rniw ut nip- to oca certain in
quietude or uneasiness, gntwittg outuf a hiirh
degree of prosperity, and conscious!!" of
..wjeaJia-JUtdpawjw.whih-Hmetmwir
men to lie ready for rhangt , and lo push on
to still higher elevation. If this lie truth of
the matter, the doctor are about ri jht. ' If the
complaint springs from overwrought prosper-
!,'. tor. Hint disease ,,av,io..tliuol.4it
cession would prove sovereign remedy.
But I reltirn to the leading topic on which
t waj engaged,
in the department of invention, thrra hav
be wonderful application of sc enc tu art
within the last sixty years. The spacious
hall of iho Patent OHice Is at once the reposi
tory and the proof of American inventive art
and genius. I heir result are seen in. Ihe
Humoraui improvements by which human la
bor is abridged. Without going into details,
it may be snlhrirnt to say that many of the
applications ol steam to locomotion and man
uUcturt's j of electricity and magnetism lo the
prodwetimr w mwhatttcal mfttliili i'tn the eh
irical telegraph t to the registration f agron
omical phenomena; tn the art of multiplying
engraving i the introduction and improve--
menu among us ol nil Ihe important inven
tiim of the t)ld World as strikingly indicati
of the iite-tlrii" wwiiiry'-faheMlul
arts. The network of railroad and the tele
graph lilies hy which this vsst country ia n'ti
culaled have not only dm cloned ts revottrees
but united emphatically in metallic lands nil
pnns in uie t nion. f
, . J!lo by dite-work
delphia, and Hosion surpass, in extrwl and
importance those of ancient Kome. But we
Ail?. noJ eonfitieA pur ..arjentioti. lftjhli iinitlfc
uiat" application of seieiiee to the useful Arts j
we have entered the field of original research,
anu nave eitiargeu me lion mis of sv-ieri'ilic
knowledge, ; Sixly year ngtir besiile the
brilliant dtscoverie of Franklin in-electricity,
scarcely anythiug bad been done among ns in
.the way of original invention. Our men of ;
'oltfehfylmr'ofteiiling (lie ex
periment and tliffusing a knowledge nt the
liseovene of ths le irno I of lire Old Wort I,
wiihout atu niniiug to add a single new fact o,
principle lo ihe existing stock. !-Within the
Wtvwrty'wve-ltmrWfrr'W
iiuprovemenl ha taken place in this respect.
Our natural history bus been explored tit atl
its branches. . Our geology ha been Investi
gated with rcsn'ls of the highest interest to
practical and Ihuoretiral sciciwe. Discove
ries have been maile in pure chemistry and
electricity which have received the approba
tion of the world. I h advance which has
been made in meteorology in thia country
within die last twenty, yeara. i euptnl to thai
made during Uie same period in all the world
beside. In 1703 there wu nut in the Uni
ted Stale an instrument- with which a rood
observation of the heavenly bodice could be
made. 1 bent are now instrument at Wah
ingtoo, Cambridge, and Cincinnati, equal to
those at lb bsat European observatories t and
the original dtscoverie in ssirouoiay within
the last five year in thi. country are among
the most brilliant of the age. can hardly
refrain from uying in this connexion, that I.n
Place has been translated, explained, and in
some instances hi illustrationa improved by
Kowditcii. t lur Knowledge at the g op.-apby
and topography of Ihe American continent ha"
heeo rapidly extended by the labor and eel-
ence ol ihe officers of ths United States army,
and discoveries of much interest in diatuiil
seas h tv resulted from me enterprise of the
ntvy, in 1HU7 a surrey of Ihe const of ths
UniaJ Slate was commenced, which, at that
lime, it wa supposed no American wa coin
Lpetenl to direct. The work - has, howerer,
grown within the last fow years, under (na
tive uperintendent, in important'! and extent
beyond any enterprisa of tho find ever before
attempted, These fact conclusively prove
that a great ad ranee his been made among us,
mtouly in the application ol science lo the
watiUyif ordinary life, but to science itself, in
its highest branch t in it application I ait
Ufy the craving of Uie immortal mind. In
respect to literature, with Ihe excepii m of
om Doohi ol elementary education, and
ome theological treatises, of which (carcely
any but those of Jonathan Edwards have any
permanent valuer snd some - work on 'ocal
history snd politic, like ,Hiilehinion, Ma
"11".3 !; '';'" N',te. on Virgin- jfott ph.se, .tiUaWk,jquaK,rplef paralleio--!riaft
''ll!kr W""w" ww. -"P id. and of an extern il, ,t shall
Hampshire, "Morse' Oeograpl.y , and a con a!n 15().()00.(IOQw.pcpK,ml there-
WW oinnrs. emeries naq : lUUUueod rs
trl!r any.' repute. in literaiun. Wei
were almost wholly dependent on imported
.book. . ve -oar- Bible and -Testamimti
were lor (tie most pan priuieti anroad. i he!
book trade w now one of the greatest br inch
e of business, and ninny work of standard
value, and ol high reputation in Europe aa well
a at home, have been produced by American
author in every department of literary com-
postfon.
-Wttrle'lbB.'eoUflfrf nar'bveina'nmstn
dimensions, in numbers, and 1ir Wealth, the
government has applied a wise forecast in ihs
aCavHiun of measures, when the world shall
nowonger he at peace, necessary to maintain
uie. naitunai aonor, - wiietnrf oy appropriate
display of vigor abroad, or, by well-sdapted
mean of defence at luxoe ; a navy which ha
so ofien illustrated our history by heroic
: .
cheivements," though restrained in peaceful
i.nes in il operations lo narrow limits, pos
lesse in il admirable element Ihe means of
great and sudden ,wnicn, and i justly
looked upon by ih naiion a tl right aim of
it power; an army sun smaller, but nut loss
perfect in it details, wh'ch lia on many a
field exhibit! d the mili ary aptitudes and pro
wess of ine race, and demonstrated the wis
dom which ha presided over its oiwanizatlon y
government. While the tradual and
slow titlargemciti of these resprenve military
arm has been regulated by a jealous watrli
unless over ine public treasurs, there has,
nevertheless, been freely given all Ihat was '
Beetled to. perfcct their quality, and each af
fords Uie nucleus of any enlargement that the
public exigencies may'dVmand from the mil
lions of brave hearts and strong urms upon the
land and water. The navy is the active and
aggressive element of national defence, and,
let loose l.-pm our own lencoarL must dis-
pt.ty iwpower m ihe sea and channel of lh
enemy. ld thi it need, not be laftrej '
and it ean never lie large enough lo deft ml,
by it presence at home, a! our port and har
bor. But, In the absetcaof ihe navV. what
can the brave hearts and strong arm of the ar
my and militia do against the enemv'a line-of-
halile-ahip and steamer, fulling without no
tice 0on our eoastjr hat will guaril otif ,
eitie from tribute, our merchant vessels nn4 '
our navy-yards from conflagration), llorc,,
again; we tee a wise forecast in the lystcm
of defensive measures, which, especially sine
the close of the war with Great.JkUia.uJia.-
neen sieatuiy lonotved ny our government.-
While the perils from which our rreat csttb-
lnhnient had just escaped wore yet fresh in
remciuhwircn, a ysteiu of forlilicalion wa "
begun, which now, Uiough not rjtiiie conijilelcj,,
feiveee-ttr our itHpOfTSTiT p'rnnuif wTiTi impaasa
uie strengiii. mare man lour thousand can
non may at any moment, within strong and
permanent works, arrang-til wiih all ihe ad
vantage and appliance that the ait affords,
bo Iti.-ned to the protection of thi aet Mist,
and be ierved hy the men whose hri ihey
shelter. Happy for us dial it i so, sinie t'icxe
are means of aucurity that lime alone ean sup
ply ( aud since the improvements of maj-i ime.-. .
warfare, hy'ihakiiig distant expeditions easy
and sjieedy, have taado Uiem rrore probable,
aud at the same time more difficult lo antici
pate and pruvidu against. The cost nf fortify-
tic and Gulf of Mexico frontier will not exceed
the amount expended on Ihe foriifioattons of
Paris, - In litis connexion one mnet importint
facility in ihtf defence of the country its not to -be
overlooked.- 1 1 is the alwost in-ttantaitmmr
rnpidi.ty.v wjilt. whicli. hiiltlieHi of tlm ai my-:
on J any iiuni'ii'r of dm nnliti.i corps may uw
he brought to any point where a hos'.iht ur.oci
may at any time be made or Uinsafcncd.
All thia extension of territory embraeud -within
Iho United Stales, increase of it rtip
idah;n!,eonniio opiiient of its resource by cut.ils and rail- -
Iroads, and rapidity of liiraoiiiinuiiicaiian by
uiiuuiiucniuirt sieaintio.it. niu teli'rajihs, has '
becU-aCCUuiplialiuiLwillioul.. ovevifintw of, or
dangerto, the public liberties, hy any assump
lion of military (tower, anil, J t'deed, wnhoul
nny permanent increase of the army, exee
for the purtmse of fioutinr de't Hc, and of f -.-'brtling
a slight gtiard to the public property i -
or of the navy; any f.irdiu.' I inn to assure the
iwM.auali in wkM aaewy yttit'aftiiflif.iit "
his ship, ha I protected by t le slar md itrioe
of hi toitntry, Alt tliia has Vetm (tone wiih-
out llie sliod ding of a drop W blood for treason
or r jueiiion ; all tins, wh 1 ) ayitcm f popu
LnXtUlrWimIaIlJif Wly ; aoppwrT-
ud in the State govcmnie its aud til Ihe gen- -eral
government t all th e, while laws, nation-.--at
aud State, nf such a character h tve tttA
passed, and ha-a been so wttely mlininisicrel
ihat I may stand up here to-day and d.tclare,
as I now do declare In .In face of all the ju- -
telliger.t or Ihe nga. thai, fo.' tho pi rioil wiiicli
has (lapsed fronilhe d y ihat Waihin-'toa
laid the foundaUon of lhs Capitol to the pre
em liinc, thero has been no country upon earth
iif wiiictt tire, ithcrty ana prd'porty h ive been
more amply nnd steadily secured o mo free
ly enjoyed than in these United Slates of A-
meriua. W ho is thero Hal will A af this I
Who ii there prepared with a g.eatcr or a
bettor example? -- Who w there thjCCaii slant!
it pun the foundution of fuels, acknnwtedged
r proved, and assert that Uiese, ojr republi
can institution, hare not answered the true
ends of government beyond all precedent in
human history ? ,
There i yet an illier view. Thfere srs
still high r enmt'der ti nsv M .tn is an imci-
I c ml b 'ing d Mtint;d to mim rrtality. Tb 're
i a ipiril in tiiin, and the breath of tlm Al
mighty hath given him llndjr. landing, 'Ibjn
only is he tending toward t hi own dj.iuy .
wnue iu 8''Ks lor Knowledge or virtue or
the will of hi M iker, anJ fi.-juitcjnce itiont
of hi own duly. Of nil important que ions,
therefore, j I is, themosi important of all, be
first B-kH a id first answered: in whatemtv
try of.the jiald'ablc globe, of great extent nd
I. rra p ipo'ation, me il e meat of ki owled,'e
tito most geaeratiy ; uiuueu ami enjoyed a
m ng tlui jm .pie? Th question idtiiiw nf
one, a td only one unswer. It is here; it is
hero in thest United States; it i anittug the de
sceiid toisoflhoss who settled at Jatnts nun
of (hose who wete pilgrim on the shore of
Plymouth; and of those o'her racua of men
who in subsequent limes halt become joint d
in this great American faintly, L t one fact,
incapable of doubt or dispute, satisfy every
mind o I thi point. The population of Iha
United Slate i 8 l.OOO.CO ). Now tal tit
map of ihe continent of Kurtmo a id spread
it beforeyon. Take your sciic and your di.
vuler, and lay off m one area, in any shape
snaii oe i miii, i wiiiiui me untied stales more
IM ifuus wutiiuo luuuuaiiy read end write
I than 'can ha enilir:.e.l wiit.in il.. ..e
tta'-n arrntifiti. , ...
But there i omotliitir-even more limn ibis.
Man is not only on llitwiiectual. but be is also
le'igious bcin, and his - religious riflings'
slid habit require cultivation. . Let the reli
gions clement in man's nature be neglected;
let him b-j influenced by "ho higher motives
lllill Juw dl.ijik.fgt, and -ettbj.Tt.d totttt''
tr.Hignr restraint than the limit of civil mi-
thoiity, and he become the creature of selfish
passions or blind faualicisiu. The sneclacla
of a nati.in, powerful and ..eijIkhieiuJ, f,U.
WUu8of.tfa15 T.fiUCltashcen premeiiled al
most within our own day as a beacon for the
nation. .On the mheHikiYtfce-'sVva-iKii..
of the religious sentiment represses licentious
nes, incite io general benevolence aiid thi