THBI1S J. lEIlt, Editor
VOL. XLII.
TBRMS -If pni'l limit)- ! advance, 15 per n
unit 42 m if within aix months j anil t3 st Ike
4 of Ui j-tar.
' .APVKRYlSIXG. 1 P'l'inrf (1S Hum) flrt inwrtimi,
tl, Ua 1 U fc fohti)iii nt lnortioi
isciLUSEors.
HV'& .or tlie jV'it I'wi- '.
'THE SCIENTIFIC MAGNKT.
Divisibility f Mailer.
Tut dlvlsionjrif ni$tr ran lie carried in an
almost indefiniteextfnt, ly mechanical and by
chemical means. A U-w examples of liiis arc
given bilow.
In llie manufacture nf gold-leaf, cut ic inch
of gold may be beaten out till it cnrer88,00ll
eniiareincb.es, and it has been carried even to
Jfne 290, W0ili part of an iurli.
Sagildie' silver wire a grain ofgold is spread
fever a aurlucc nf 1400 square inches; and,
' fcvhen examined in n micruse-opc, the gold upon
"flie linsasandih of a linear-inch, or llie miltionili
oTa square inch, is distinctly visible, it seen
"Vhat gold may bi divided into participle no
larger wW owe 1,400,000,000, of a square
' inch.
Instruments have been constructed by which
10,000 lines, distinct and scperale, have been
drawn within die space of a single inch, and
which can be seen only by very powerful mi
croscope. A grain of copper dissolved in nitric acid,
and jlieh in water of ammonia, w ill give a vio
let color to 994 cubic inches of water. Inti
mating tint each cubic inch of water contains
million of particles, the size of a grain of
and of which there are a million jii a cubic
" inch, the grain of coppe r has beeii divided info'
' 392 million p: t i.
One drop of a strong solution of indigo colors
1000 cubic inches of water. As the drop can
TaiUonrto rrmtsrm 00tt.m(rxt!riMppffls7and'
the water hns 5011,000 times the hulk of the
drop of indigo, it is divided into 250.Ono.000,
00l pari, which may be traced in thelliiid.
A u-agnismt nf silver one lentil of n cubic line
, jn size, dissolved in nitric acid, will give a dis
tinct milky color to 500 cubic inches of a solu
tion of common salt. Hence, the magnitude of
each pariicMWiiust lie less lhau the In luinlli ?J
g whir li-te.
' Dr. Weill isl m lias imniifa-tnreil for s.nn? of
bit experiments wire of phiiinuiu so fine that it
rould not 1 seen by the naked eje. To ob
tain it he drew a pl.iiinnni wire, one-hundreih
part of an inch in thickness. Tnis lie placed
in a cylindrical mould. Melted silver was then
pmircdinin th" movdilwhfeb completely ntclns
ri in when c iolc I. The rod he linn obtained
was drawn out into wire ; and when at last the
silver had reached its extreme of fuvness, it
was disohe I by n trie, acid, leaving the pla
tinum untouched. The thread di is-pr-corei!
is only the llirue-millijiinlli part of .in inch in
thickness, '
An Irish gi:l has spun liirn yarn, of which a
pound was 1 433 English miles in leng:h. Ai
tiiis r ate 17 lbs, 3 07. would go round the globe
A visible portion of this threnl could no!
-- hsvewetheif mf-4hin the -em" -nrrctitin
drcd and twenl y-seven millionntli part of a
giain.
Cotton has been spun s that a pound n!
thread was 203,000 yaids in length; 1 pound of
,aolrl(aOa,yatjl,.
The tliread spun by the silkworm has a di
ame.terofonlythe l.i700thto 1.2000 j a:t of
an inch.
The fibres of c t!on are the I.J 10 part of an
"Itrsh til "tti imcflirTof nhr,h'ftilrst!mi
an inch; the fibre of the pineapple plant, the
l.TOIOth part of an inch.
In the animated kingdom wonders si ill great
er thmlheso are to Im touud. ,.wumww-
In tlie small fibre of a goose quill, more than
1300 branches or small leaves have been coin
led on each side. .
The daon-fly, a id soni" species of butler
flies, have thous nit of eves.
The microscope reveals an entirely new
world to our view. The variety anil extreme
minuteness; of the animated objects pi iced
within the fie'd of vision is almost incredible.
Sv?nl cmin -nt mturi!its have devoted a
lare share of the most patten' ail' nt:on to ihi
department ol natural history, and the resul s
oflheir laborsare aftonishinf. "In every pand
and ditch, in the infusions of pep' r, straw,
griss, oats, hay, aid tg"'ahles. in ait! and
vinegar, an 1 n the water fiunded in oysters,
on almost every plant ai d flower, in rivers,
si, and oceans. th" ' cr 'atures aro found in
such numbers an I variety as'almiat exceed
our conception and feliof."'
Some are so small that the breadth of a hair
would coier fifty or a hundred ol'ihe n, and
others are so small that many
millions may
of a square
he contained ill the
compasj
inch.
"Many hundreds ofsprcicj have Wen i!e-tee-l
'd and described, all difl'erenl in form, hob
its and motives. They are of all shapes snd
forms; some are like minute atoms, some
I'ke globes and sphcreoids, some like hand
bells, some like wheels turning otj an axis,
some like doubleliead.-d monsters, soma like
cylinders, some have horns, soini! resemble
eels, 150 times as long as they are broad."
The miscroscon? delects wonders like these
ia jtfio rocks ol which llie crust of the earth is
"composed. M r. Lonsdale has discovered shell
in chalk unutterably numerous.
In a cubic of Iripoli-rock, of only one;tenlh
i an inch", 500,000,000 of these microscopic
shells are contained! Each is an exquisitely
formed dwelling, comprising several cells, snd
in general apper.iiice resembling the Naiiti-
Jur,
A variety of rock has b'en found, which
voittains these fossil shells in inconceivab'e
numbers, on being separated form the mass,
hey may be sifted through a sheet 'if pajicr
wnicti has been inercfd with a very fine cam
rir needle. These shells have been the h,u.es
f living .ci-eaturetliat, have filled ill the
functions of their being, have sported their
SnVf day, and passed .twajf
"""What reason have we to say "How mau
ifuld are thy irorksO Lordi In wisdom, has:
lion made tbem all., O the depth of the riches
both of the wisdom and the knowledge of (iod
marvellous things 'dolh He which we cannot
"mprrhend!" X. Y.
I'LE ASSURES Ofr' M ATM MO NY.
I was married for my money. That was
years ago, and they have been ten years
o purgatory. I have had bad luck as a wife.
for.my husband and I Jiavff scarcely one tajti
a comnjnri. . He wishes to live, in the conn?
,rT- which I hate, 1 like the thermometer at
ft the chHdrva) brought op at home, instead
f at school, which I hat. I lie mu.c, and
vim in m in r-n...n-. i ... .
THE MODEL HL'XUAND.
'"'nie'TriTrowing'aescripfifittiif'
band" appeared in ihe Hoslon Olive llran.'li.
It is, says the editor, from the pen of a lady
in gnrrdpositirltl in'SWiftiTaiiil llie pfts"ti?iirH
lion, therefore, is that tlie model husband is
the true style of husband, and "what all good
married men should be. In looking over,"
lie further remarks "nearly forty years of our
married life, we find that our good wife has
never exacted quite so much ol u, but site
mnrrty waived her rights, w? slip pone."
I lis pocket-book is never empty when his
wile calls for money. Ho sits up in bed, at
niiflil. let ding Thomas Jefferson Smith with a
pap sp Kin. whilst his v ile lakes a comfortable
nap and dreams of the new shawl she means
Ui buy at Warren's the next day. As "one
jiorid turn tfreerre'raiiother;"' he is "allowed to
hold Tomiiiv ngoii before breakfast, while
Mrs. JSmiih's curls her hair. Ile never makes
any complaints about the soft molasses ginger-
breed ill at is rubbe d into Ins hair, coat, and
ves', during these happy, conjugal seasons
He always laces on his wife's Ifoots, lesUhe
rxTttons slmobl-mnkt- -leer oo- fed m the face
'icC.'re gomif out 10 promenade Vahiugtou
sir el. lie never calls any woman "prett,"
Sefire Mrs. Smii'i. 11.- neve-rmake absurd
o'-jecliona jj !ici itceiv lug lnqulfc, r - t'oe bt
Hoi id.' from CapT.il li lois or 'Lieutenant trial.
Ile don't sei t e- teeth and stride down to the
siorc like a victim, every time his wife pre
senls him with anothe r little Sinit'l. Ilegivles
the fern ile Smiths Trench gaiter boots, par 1-
TtrtltflniT-rtressWi-'
b ys. new jackets, pop guns, velocipedes anil
c ackers, without any questions aske I. He
n ver breaks th seal of any ol his wife's billet '
d 011x7 or .""P ov,r '"'r shoulder while she is
JUvU'el'iiiggvns' -;:-. Ha- -.Bevar,.:, ItaSdsvtUa:
drippings of ihe umbrella over her new lionilei
while his last new hat is innocent of a rain
drop, lie iw-v er compl iin when he is late
homt at ilinner; thotiglvifte Ittrl-p WmitlfrliSffe"
left him nolhinf hut bones and crust.
He never lakes the nrws paperand reads it.
before Mrs. Smith has a chance to run over
llie a Iver is -mi nts, deaths and in arriages. 4c.
lie alw lys gels into bed filet, co'd nights, to
take off the chill (or his wife. never leaves
his t owsers, drawers, shoes, ic, on the floor,
when lu goes to bed, for his wile to break her
neck o er, in the dark, il t ie baby wakes and
needs a dose of I'aragorie. If the children in
the next room scream in the night, he don't
expect liis wile to take an aar-UitU to find mu
what is tl e matter, lie hasbecn known toweae
Mrs. Smith's nighl-c ip in bed, lo make the
baby think he was its mother. '
Vhen he carries the children up to bechris
tened. lie holds them right end up, and d ui'l
tumble llieii Irocks. When the minister ak
him the name he says "Lucy Sir," distinct
Iv, that he need not mistake il for Lucifer. Ile
goes lioihe and trots the child, till the sermon
is over while his wife remains in church lo re
ceive th'i congratulations of the parish gossips.
If Mrs. Smith has company lo dinner and
there ar not strawberries enough, and his
wife looks at him with a sweet smile, and of
fers to help him, (ai the saiilS llin kicking
him gently with her slipper under ihe table (he
always replies, ".No I ihank yon, dear, Ihey
don't agree with me."
Lastly. He approves of "Bloomers" and
"p.-tliloons," for he says women will do as
they like lie should as soon think ol driving
the nails into his own coffin, as trying to stop
thrm.
v
DEATH OF TEOUMSEII. y
Corrpjm4rm nf tht .Vw York Litrmni Yrl4.
Hon. L. Bnisn, Prest. N. Y. Hist. No.
Washington. May 5, 1851.
Sir : popular opinion in the United Slates
has, Tor-many years, attributed, the kiHing of
Teeumseli lo the late Colonel Kii hard M.
Johnson, of Kentucky. The brave men whom
that officer led in llie attack of the Indians,
fighting under the great Shaw nee Captain, took
a pleasure in permitting public rumor to place
the honor of his feat on the brows of their
fimmander. But the tnrh of hisiorv requires
that the name of the real actor should now be
tdd. '
By a letter which I have reeer.Uy received
fiom'fn'e Hon".' Orlando Browhnal" "clii'iif ot
the Bureau of Indian Affairs dated Frankfort,
15th April last, it is ,hown that the veritable
actor was Jacob H. Holeman of Kentucky, a
private in Captain Singer s company or moun
ted volunteers. The event has thus been de
tailed to me by Mr. Holeman.
. Sluger had himself been eleranl ndian
fighter in the early wars ( Kentucky, and
perceiving lhat the woods they approached
were favorable to an Indian ambuscade, warn
ed his men on entering it lo be on the look-out.
which put ouliheir limbs boritonUlly, at five
of' siat; feet firotn tlie fmmd. HW mu p
Uearly to met I, so that Ihe view was intercept
ed aid Ihe action o cavalry impoinie,
iii-hi., unicn ne nates, lie
likes roast pork, which I hate ; and I like
minced veal., which he hates. There is but
one thing which we both like, and that is what
we cannot both have, though we are always
trying for it llie last word. I hue had bad
luck as a mother, for two such huge, elfish,
passionate, unmanageable, boys never tormen
ted a feeble woman since bovs began. I
wish I had railed them berth (.lain. At this
moment they haie jM quarreled over their
marbles- Mortimer has lorn off Orville's col
lar, and Orvdh- has applied his colt-like head
to Mortimer's ribs; while the baby Zenobia,
111 my lap, whu never sleeps more' than half
an hour at a time, ami cries all the time she is
awake, has been roused by their din to scream
in chorus. I have had had luck as a hmm kerk
er, for Inever kept even a chambermaid more
than three weeks. As to cooks, I lookback be
wildeml on the lonj phantasmagoria of faces
fluting slormily through my kitchen, as a ma
riner remembers a rapid succession of ihun
dergusts aud hurricanes in the Cull' of Mexi
co. My new chambermaid bounced out of
the room yeswrdoy, flirting her dassera, and
muttering, 'Heal old maid, after all !' just be
cause I showed her a table on which I coald
write 'slut' wiili my finger 111 the dual. I nev
er see my plump, happy sisters, and Ihen
glance in the mirior ai mv -own cadaverous,
long, doleful visage, without wishing myself
an old maid. 1 do it every day of 111 v life.
Vet half of my sex marry as 1 did not fur
love, hut for fear! for fear of dving (del
maids. .1-J. II. Hull in the 'rople't
Jnvr inl.
flOlTM ClIOUHWNwrrfA li tittllrttail, Bonl ni jibyiinl rruirrn, the lui it
WEDNESDAY MORNING, AUGUST 27, 1851.
Col. Johnaou deterined to dismount three
companies of ns commaud, who tied theii
horses st the skirt of the wood, and leaving 1
t
oie oiuer inree mounted companies at ine
same points as a reserve. His force consisted
of mounted eiiixen volunteers a term by
which is meant men furnishing their own
horses, who were, from iheir position, expert
in every art of forest warfare, with man snd
beast. They were armed with a short rifle,
of ihe Wiitd called yairers. hey had no
swords
Ca plain Sluger's company was one of those
dismounted, and entered the woods on tool.
The Indians were so completely masked by
the foilage that the contest was one essen
tially of personal combats, panics seeking the
shelter of trees and coverts, and fighting ac
cording to the Indian moele, in very open or
der. Col. Johnson led his men, and was soon
wounded in tw places, and carried lo the rear.
Holeman and a companion were standing to
gether, when ihey saw two Indiana rush for
ward and in the acl of firing. They thrmselves
both fired instantly and killed iheir men. His
companion was also mortally wounded and
fell Holeman ran up to the Indian he had shot
and took a pistol of curious workmanship otit
of his right hand; which lay extended as if in
ihe act of firing when he fell, and, retaining it,
canied it lo his quarto, s after the close of the
action.
When llie battle was terminated, it was
rumored that Tecumseh had been slain. Gen
eral Harrison and some British officers rode
up to identify the body. Harrison recognised
the chief by a peculiar tooth, which had turned
blue, all the others retained their whiteness.
Holeman mentioned the circumstances of
Tiiking-fhe-pisrot trornittaf ImTiairs Kaiidrife
went immvdiatly lo his camp and bronchi it.
I he tinlish omcer f whose name he did not
!"'!-w ) decided ileal il w one f
a-pir
erlv belonging to General Brock, which that
officer bad ptesented to Tceuinseh,
J'ccuniseh was armed with handsomely
made English fowling-piece, and evidently
had his arm extended in the act to fire when
ihe hall of his antognnist pierced him. His
diess could not he distinguished from the oth
er Indians, except by its comparative clean
ness, These particulars were narrated to me in
the WarOlTiee, a few days ago, by Mr. Hole
man himself, in presence of (governor Ram
sey, of Minnesota. -.Captain Eastman, U. S.
A.. Mr. Wise, chief clerk of llie Indian bu
reau, and other gentlemen. We were impres
sed with the entir J mod-sty ofjlie narrator.
Not a word was uttered in the vein of boast
ing, or in depreciating the merits of others,
far less of his commander Colonel Johnson,
lie had, in lhat action, three, balls passed
ihrough hiscloilies; namely, und t his arm
and two through llie skirts of his hunting
shirt. lie also received a hall in his earlridre
bnx, in front, which was arrested by a bait In'
one of his cartridges, lie lired sixteen b ills
111 that acii'in.
It affords me pha'iirc to aid that Mr.
Hob-maTi htv hrn appointed Indian Angent
Tor ilifl'Terniory of ltjah a mark of respect
due 10 his intelligence and worth.
Very respectfullv.
IIE.NHY II. SCIIOOLCRAIT.
The following is from the Si. Augustine
(Fla.) rfnrient City of the 2d instant :
"It is perhaps too soon to speak with cer
tainty as to the recovery of this ysinable. tree
for ifie desolation raiised Thy r the coccus insect.
The present appearance ol ihe trees, however,
warrants the expectaliou that their cultivation
iy.'-How eeeii"l. .-.".--"'--""""-"-
"At M.indarian, and various oilier points
upon Ihe Si. John's river, we learn that the
prospects of the present season ore good, and
that a large quantity of fruit is now maturing
upon ihe tree. In this city a general improve
ment is now evinced.- A large number of trees
are now in bearing, although but little fruit
will be raised the prcscrt year. Our own
impression is lhat llie power of the insect over
the trees has now departed, and that although
il may not diuppear entirely, yet the trees will
produce iheir usual crops with ranreore and
cultivation than have been ordinarily bestow
ed upon them. 1
"No cultivation is as profitable in propor
tion 10 the expense and labor as lhat of tlie
orange, and thousand ..will re-embark in 11
when its recovery is beyond doubt. It will
restore St. Augustine its beauty and prosperi
ty, and increase ihe advantages which render
11 now one of Ihe most healthy, pleasant, and
delightful residences in the southern Stales."
From tits N. V. Journal of Commerce,
MORMONS IN THE UNITED STATES.
Tlie various published Recounts of the con-'
dition nnd chsmclcr of Ihe Mormon commu
nities of Salt Lake Valley, Beaver island, Ate.,
are .strangely conflicting, according as they
emanate from friendly or prejudiced sources.
The Mormons of Beaver island number a
bout eight hundred, and are governed by one
Strang, (the successor of Jo. Smith.) who was
some lime since, with great ceremony and os
tenatiori, crowned "King of ihe earth, Prophet
of the Iord, and Disciple of Jesus Christ."
Gov eminent is administered under a code or
laws claimed by Strang to be of Divine origin,
and revealed lo him directly and personally
One provision of this code requires of his fol
lowers the annual contribution of one-tenth of
their incomes, which is cheerfully aerfcded to.
A partial necessity, at least, for such a slipuls
lio 1 arises from tlie enlarged scale on which
the domestic, affairs of ihe kiog am conduc ted
his household comprising not less than seven
Wives, and a progeny proportionately numer
ous. '
Beaver island is barren, and of small extent,
but picturesquely situated at the northern ex
tremity of Lake-Michigan. The surrounding
islands and bay are laid lo possess many n 1
liiral attractions.-' Il is hut little frequented by
ve'ssets'of any" cTaes." 'anil lis inhabitant! ire
ch iefl y dependent on agneul liiral pnrsmts for
sustenance. In dress these Mormons are not
lest peeiiliarllian in their religious belief thai
of ihe women consisting ol a son 01 comoinatioo
of the " Bloomer, wilh the -'-bifurcated gar
menl." - An- individual who is on a visit
that community writ's to llie Cleveland Dem
ocrat as follows i ......
" Strang, so far as we could discover from
circumstantial evidence, (foKhii' followers
worship him.) and from his aflpeaMiH-,i-
bo1d,"bait m4rir"'!ihiVureniliu!iam, wilh-!
oat faith, h ass-imed the part whieti b it now 1
plsrfinf to retrieve- hie -dperte -fojrMJiw-!
Without a shadow of claim, as. (u his fol- i
lowers the highest) a revelation to him that
ihey may take possession nf all islands, they
have seised a pon their present abode. Hen
under indictment for various crimes among
them tl at of intercepting the mad and no doubt
the law will take him in hand. W hat is
to become of a people so desperate is a singu
lar problem, which lime alone can solve.
A correspondent nf the St. Louis Intelligen
cer, represented as "iheoot-epsnt of a respon
sible station in the United Slates army," wri
ting from Carson Valley, describes deplora
ble stale of things at Salt Lake, which Ihe Intel
ligencer does nol regard as in the lessl exag
gerated. The following is an extract from his
letter tft
" Thtt"fi were an angel from Heaven to tell
you of Ihe wicked practices, and Ihe hkse, un
provoked crimes of this people, you would
discredit the report. Such is the enormity of
their conduct thai in a series of resolutions
drawn up by a Presbyterian clergyman, and
signed by the emigrants, ' the truth, aud the
whole truth' was designedly avoided, lest il
would he ton shocking for belief. It is liaxird
ing nothing in saying lint never, by savage
horde or lawless haiidilti, were there exhibited
such b-se turpitude of heart and such indis
criminate vindiclivencks of purpoie as are to
be seen in the conduct of the Mormons nf
Salt Lake valley. With lliem, human feeling
lias been debased lo worse llian beastly pas
sion and instinct ; and then all sympathy' is
consumed by, or absorbed in, lual, while sen
timent there finds its lowest elegree of degrada
tion. There is no crime but has its full, free
justification there, if perpetrated against a Gen
tile, as they term those who are not Mormons.
No matter bow good a man's character may
-h .belC!fbfi h econfi.- Mormon - ml nttlt
common fellowship with them, after he is
fairly inducted he is soon made lo yie-ld the
most guiliy obedience lo the decrees or orders
(it flYe' Twelve "All are ilius renilered ready
and prompt ins runtenls in the perpetration of
mine. Iliad siipposedtul,like other religious
socie e , tl ere were sincere p-rtsuirs among
lliem, who, believing iu juslicu and virtuous
principles, could not be made the guilty ngeii'.s
of crime, or commit such offences as had fre.
qucnlly I een charged ara'nsl tMin ; bul, from
what 1 have seen and heard, I 3m firm in the
helief lhat the beet of them will not hesitate to
perform the worst bidding of Brighsm
Young, Iheir 'man of God.' Yes, his
voice is lo litem more omnipotent than is the
voice nf (iod to the Christian. Let but s Gen
tile incur his displeasure, or thai the Twelve,
and soon his bloodhounds, the l)aniles,lre
seontHir the country in seaiWi of their prey
and wo in ihe Gentile who is known 10 give
ihe doomed victim protection or assistance.
Far dillerent ia it when emigrants first euler
ihe valley ; then all is kindness and good feel
ing : bul no sooner docs winter lock tbem in
than the hiiherto suppressed volcano oflheir
hate and prejudice against American citictia
biirsis forth. T lien property is seixed and
confiscated, t! e owners thereof 'deprived of
their liberty, loaded, like the worst of felons.
with halls, and cliaiusr-without ihe - form of
trial, aud.iu tnoslcascs ,wuliuuU,v.i:u amkuowu.
accusation. Many emigrants beside myself
heard Brigbam Young from the stand declare
the most treasonable hostili ies against the I
nited Slates. lie denied the righl of jurisdic
tion on- 4l pst .-f yefini -nnntf -ptrrtr-'T
red himself lhat if a governor came there and
attempted its extension he would resist it lo
death. The right of governorship, undis
turbed by the authority of t'ic United Stiles,
he claimed as vested, in li i l f fyf .iifot-.i"
Ihe'lfi'IiiensW who talked of
their rights and privileges as' American citi
zens, he would say he was not amenahle to
isWir government and- fy1nw,"mi whetrnr
Naitvoo, he defied the eo nhiued powers of the
United Slates and nil hell.' Those ol us who
were known to speak against Mormonism, or
abuae the Moimons, he ordered should have
I leir throats cut.
"From that moment the emigrants became
predestined and prescribed objects of Mor
mon vengeance. A report was started that I
was ihen a reporter for governmen', and soon
mv property was seized nnd myself arrested
and subjected Jo the insults of one of their
prostituted functionaries, without - sny custse
for prosecution or any charge to plead against.
Shortly after, five head e)f my cattle were
shot, and 1 was selected a subject to be salted
down in thrir lake. Five of Iheii assassins
leiok upon themselves the pleasing duty. But
I entertained no lear ot tliem. wn llie con
trary. I came out and declared my defiance of
them. My whole solitude was for my family,
and every exertion was directed toward geltinj
it out of ihe valley. Being composed mostly
of females, 1 had just cause to fear that if de
prived ol a protector it would never bs permu
ted to leave that sink of perdition, for no in
telligence against Mormonism is permitted to
be mailed. Wissenliug mormons aim con
grants have. told me that they hail picked up
before the post olticc parts 01 leuers mey naii
deposited 10 bs mailed for the United States,
hut in which Ihey had exprcsse-d themselves
freely for Mormons. In truth, the basest sys
tem of espionsge prevails that ever was known
to exist III the world
A BELGIAN SOMERSET.
At the last Brussels races the young Mar
quis d'Ast, a Belgian lion of ihe cry first rank,
choose to ride swiftly nlong in interdicted
path. He wai stopped by soldier -one or
the armed force intrusted wilh the police m
perintendunce oflhe locality who civilly re
quested him lo withdraw. The hot-headed
Marquis answered the summons by striking
the man wilh his whip, and riding on. He
wa arrested and sentenced, like our English
captain, to a week's imprisonment. The af
fair, however, did not terminate there. The
soldier was brought before a military tribunal,
and was sentenced to seven days arrest for
not cutting down the individual who had dar
ed to force his post."" As for (lie Marquis, as
soon as he was liberated, he wa! challenged to
wnu-nnuj Soulier ill ijwwhwv nsrnnnir.anu
the striking nf whom was looked upon ai in
insult to ill. Uulignam't Mettenger.
Treaty with the Sioux.
- Informition was some days frnej received
at the Indisn Bureau that 1 treaty ( had. been
made with the upper band of the Hioux In
dians in Miniaota Territory! and w now un
derstand that telegraph despatch haa-befn
4rrwd 1roTn"l.ti LuiV E'q , "Ifjomntisoner
of Indiana Affairs, lo Mr. Mix, the acting com
missioner. Mating that he hns effected treaty
negotiation for this purpose was concluded on
the ftth insl, , , ; , Jlepvblie,
ilm ad km f m tfrrrtloM.
iCIlCFLTCIlL
tt Nus tMM mmd Amril.
SHADS TUB GRRATESTFEnTlI.I7.Ell.
WiNeHKsTal, Febnury.
Dear Pit 1 The experience of the civil-
iied world haa clearly demonstrated Ihe fact.
that w ith manure only the soil under cultiva
tion raiinoi he made to preserve its natural
fertility. Licbig says, Agricultural Cirmii
lit, page 61 : "The first colonists of Virgin
ia found a country the soil of which was sim
ilar to that above mentioned ; harvests of
vheat and tobacco were obtained for a centu
ry from one and the same field without the
aid of manure ; bul now whole districts are
converted into unfruitful pasture-land, which,
without manure produces neither wheat nor
tobacco. From every acre of litis land there
were removed in the space of one hundred
years 12.000 pounds of alkalis, in leaves,
grain and straw. It became nnfiuiiful, there
fore, because it was deprived of every paaticle
of alkali, which had been reduced lo I Solu
ble stale, and because lhat which was render
ed soluble again H ihe space of one year was
nol su fficient to to satisfy the demands of the
plains. Almost sll the cultivated land in Eu
rope is in this condition.'
And you well know. Sir, that this statement
of llie impoverished condition of the soil in
this country is nol solely applicable to Virgin
ia lhat all ths cultivated lands are regularly
progressing to die same result in every Stale
in this Union ; not so obviously in ihe Norths
em v 111 ine Mnutnera citsie, amy nerause
ihe cheap and efficient labor always at the
sMmimimtfot'ihrSouih him
to crop hia land more frequently and more In
tensively. Il appoars to me lhat tlie cause
of ibis may be saiisfactorij v
consulting' tfifi "experience ot llie individual
fanner. He Ins been taught Irom lime im
memorial to Hie present day, frTat manure
is iiidispeusible fn the preservation of the
fertility of his land or in other words of a
late writer, (Anderson's Economy of Ma.
num.) "1 beg to bo understood as my deci
ded opinion lhat farm-yard uianura must al
ways be tlie farnuu .itii-stv,-" In obedi
enco to this precept, he sets himself to woik
wilh enenty and industry 10 collect and apply
manure, and finds il utterly impossible lo ma
nure one tenth of his cultivated land. The
result is inevitable; nine tenths being exhaust
ed by ihe erop, and only one tenth improved
hv the manure, must trrminale in its exhaus-
lioav- tr what move strikingly illustrate ibis.
if he cultivate a field of one hiindird acrei
in corn every year,' and only lueceeded in
manurinr ten acre', thii field, in the course of
forty or fifty years, will exhibit an appearance
precisely -srrmHar to -the exhausted lands in
many districts of the Southern KtsU-s. Hut
every practical farinnrkoOWfc..Oi aught d
know, for the facts art constantly befor his
nbsf nation, that Und can bo mad exceeding
ly fertile without manure. He must have
noticed that if avv portion -of the-soil ' have
been covered, eiliier accidentally or designed
lv7'fiiir someiiifie, lSywaler, si i onr", "iFa iiV ,' T vgi"."
chips, hrush.'rails.corn-slalks, straw, buildings
nf every description willimu eenars, nsy or
straw ricks, leaves or clover, and in faei thai
wdrr-wny---and--eswy'- inbMMnce-wwctVW
cm ered ill surface closely, it invariably be
comes exceedingly fertile, and thai the degree
of this fertility is totally ituiependenl of the
quality of llie covering substance. Before
we examine -uwa Jtie . atuint.' mat veroniy,
it will be necessary first to consider what ma
nure is. Liebig says, pi go 66: "With lis
th e'e Iw.oks sre wi it en, but no sxperitnents in-
liHted - Theevanicry l watitrrsj corlstl rtiefT By
(his and that plant is expressed in hundredth
farts, and yet ws know nol what manure is."
I is very certain, Sir, that the analysis of
manure does not demonstra'at that it possesses
a fertilizing principle, or the peculiar combi
nation of principles, which constitute it fer
tilizing substanee. And yet we are gravely
advised to appoint chemical inspector! of ma
nure ! The experience of ihe prkolieal
farmer has taught nun tnit ncitner animal nor
vegetable matters are or any value ai manure,
unless eolJee.lcd in qusirtilies snd mixed In
his barn-yard or stsbles; that it there under
goes 1 peculiar fermentation termid putrefac
tion, the product of which proves exceeding
ly valuable in fertilizing the soil. It it very
manliest lual ma value 01 una prouuet esien
tially depends upon llie perfection of Ihe pu
trefactive process; for the interruption of this
process, from any cause whstevsr, never
fails to lessen its vilur, and the prevention
renders it worthless. It is uniformly mosi
valuable when made in pitta or vaults, and
better in stable s than ill the barn-yard. No
wonder the farmer, in every age, has al
taehed so much importance to ihe 1 collec
tion and preparation of manure ; for it is
the only aubstance which he has ever known
which would enalilo htm In raise. crop
of any kind in an rxhansted soil, and which
which has proved equally efficseimis npon all
soils suitable for cultivation, no mailer what
the deficiency in in mineral constituents.
Scientific men nave attached much importance
to the ammonia which unilormly escapes du
ring the putrefactive fermentation, and much
of the value of the inanur has been attribu
ted to if; why, lam unable to understand.
For it appeara to me lhat it would be qniie as
philosophical to sllribule the flavor of Maderis
wine to the carbonic icid g i which escapes
during the vinous fermi n'atinn, ss 10 imagine
tin v.lus of manure to depend upon the es
cape of amiiioni-i which characterizes ihe pit-
Irelaclive process, 11 ammonia on so power
fill a fertilizer that the minute quantify of it
which the chemists have heen able to delect
in the atmosphere when fixed by the gypsum
exerts 10 wonderful so influence upon Ihe
growth of clover, why is it thil the sulphate
of ammonia does not prove . a cjujsp and eiu.
cicnt substitute for barn yard manure! The
well known fertility of some forest lands when
fi1 iHhjectjed Jo,u!tj ration h been sc fed.
to llie decom position ol vrgeiabM mailers.
"Some virgin soils, inch as those of America,
contain vegetable matter in large proportion;
and as these have been found eminently adapt
ed to the roltivstirm m moot plants, the organ
ic! matter- contained ia them has naturally
been rucngnized as the causa of their fertility.
To this mailer ths term vegetable mould or
humus has been applied 1 indeed, this peculi
ar aubstance appears lo play such in im pol
ls til part in ih phennrottift ojf yegfiaiion. ib.
vegetable physiologists hive been induced to
scribe the fertility of every soil lo its pres
ence. - It il believed by many lo be the prin-
basitrsctaj by ifaam from Uia (oil m which
'hay grow. It is itself the product ol tin da
cay of Vegetable matter, and must therefore
contain many of the eon-lituents wbiih are
loun I In p ants during life." (See I.ielug, p.
Il) The erroneous dtfiuilion nf lurh an
important principle at Ibis must have led In
serious errors in practical culture. The de
cay of no vegetable substance upon the sur
face of the earth ever forma manur.b Vo 1
Thaer Prmnpleo of Agriculture, p. 20i:)
"In the open air, and without the intervention
ol moisture or of any additional beat, tlie
process nf fermentation and putrefaction is
not. perceptible ; a species of decomposition
does, however, lake place which is slow com
bustion. I h decomposition produces a very
dif(erent matter tn that which is the result of
putrefaction and one which is smaller in
Quantity, because the greater nart of tl
carbon combines with oxygen slid evaporates
under the lorm of carbonic acid. We do
not find any appreciable deposit in those hol
lows in which the leaves have been accumula
ting and decomposing for centuries, which
certainly would not ba the- case if they had
been converted into manure, l hat the trees
require a great deal of nutriment ta manifcit.
for, 11 a few be left in a cultivated field, Ihey
exhaust the soil for soma distance arniind
them; and lhat they consume the aame food
as Cultivated plant! is proved by the fad that
they can he made tn thrive in an exhausted
soil wilh manure, and manure only. Whence,
ther, do ihe trees derive so much manure as
no; only to render tlui.-, grow.h luxuriant but
tn le. sre, lbs soil fertile beneath Uieui! 1 an-
awer. imm ine snide, and sliada 011 y. I he . f . 1. 1 . .1 k j -
. .' , , , . . . from four to five rmlei of cot-nn to the natdi.
mould or ftch enrtli termed lutmAs, hicljUs.i-a--us--r r r--y '" " ,v-"- "
firnmt tirtttB' tares! "unirei-" the leaves nr loose
a. i-i trMVi '
tone, m the residue of ths purref tenon ol
the earth itself, caused by shade, an t mayaSe
found In all locations favorable tojlie geneni-.
fioii nTltVinreTitRttve pnwess. Llehtg lays.
page 4 4. 1 he Subterranean vaults in the old
caxlles near the KbiHe, ths 'Bergslrassv and
elherau, are coiuHiucumI of sandMone, gran
ite, nr basalt, and present appearance similar
to the liinesioni caverns. The roofs of the
vnulu nr cellar! are covered ex'ernallv to the
ihieknees of sevetal feet wilh vegetuble mnuld,
which hat been Jormed by the decay hi
plants. 1 mild vegetation ever have existed in
such a location as this? I am told thai it ia
found in qaautilies in the Mammoth Cave,
Ky and may be found also in vaults and
caves, and underold buildings of every kind.
In fact under any and evaiy substance Which
shades llu surface of the earth densely, li
may he found ia aasnnues dependent aolely
upon the density and duration of ilia almde.
The poorest mil, no matter what ills deficien
cy in its mineral cinstituents, will ba changed
in color, consistence, and f rtilizing qualttes,
when closely covered. The natural nr imiaie
fertility is posssod hy ill earth, Irom whatev
er depth it may be obtained; bul this substance,
humus, is found .only where lha earth lias
been favorably looted for putrefaction, . It n
certainly snnaurr. fo it dwdiall plant in ev
ery variety of soil. .. .The praciical importaiiM
of a knowledge of Ibis is mamf.ist, tor the
far msr well w binges attempt 1 prsesrvs the
natural fertility of bis land by manure, which
. i .... 1 .... .ia. a
no energy or inuusiry na sitrj n cnauwu
him to sccomplieb. He will keep no stock
gM!?..9J..WJa-W maitar
into nnnutat for, by spreading Ui raw mile
rial a pon his land, lis aan eover a much
greater client of surface, ai well aa impart
a more permanent fertility ta lb anil, lie
wiUyluUthvWilrwly,4iirh('
ill find thst a liixuitant growth ol clover on-
touched for mi year will impart a more per
aainenl fertility than the best manure. . Wi
Iioims that tlti sjtlW 4s-not tlie result of Sriy
peculiar quality in the clover erop, for llie
ties-1 in in Ihe South, and a bitter weed, llie
lute lupine, in Italy, produce the same ler-
Uliiy, Veil J lister says, page 33vt "W be
stow a most active and vegetable amendment
on a soil when we sow it wilh plants adapted
ui us nature, wa eh will nourish and ' attain
the highest slate development and then,
when Ihey have begun lo flower, either bury
them by the action of the plough, nr hare
lliem entee off the ground, or trodden in b
caiila. -'4'tMs practice" i of great atiliquilyl
it wai held m high aetimalion by llie Uoinuiu,
and exist at llie present day iu Italy. There
1 is thai the amelioration produced hy a erop
While green 11 the very best thai can be ue-
towed on a soil, aud is callable of bestowing
on 11 llie almost degree of krulily of. w bub u
ia auseeptihlei indeed, Ihey even prefer it
when there is a sufficiency nf snimal manure."
I qunls tit sat pargrapli In allow lhat Ihe ferlil
ity imparted. to the earth by Uis growth of
vegetable matter! Iiaa long been known and
ipprecinted by praciical tanners. It ta true
Hist their value has been Hitherto attributed to
Oieir decomposition when ploughed under, but
thil opiniob is certainly erronmut. Veget-'
substances, unless tainted with pulrelaelion.
saturated wilh wsinr, or mixed wilh lima or
ashes, 1 confidently aeserv nvr form ma
nure when ploughed under, ths apparent fer
tility being attributable solely to the previous
ihade, for reasons which I shall Mow assign
1st. Tli! reiidua of no other deeomposiiicn
to which vegetable substances are subject.
thin the puiraisetlve, even prove lo be ma
nu re.
Vegelibl matter ploughed under are
deprived of a eootset nf air, which ia known
lo be indispensible to lha generation of tlie
putrefactive proe.ea. f 1 i ,
3d, Il is well known lhat vegetable sot
stances Impart much fertility lo the surface
of the soil previous to their decomposition.
Hits fertility is neither increased y ploughing
them under, nor diminished by their previous
removal.
4th; Oth'r suhtnncea, inch aa plank nr
atone, which ire not decomposed, impart an
equal fertility. A vert respecUht farmer.
nesr Winchester, fonnr! it necessary to rebuild
his mill. The roof being sound, he had it re
moved and placed en a knoll in the adjoining
IIluV,inlcnuing In, use Jt-lor uds. IJuvum-
stanes prevrnted this Unlit lha fall aficr, (a
hout 15 mon hs,) when he seeded the field
in wheat. Ha has wai astonished lo find
that tht land which had bees ooveriJ hy
lh riHif produced much he'ler wheat than oth
er por Jous of lha field which hid been well
manured. Another, farmer, in preparing hi
field for the crop four years ago, picked np
the loose stone and placed them in large pile
in tli field. ; Ha says that he mad three
limes uiuchvCnxij from lliosa jas wbit
had besn covered by tha stone pile a from
any other portion of tha field. s .. , ....
plained! ,...... . -n! m m.,-m.,Vr.
., Yours, respectfully,
ROBT. BALDWIN. :
N(X 35
C0TTOM VKOP Of EDUECOMtiB.
Wa find in the Tirhorn Prto a statement
of the Cotton crop nf Edgecombe county for
me year 1 sou. i ne statement is in tin Torm
of a report from Messrs. R. H. Bridges, Jrft
siah Lawrence, and l.aker Staton, who are
appointed a eommillee by lbs .KdgcomtM
Agrieulmrtl Snriety, to ascertain ma amount
of tin crop. The aggregate product la set s
down at S891 cales. in addition ths commit
tee say --the balei ol cotton were reduced
by the gentleman reporting them lo an average
of 400 lls to the hale. . Mailing ellowsm-n
for the cotton retained for family trsss theaw '
mittee believe thai the crop will a litile exceed
8000 hatea, mskinz 2,40tt,l)OO lbs. which st
13 cents per pound will yield 388,000, If
the navallerea, corn, barn and lacon, sold from
the county de added to the value of the Cot.
ton erop, the segregate valus rf the sales wf
the crop of Edgecombe county for I85H, will
exceed the sum of 1400,00(1. The crop of
eotiott of 1-830, as shown bf the census of
I H 40, was 1528; nf 1819, as" shown by lha
census of 18,10, was 330i bales. For aeveT
1 yes psst ihe cotton has been gradually
increasingi hut the chief cause of the eon
linued increasing crop is to ha found in lh
liberal use nf mutt, marl, sshes, lime, plaster
snd putrescent msnures, draining ana deep
ploughing. There are many farms in Ibis
cctinty lhat wilt yield 1000 lbs of aaed Cotton
per acre and soma few that wilt yield from
13 to 1400 lbs per sere. Many of our fisrav-
ers during the two last Seasons have produced
oeniurs an ampie sioca 01 provisions.
Drnv
Uoldtboro 'of.
. . . . k j. , .
RAIL UOAD MCETlNrTT.
At a meeting of tlie friend and Bubrerf1
bers of Stock tn ihe Raleigh and Gaston Rati
Road, held, pursuant to publin nnliee, at ill
Court House in Warrcnton oa the Itih inst.i
On UetisTniHjvVrr flTW"Wntiira "
Bnylan, Ksq., was appointed Chairman and
'.dwln U. Ilraki Sscreury. Alter th read
ing nf iwa letter addressed by Ceorg W,
Mortltcat. r.sq., ta th t;hi"man, in relation
to a contract tor iron lor Ihe K, (3.. Kail
Koad, Mfs Ed wards addressed the meeting for
in hour, wilh force and clearness, showing
th ability on tha part of the people of War :
yen iO"-iubsmb'"libeTHy,'M
thai would accrue 10 Ihe Stockholder and
ihs community hy ths reconstruction of lha
said Road. . . , , :-if;-t! .-
(lea. IL M Baundurs. being preeenk i : l -
invited to aildrvsa th meeting upon lb enb-
jeet than under lli cimsiderauoav wuioh hdi4
m bis usual eloquent ind toreibla? Mystv At
ihs conclusion ol which book were opened
for further abeeriplioue befer the closiag
ol laid bot.ks, the meetuig, onutW.4il,rw
dull I o'clock, : r-..- , .
- Ertniitf&eitivne-t wt-rei'li--"
The meeting met according to adiiHira
mout 1 when the President delivered a few
remarks, relative to uu idvantairei to he dff-
ri vff bilflo pufilic "a weil as lit Stockhold
ersif said Road shuuld be budu Osn, "Saun
ders thtn made anothrr appeal to th patriot
lam, wisdum and interest ol Ui peoples, ta
TQtne lurwatd auj uk -liiaali mi laH-4ll;ll."'''',"''l','
Upon in examination of th book ft wai found
that 884 iharea had besa subscribed, in in- .
cress of HM hares since die meeling at Hea
dersttnnalie. &lud ml;
On motion, th meeting adjourned to meet
at Shoceo Springs on lh morrow, II InsL. at
I 'Cluck. f ,---'-tt-V5-
,,,i . . Snocoe Rraixei, 7a, lSih,
The mealing was called to onlur, euiwaaat
to adjournment yesterday, by the. Chairman,
Wm. Boylan, Ew
Gen. Saunders, a chairman of tli Excels
live Committee, re ported a lha result of the
deliberations of said Committee, a recommen
dation, dial tlie Cumraissiooer aeid mb-ermv
millces heretofore appointed, keep ope Ihe
Uuokl of subscription to tli Miock, for the
purpose of raising on hundred thousand dol
lars yet wanting lo secun the charter. 11
urgad ihil proposition in a few appropriate
reuiarks. After the close of hia remarks.
twelve additional shares were taken, mak'ng
llie entire lubscription in iVirren count' of
894 shsres or 939,400. ,
On motion llie meeting tdiourned to meet
again In Wirreu, on Friday ill 13th ef Sep-
icmuer, , . . .,
WM. BOYLAN, Chairman. ,
Jfc, D. Daaaa, Secretary. , f ,rn .-- r -
THE ADVANTAGES OF RAIL ROADS.
Cattle in former yesrs wer -merely raised
and grated on the extensive prairie ol th
West, and driven to the Htateol Unto to he fed.
but of year they have been mostly grain-fed
West, ind enven slowly lo market, ma
cost aud shrinkage of these cattle, w leaia
from the Indiana. Senlinrl, in driving them
to the Atlantic market from this Slate, ia over
20. per bead t ,. ill beef loses much ef im
juicy sweeuiess in th pmcessof driving. -Tlie
cattle ate near three months on tli road, snd
arrive in large droves si llie cilies. temporars
ily glutting Uia market. All this, that paper
ays, will soon be remedied. ' When the con
tinuous line of railroad from Fliiladclphia.
through th 8tate of Ohio- and Indiana, now
rapidly being constructed, shall be completed,
these rattl can he carried on ihe care f.-orn An
derson, the point where Ihe drovers' route
strikes the line nf the Beflefonlaine rai'road, at
heavy saving to the drovers aa to the actual
expense and shrinkage, leaving tli beef freih.
and sweet, "There will bis another advantage
in this change of process. In getting these
ealtl to market, the drovers ran hsye them
kept at the. .w.eaicni. rod X ike reUroed muds. .,. -
cheaper, until tha demand for beef at th citie
is right, and then by telegraph give nntic and
have then lent lorward on the car, in uJi . ..:
number aa may b required, ia a few day.
'I his change in the process of carrying wssiera
oil cauls would doubtless be beneficial to all
concerned, ., ', I'liiladJphia Jsdgtt, ,
, hia iOUS FkANKLIN'l LxrDlTlM.
publit'.ied inyeslerday's pserao sccaantcop
tel from the iqndV''Advc'tiisei,---Tctati lo'""''"
the finding n( soms bodii 1 supposed lo have ,
formed a part of f'ir John Franklin Exp- .
di lion. Ad ice by Hts faminer Article stale i
thai Ihe statenicniis altogether rabiilouf. nt .
London papcra denounce lbs authors of eo
eontrinptible a fabncatiou,. , Whig.