ir-.-4. 'Jt A ...... "VJ
y M,li. N i t M
'.Ja,UVbl 'v! ol ,"'3--i:'..' '"'(.: .(! ' '--'if. )':ij
"v 'I
VOL. XLIH.
RALEIGH, WEDNESDAY MORNING, JANUARY 28, 1852.
NO 5.
4 . ' .
r
" - "' '
i , JM1 l.i4ai, bunwfc . .. tt, :
IMa-U fS4 StrltU SrflvSV t SS -
1im at m U Mi w4 $1 at the
a)!,-! for satk imkM lruo.'
ASJUCCITCUI.
I ! " Fromtke Amer Farmer.
1MP0VEMENT OF COTTON AND
CORN LANDS.
-.! f XKBao Rfgcomh CeiCC,)
- October t, 1851 J
Ma. fUsuM. ' S!iJ- Sir: Enclosed I
liind you the rlamct n" sixteen more subseri
Ver. the fruit of tm hour' labor yesterday,
lit writing about subscriber. 1 am remind
J haw muih easier it ta now than il waa six
or eight year ago, to prevail on those who
comprise the funning community, to do longer
neglect tlicir intereeii by refusing to avail
Uiemlf of. the information, an cheaply
aupplied by your and kindred papers Then
if wat tip-hilt work. Prejudice ttrninrt "book
farminp" wa lite prevailing acniiment. But
' theae limes are pst and gone. Man i learn
ing not to shut his eyes 1o truth tor fear he
tnay see error.'
- Mv main narnnee at this lime, is to Uy be-
I for yon the analysis of four apeciraens of
snd, lafcen trom "tart- ol rtna l reeenuy
puieUaaed, lying on or near Tar River, bav
in no experienrc. practically, in firming, and
lUiabTe Yn7decT1eiuv iheiuStylMrat hnd,-trrf
. what extent the soils in question are deficient
in the ingredients that eoiiiose a perfeei soir
and in what way these dcficencies cn tie
-.jBoltfHiomically snpplied, I conclude" to
seek the dmred Triror
. HrrfvimerHiA.il and C, wcie taken from
the arable land, of which there are about 600
acres.""'"' A " has been' fairly manured wiih-j
cotton seed, composted with ditch banks, Tor
the laat eight years, and planted to cotton or
com." The yield has been invariably fair,
seldom falling short of 1000 lbs. of" W cot
ton " or 25 huslicU of corn per acre. The
custom l almost untvrrsnl htr?. to pl:int!'Peas"
between the rows of corn. hat the average
product per acre is, 1 cannot say, as they are
L it U.f' mA
not gatherKlJn.m'tnxm'ie
Ike nneratinn being a tedious one. Hogs in
tended for fallen mr, are turned upon them as
soon as xha corn is hnnssd. In this wav
they pay as wt-ll probably a vnf other. It
would t be an exaggeration, I think, to r'
down the vield on this land at 20 bushels. It
is conceded by nil acquainted wiih the soil
affording these specimens, that they are not
surpassed any where in the production of the
" Field Pen. " May not this tact b turned
In rood account tn improving the soil? " On
the Koanok''. some experiments have been
laxuV with surprising results fnim the appli
eaJMm of a Wueliel of plaster to the acre, on eas
sowed hmadmst, durtni the early stage of
theirrowtb. and plowing in the vines about
""'XiliiXsi-r0 rtetobe'r, or jmrnctjiatoly aficf die
hogs had feil "if tlie pea.
8iecimen B" diffeni m ttertally from "A"
in cobir.' being a very dark soil, while the latter
is a hrownih or chocolate.' ' Nainrally, tht
is the bet soil on the farm, or at least on the
eultitaied pars of it. The subsoil is a stiA
blue cUy, having a strong sulphurous smell,
aw) is doubtless underlaid by mrL , .
Specimen "C," t a sample of a larga portion
, itf4h.?peu;4field,tn4. .nl
owner considered the cultivation of it rerhu
n'erativc, 1 feet unwilling to enntinne to do so.
- . .unless,, perehanee, there is no probability of
being repaW
productive.'' A glance at theanalysis will not
fail, I apprehend, to give yrm at once an in
aighl into the rharacier of this soil. It has
been rohrted of iu good ' nam, and left poor
indent. " It wants ihst body of compactness,
necessary , W retain the better portions of all
nrearnt manurr-s. Still the rrnrtdy is at
d, I hope. But ss to that, yon must de
cide sftar reading farther. .
There" are SO0 acres of wood land, lying
between the cleared 'bind and the river, for
the most part prettr heavily timbered 'with
7oaK,!ijckir;jft!rrt,' craiiionalty1hrws-
Ur rises high anmigh to overflow the banks of
the river, and mumble the great part of the
WOodlaruLti Interspersed here and there
a iroelimes running parallel witlu at others
making out nt right angles from the river are
ravines or hollows, in wl'ich the water mke
its way during these freshets, and deposits a
sediment of a brownish hue. Which with the
leaves and other vegetable matter the teer.
1 mttUtion of centuriesforms a compost, made..
by nature's " funny hsnd.'Vemnhining, I sup
pose, nearly, if not all the elemenla, both or
ganio and inorgoie( to restore the light land
abr mentioned, at least to its original fertili
ty, if applied with a liberal ham), , .
Specimen Mf" was procured from a "ridgo"
lying between two of the before named u hol
lows. " My object in having this specimen
analysed, was to siccrimn if it wui adapted
to (fa; cultivation of clover and the irtilicial
ignuMes. This. ridge" is not beyond the
roach of, bgb. water but ia somclimet covered
for weeks togmher, . . i ,i
I have tried, in a manner not very perspi
cuous ihnuglw to describe what sort of sod or
enih I shall flush my maiden " hoe upon. -'Tis
trwe, aoine two years ago i bought a farm
of fifty arrca, and, as the neighbors said, was
tool enough to pay $20 per acre for It, when
it waa not worth, intrinsically, half that price.
1 planted a few acres ia corn, and bv dint of
nsavy manuring, and superior cultivation,
meerded .in making six harrcls, on ground
that had not produced ihrie tio the acre for
many years before., The neighbors would
Aava it, that every bushel of corn mat me tl.
which was nit ttia case, even if. in the esti
mate ihjr made, nothing was allowed in the
?ftlitr'!LpMfotrih benefit that fit.
tnre eropa wcMild receive froin iuV appiiratron.
He this as it may, 1 sold the farm, after s imis-
session of less than two years, fur(H8 pcracreT
.JiotliwiUuianiliiig ai'y frirniU divlare 1 tost
.fya).w,"1?v. t ww ,"r(ci.af' miiui i in sarf i aaa
pretty 11 satmheU with that - Iwgthrad of
npnr,t ana atn willing to rm tooled again
in the same wa v, if yen w ill but help me in the
stun. '' i-
Now. air, with sH the liglita be&ire yon.
and a readiness on my. part to make an nnu
JiTf money nd lalvM-riotrlmcriiaMt with
salial may be dearly demonstrated Mt.ecessa
ry, to the end that gMd "crops may be pro
duceif and Ciir'proUts ' realized will von un-
tfrrtske to Tie m prrrmplef, add atste what
"ove yotti-as-swria iwinw-w Wis wemisfi; ''"
Swamp mit(t. river rlCpflsit. ditch hanks, are
at banJ-i-aahc's arid charcoal may he h id for
m Burning, stable manure, human udure,
cotton sjtd, hours, woofea rags, 4 c. may be
husbanded, Jjtlarl abound in every section
ol the country. Lime. plaster, bone dust ami
gnano can be laid down at my farm and many
others, almost where they arc la be applied.
at 30 eta. freight per barrel, from new l ork
or Baltimore. Now, if any or all of these
can be used le advantage on our lands, I do
not see what is to hinder ne from giving them
a fair trial. Out w wish to go to work ad
visedly. i
It way not be amiss, in conclusion, to stale,
that I design to make Corn and Cotton the
maincrons, while Peasr-Rjre, Oats. &ewill
be considered more as adjuncts to facilitate the
improvement of the land. Can you suggest
a system of rotation, in crops, to further the
latter object without prejudice to the produc
tion of these (ire great staples ?
"PasotA."
A
Molsturs, .M
OifraJit matUr, J Wt
Fine quarts sswtl
and 811. Urns L 8.
aad aUgnrsis. J
Alumina, 2 44
Lima. .M
MsKBeais, .24
llzitleoflrva, .31
Oxide of MaDfiuisst, trae
rotesh, - .03
Smla, .04
B
l.T
I.
C
.22
1.42
0
e.
4.8S
84.S2 78.87
120
.00
.10
.26
.02
.0.1
-02
.04
.21
-U2
1.53
.40
.04
.09
trses, '
.01
.tit
.It
.11
trasa
.03
.64
.10
.o
.03
.01
.02
.04
Jti
.02
.01
Chlorine, .10
Sutphuris Acid, .18 '
Paoavberals Aif
C ur'a Acid ami Loss, .01
J10 104, 190,-
J.0l
. r. .fftfiJm EMo' ' Amrricn Former.
As our friend, Piinola'"' has appealed ta
us, to point out a practicable way of improving
hia soils, so ss to enable him to increase their
"produrteV and deV'lar
make an outlay of. money and labor, com
mensurate with what may be clearly demon
strated at necerjr to the end that good crops
may lie produced, and lair profits realised.
we take pleasure in undertaking the task of
being his "prompter though we do so in a
spirit of becoming diffidence, olid should
shrink from the res mnaibility of prescribing,
if the remedy wss not so obvious as to render
it of easy attainment for we are altogether
pretcu tinniest, . and presume not to be learn-
I
nmia.aticmpiili dneiila.
lion of those which are aa hidden books to us,
The chief object which our friend has in
view, as tie stales, is the growth of food tropt
of torn ami tottan, while the other products
of hia form, as " Poas, Hye, Oats, &c. " are
to be considered at adjuncts to facilitate the
improvement of his land. "
With these avowals, and purposes befire
us, we are encouraged , . proceed. First of
at), let us inquire, wh.it are the chief elements
which enter into the composition of Cotton
and Grn f '
An analysis made by profissor Shephnrd
gave the following result of the wool of Cot
tn: .
t AmIim of tit Teot.
Carbonate of fotasb with trac (if soda,
Ph. Mphats of Urns,
Carboaate of Lima.
Carbonate of Magnesia,
clilie.'
25 84
8.97
J5
4.12
2.W
1.40
6.23
Oulphat of Fotasia,
Alumina,
Chloride of Potassium,
fiulphaie of Lime,
Pbospbate of Potassa,
Oxide of lrnn, a Trace,
100.
- Thesnalyait of tlia teed of cotton showed
the following results:
Phosphate of Urns, with traces of MfgnMl, 01.14
, , . C Pw.tav jwUL) rwt, af IMa, .KU74
.aulphaUori'otusa, - J 2,ii
Silica. l,6t
Carboaats of Lima, .47
" of Magnesia, .-J7
Chloride of I'otiumm,
C trbonato of Potassa, '
Sulphate of Unit,
Sulphate of Mairnesia,
1.60
Alumina and Oxide of Iron,
100.
A mora recent Analyaia, of the tiolk of the
Cotton plant, made at the laboratory of Pro
toooor tvrtn, of Yale College, exhibit the
following a Its Constituent elemeuls:
t'lisrsosl mi Saad, (sccldiiimi,)
Killm.?;
Uaae, - :.
'Masawtis,
Carbsai Atid,
I'lioapbori Aetd,
Chlorine,
8ulpharis Acid,
Vousk. -
Now llcn, we have a starling placean
index to point to what are the necessary in
gredienis which mmtinllg comprise the tit.
orran-l wan of the Ootton plant. ; If we
look at the preceding tables, find that
fAnu; PoUulu ' Fhatnhorit aciil an(l Pltot-
pliat of Him, Sulphuric aciil, Magnesia and
Uarbonie acid, Uio latter organic) are the
chief find upna whicii it foedt. 'i'hs ques
tion of feed being settled, the next question
we have lo,ssk oursctf, is, are there sufficient
quantities of these various substance In the
anil of our friend Panola," to satisfy the
wants of the Cotton plant, aud encourage it
luxuriant growth t .i
We shtlLin die first place, address ourarlf
In the ami of A, and ask ourseir, ha h
enough Km within it body I The amnyti
says it hai g-10ilit of 1 per cent., which, ac
cording to pur calculation, wilt mak the quart
tity In the acre, when plnoglied 6 inches deep,
about 240 bushels i and if so, there ia enough
in it tor kM present purposes, so far as a sup
ply to the phine maw: be eoneerned, though
more might be advantageously used, to in
crease the absorbent and) -retentive properties
ol the sod. ; i-vi 1
The next substance in order, is Potuth
of tliis Ihen it a deficiency in the soil, which
shoo Id be supplied either by Ashes, or the
Ja.-ton of I'utatb,!... the fcirmer. w should
prefer, because, in applying atlies, many oth
er substances of which the plants stand in
nwd, would be also snpplied, OTcarbonateaciil,
lltejc acid, phosphates of iron, lint snd mag
nexfanfm.' M irleViarfi,'ftibleiof Iron;
Chlorine, Phosptiorie acid, Sulphuric, acid and
Organic aeid, u.w i-s- . r- . n i ' r
Phonptttrit tid, awl PSotphsle of lime,
corns nit,,-btnwv ereatly demanded by
the (Jotton pla.nl in all , ia" slricuiraa, and of
ttiiee (Jfcre Wa- 4race4ttoiLAL.liei)re tlwn,
to rueel these . demands, it must, be arti
firiallj' supplied to the aoil, and the readiest
wst? to (Id this, we"'anprehcritVls 0 kie It t
dressmg or none earth, of ot guano, or. in-
' Htcaow.-iwiha)) mHn 4rTrrr)Wrh."tve
fimner s.ibsunte as a tHwree of future wpply.
dressing of hone earth, of'of guano, ori In-
the latter ait a prrsnil Uric. : ' '
2.70 -
1.H
18.82
4 04
14.32
28.0t
0.6
2.83
24.01 .
ft dcetn tvUUient, thotigh w WiTibtthtrctttl,, Uvf no hetiuuoa in ACroitng,
let of plaster per acre, if strewn orer the land
after il may lure been prepared, would be of
infinite service in attracting and hiitlandiug
die encuxtiiug gases nt the almottpliere.
1 he supply ol Magnesia in soil A. is
ample.
The Carbonic acid -required by the plant,
willrw think, he snpplied by the "organic
matter" in soil "A." and by the applications
of liberal portions of the composts formed
by nature's canny hand, " which so abound
on our friend s estate, and which he has both
the courage and the enterprise to a.iply. In
those substances which he enumerates, he has,
as he very correctly remarks, both the organic
and inorganic element calculated to impiove
his land, if lie should but give it enough of
the named substance. . And we will here
venture the assertion, that without the aid of
cotton seed, he never could have made 1000
lbs. of "seed cotton," or 23 bushels ot corn,
to the acre, without the other substance com'
prising hit composts, were rich in the elements
of bone earth, as both cotton and corn are
greedy eaters of that kind of diet, aud cannot
(to without it. It may be, however, ami we
think it probable, that, in the subsoil, the plants
lound a supply.
The per centum of organic matter in soil
"A," is not large, but on the contrary small,
and but for the application of the composts
which our friend speaks of. the ploughing
down of the pea-etubble, and lb graxing of
his hogs on the land would long since have
become exnaasted
ThevsotTrit6
quantities of fine quarts sand, and silicate of
lima and" magitia;. '-oTgmc matict-, aod the
entire absence of phosphoric soil, it en imi-
lar in its quanuuitive and qualitative eaesMu-
em element to inei m -a, aa to require a
timiiar treatment. Of organic matter, it ha
a very unusually I irge quantity for land that
haiecTi"hjngTn-crttrvathm; Seven pcr cent
or organic matter it not often to be found in
such soils; and we should lake it, that ita ab
sorbent snd retentive powers are much greater
on that account, than are those of the soil
of "A." Its quantity of lime, according to
our calculation, if the aoil be ploughed 6 in
ches in depth, would be about ISO luiliels to
Mm 1 1 I .IJH.H l 1 1 1 1 1 U UI ,, y UAH .
jp..,, ufayMtb tp Mmrth shwifa
the acre, a quantity ample for all present
if SO bushels of freshly slaked lime per acre,
were added In it, aa a top dressing, it would
increase the decomposing powers of the land,
and render its organic remains much more
readily available to the growing crops, and
as a consequence, increase it product.
Tlie soil represented by analysis MC,"i
deficient in alumina clay and would be
much improved, if from 750 tu 1000 bushels
of clay, per acre, were added to it, and thor
oughly incorporated therewith, by ploughing,
cross-ploughing, and harrowing. Such addi
tion would greatly increase its capacity to hold
manure, absorb and renin moisture, and at
tract the enriching constituents of the air, and.
a a necessary result, increase its productive
powers, ur lime,' It har ertotigh Tor'wimr
rears, though a hundred bushels of marl per
sere, or SO bushel of freshly .slaked, lime.
would be ol essential service.. to U.Xionkiug
to the analyais with the exceptions we have
pointed out it should be treated in the same
way we hare indicated at the proper treat
ment for soil of analysis "A."
We have thus briefly stated the want of
the aotlt "A, " B, and " V, " in relation
to their growth of Cotton, and we her aeixe
the "occatioh" to' say,"- that' "4" far a4 t?orh
is concerned, they are just as spplicable to it
.as to.coltuii. Jin it ,a happeflf i, ijiat, the, )
which lliey most aeltglit in is peculiar to each
plant, ss the following analysis of corn will
show :
Analysis or Coax.
Of tk train. Of the cob.
Carbonic f Aeitl, traos v.4fi
fill Acid, . 840 lO.iUO
l'lMspkoris acid a lit. )
Us Mr-oxid of icon
. . -
, 13.O10
.K3
- 6.74
(4.400 4 40
11 405
Lin.
Marassia,
Potash,
Onrsais Acids,
Boda,
0.07$
17.600
23.17a
.7oa
t.t')& ,.
Sat
- 0M&
!.:;
rtmlium, 1
Chloriat,
o.iBor-
0.295 f
1.960-
From the course of our remarks, our friend
will hsve been able to tbrm a toloraldy correct
view how we think he Should proceed to im
prove his land ; but as we always like to b :
distinctly understood, we will enter somewhat
into detail, a to the mode of preparing anJ
applying hi meliorating substances. i.
First tiien, a lo the appliealion of bone.
If our friend would desire to look alone lo
present action, without regard to the future
improvement of his laud, the most eligible war
of applying them will be to dissolve them
with sulphuric anil. Upon Ihe mode of using
and dissolving the bones Liebij give the fol
lowing! But the form in which they (bonei) are
restored lo the toil doe not appear to be a
matter of indifference. : For the more finely
the bone are reduced to powder, and thr
more iutimalcly they are mixed with a anil,
the more easily are they assimilated. The
most easy and practical mode of effecting
heir division is tn pour over the hones, in a
state of fine powder, half of their weight of
tnlpliuttc acid, dilated with three or four parts
of water. When the bone ate dissolved,
snd become of a pasty consistence, liter
should be mixed with, ay four times their
own bulk ot ashes, so as to prepare them lor
sowing. Aft"' they have been jrowed a
top-dressing lltej" should be harrowed in."
' The plan we would pursue, is this i we
would mix the bone-earth, in the proportion
of or 10 bathela tn the acre, with 50 bush
els, or whatever quantity of ashe we meant
in apply t the acre; moisten the bone pretty
thoroughly before mixing them with the ashes;
throw them Into a heap, and lei tlirin remain
a few weeks prior to sowing them taking
care toxamiue .tJieiiLeveTyesr.days, jn or-11
der, lo prevent the heat from being carried loo
mass hoi, we would shovel over Ihe heap, let
in air, and thu depress th beat. - ' -
Prior to applying the sthes and bone mix
ture, we Would spread al least 30 laods of
die compost, to be formed; out of trie materi
als which our friend speak of, per acre,
when if read, We wmrfd-xrrw 00 m. f ge
an on etch acre, which should be previously
mixed with BO lbs, of plaster, and immediate
ly plouirh ft under with the compost; we
j ps" .
-wouldilica harww.tlie ground.,
it ' mixture of bone-eartn asl
iu..anu aow.pvcr.
sshes j then har-
row and roil Dial in, wnen uic grouou wimiu
be fit eillierfor ulautiiig cotton or corn. Thus
I,... 11 .1 - . -.1 , 1.1
that any aoil that now yields 29 bushel ot
corn, may be made tn bring from SO to 60 to
the acre, and that the cotton crop will be in
creased In a ratio 'to pay for'' the expense of I
the manure. whHe the bad wi.l continue
fruitful for 8 or 10 yean, if aided by a coin
post loaned of the material, that our friend
haa named, 9 huahel of bone-earth, cotton
teed, and farm-yard and stable manure, every
time he may submit il to Ihe flotigh. Nay.
we believe, that, by ' such treatment, it will
continue to improve in it productive power,
until it (hall have reached tlie maximum point
of production J eepelyw4auh ha ihel
rase, if he should occasionally turn IN a crop
of clover, or peas, and feed hi hogs, on tlie
pea crop, a be doe now. . .
The ouday to cover tlie mode we prescribe,
may be heavy at first, butthe increase in crops
will more than reimburse h beside giving a
lusting character to Hi improvement of tlie
soil. As our friend ha marl at com in and,
iu diroe or four year lnuioe. be should give
his land a dressing of a hundred bushels to
the acre of it, to replenish the lime abstracted
by die crop.
If it ha been hi practive, hitherto, to
plough ahallow, say 3 or 4 inchea, let him at
each succeeding ploughing, increase the depth
1 or S inches, until he shall have reached a
depth of 8 or 10 inches. By so doing, he
will increase thespasturage of hia crops, im
part increased capacity lo hia aoil to retain
moisture, and moat probably, find In the rib
soil, thereby tamed op, several valuable mine
rat substance,- lime, potash, phosphoric a id.
magnesia, and other substances that are now
locked- op iron tlie plains,
If "Panola" should treat hi land aa we
have recommended, he may add wheat lb hit
gystem- ot cirlturariir hich ease, tie rmro -
always sow 14 ISs. nf cloter seed, and 2
baskela of orchard erass Seed, urton every a-
cre of land he may has in thai grairu B ul
whetlier add wheat, or not, to the article
at present raltirated by him, we hold it to be
important, that he should put one-fifth of his
arable land in clover and grass, to keep up the
supply of orgnnie matter in the lad and im
prove hi ability to keep Mock.
As to a system of rotation, we would an
oxia follow tlie corn, or cotton crop, and sow
clover and orchard grass seed upon the oats
alter nie iisu cuine uiauu ware iwh frrsiiiov
inches high, aud roll the clover and grass
seeds in. The oats should be sown aa early
a the ground could be put in good order.
The el nrer ced should he put in first, and
the orchard grata seed immediately after
wards; th latter seed should be spread on I
barn-door, moistened and mixed with ashes.
so as lit cpxraie the seed, and render th nti
eay of being own. -"--i ,&-k --
1 he toil represented by analyst 'L), is
generally an excellently constituted soil for
clover, and Die artificial grasses, with the ex
ceptions which we shall endeavor to point nut.
W think, flora His high percentage of 'mois
ture," shown by Ihe analysis, that it contains
two mack wnteri foe the tieslthful vegotstjoa
of clover and the superior artificial grasses to
be carried on advaniageouslyL wiiiioui it be
previously drained. , . . - . .... ... ,.: ,
It supply or organic matter i ample; its
proportion of alumina and sand well adapted
ed to grass culture ; it supply of lime i ain-
pls, so also, it magnesia, oxide of iron snd
maganeae. . In potash, a MibManee in which
clover and the grasses greatly delight, aa alto
in sou and chtlonne, it M deficient. :
iMartppff "of relphtrrte "addU- 'aunTclent
for many yran, but it lack a supply of nhos-
nhpjfejuijdjn indisjiensahle ingradieiit to
die composition i of a goJ smi;"' wf
To prepare the land represented hr anal v
sis "U," to grow and sustain a heavy crop of
clover and grass, lor a sertee at years, 11
should receive in addition to a good dressing
of compost, fifty bushel of ashea and Ivr
bushels of bones, prepared! as we have before
directed, to be aown broadcaul, harrowed in.
and rolled, it th time of seeding. Th clo
ver and grass seeds may be aown lo oat, as
hefoi recommended. If so sown, the crop
of oat will more than cover the expense of
improvement, so that our friend will have his
mtowJreirtiin iJiat "chargtj....'--."':T".:".,";7".
On the toil of MD," w would sow a mix
ture of Clover, Orchard graa, Timothy, and
Rep-lop graas eds, and regulate the quanti
lit per acre, ihos: 12 lb, clover seed, I
bushel orchard grass, 1 peek of timothy, and
bushel of red-top. Thi would ensure a
good stand ol clover and grit plant,' and
prevent the coil from bring occupied by nox
ious woods. Every second fall, the meadow
should be harrowed, and. each were treated lo
four loads of nompoil, eo.nposcd in the pm
potnon of 1 bushel of sail, 1 buhel of bono
earth, and 3 btlshcls of ash. The meadow
should he harrowed, then the Compost broad
casted upon H, after which il slmuld he rolled.
Br Dursuiiur thi course, a meadow ihua form
ed and treated may be kepi in productive
heart for twe-tv or thirty yeara, by occasion
ally casting diminished quantities, of grass
seeds over it, at the time ol harrow ug, lop
d easing, and rolling.' '
i If "Poolw should find the soil 0" wet.
as we have stjesied, and drain it. it wonM
be well to let the drains have time lb relieve tlie
oil of . its,, auptrahundant' water, before he
plough it up, a by the percolation of the Wa
ter to the bed of th drain, he would get rid
of many miner.it suhstmce in a low state nf
oxidation, winch, if brought lo the surfane,
might prove injurious lo the nlanl. Clover
and the grasses flourish best in a deep soil;
therefore we deirs our friend to bent thi fact
in mind, when he msy be determining upon
the depth he design having the sail o! 1"
ntoushed... , ..,.. ;, ,,.,,. i
Un any ot the mils, comprised in the sna
lyses "A" "B" tnd "C" uhsoil ploughing
would he of great advantage. . On the soil of
-D." if wet, and h should hare to he drained,
it would be iujnrious to subsoil, 'Until st least
year after it may have been o drained,
The following" exceedingly eensible re
marks re front the pen of Mr." Mile, Vetcr
inary Surgeon lo the Queen of England's Lite
Geard and author of several valuable veterin
ary; work We commend them moot mrtieat.
larly to tlie notice of every person who' hs
that valuable, and almost indupmsible animal,
the horse jn charge. 1 hat class of persons
very justly ctiaractrrutert hv Hnrgeon 91 ilea,
"Bsinine muiUi. are invited to give their
licntii,JJl,::'J
K.i'.i4ieiMM m fv vnti'dr&
"The sh.tes of the horses hould be of equal
thickness throughout, with a ' flat ground svr
lace, at Uiosc with Irtgh lied which -aamtne
smillu wake an iuiitaUuc of their own art dan
grmnsly absurd. "' The "toe, which ought .to! "The ailuation of ihings, has become in
to be raisrtl, ia thus lowered, and nature's plan snfferablc, fnul en nrtir ft tn J!ir l'
reversed, which elevate the point in order to. Your own interest i in serinli jeopardy.
avoid nbatruclioos. ' The web should be wide
andtif the same width throughout, "instead of
being pinch in, because the vulcan operxtur
ke lo see the shoe well set otf al the heels.
This is both unphilosophical and detrimental,
it deeeivea the eye nf man, and Injuries thr
foot of the home. The outer edge of the torn
rests on the inner edgvof the. shoe, and the
remaining width of th web projects bevond
thi hoof; so that the master who thinks his
bora ha a good open fool. only, hat to be
proud of a had open shoe, which both conceals
deformit'e underneath, and invite with open
arms a had road to come snd do its worst,
The heel are made hare jusl-where the na
vicular joint i most exposed t and if that be
inflamed, what must the agony be when the
unprotected foot treads on a sharp fliutt Tbe
horse lulls suddenly lame, or drops a il he
had been shot phrase in much too common
use to require explanations and small is the
pity which the sullering animal geta from xian.
who having first destroyed the use of hi vie
Urn's feet, abuses him because he cannot go;
tnd impute grogginess to him a crime, as
it he were m liquor lik groom,, and not in
sgony.
MANURING COTTON LANDS.
Mr. Editor t Having promised, at the last
meeting of our District Agricultural Society,
to five sn accurate atatement of the result of
tlieappJicBjicAJt.MyosuO!Lo
production of cotton, I herewith furnish yonl
wtih tli blowing, a the result of experiment
made on twenty" rowt of cotton two acres in
leneth, ten of whicfi were plastered and ten
- withmu -any, ami ligaU)diae.vrx.ajtjr)il.
Iv. Th land old and much worn, had one-
eighth of a biitlml of Plaster applied per acre,
the cost of which did not exceed ixj cent l
Ten Itow I'lastered
IstPrckins, 1 1th Sept,
71
128
72
tnd . 7th Oct. ,
3rd . 18th
Total. ..271
Ten Rows aol Piastered.
1st ricking, ,., r.,.,,, ; . 48
2nd .. ;. v..-- 118
.. Tolnf K : -.. '" - V":;"--- "238
Making a dilfurence of 3." pound in divor
of the row to which Plaster was applied, end
which produced al th rate of 71 1 pound per
ere, and the non-plastered at th rata of 814
pound per acre, giving a difference in lavot of
ihe nt of jilaauK of 07 pound lo die acre, .
;.By ruffreo'' to iho li.ite ol til respective
pickings another la.ititrinl advautage appear
die greatest disparity is jn th first or tarli
eat picking, which show that the maturity of
li a plait is hastened by the appliealion of
the plaster. The tixeof tlie coiion weed is
geaally improvuj by il use, the difference
e .pally a apparent a between manured laud.
I h used the platter only nuring xnsvm
I l M.a Imlk tit tarhteh anliaAa in. m p.,n.
linuetottoo,nd t Mstefaisxs..-4 """.T"- r yV ,r i To
- It may b. used to a greats advaiitag'oBlu." ' . "f,lh".l.,,f Uw .ie . A,"-
manured than on non-manured and on high
dry land than on flat or wet land.
IlarWiiTe, Nov. 22d, 1851. .; , J , , ,
FRAGMENTS OF HISTORY.
I,'Tli1Se w 'Yort"7Ti Pool hss jnlirth
iluced into iis ditnrial enlumrt oms remark
able parigrnphs, which it describes as extracts
TrimiUeiHtit
thslatt twelve monui by Ihe t.inperor ol
Russia, through hi mmisler." to Louis IVapo
lxoji. The respectability of the Pott at an
organ of intelligence apart from it opinions
dosHMos oa 10 rely upon it tiiranc nf
the genuirne of the paper from which it
quotes, althongh we should have been belter
satisfied had the whole been published in
stead of parts. tAuming them to be gran-
in. Hi paper may be eUaseiT amongst the
most remarkable mttion nf a lime preg
nant wift wooden. They' ehnw that the
c lew d"cff "of Loi'i N xroLXoN w not
men
eiy a airoxe oi penxmal ainn.iion, nut iWTp
result
' """j -..-v
framed and executed by the advice of Ihe
Cxar, and with the full promise that any as
aitiance thai might be required would be forth
coming in season,'' ' ;--w.t !
The firstextraet is said m hsve been written
early in 1851,' and ia a follow t ' ' .
"The ocihl and moral condition of France
is still (earful. Although the prominent lead
er of Socialism snd Red Republicanism are
in exile or in prison, yet' dreadful dangers
impend over ocietv. Nothing it venire;
every Intom contingency'! lo be dreaded,
II It wun wild inu iriiimpnani exuiuunn
that Jacobinism looks forward tn the possible
event, to the social war with which France,
Germany, and other ciiuntrin, may b visited
in the next ipriug. If so, the most atrocion
scheme writ be fully realiaed. Why alirtt
our eye f There i in prospect an shyss, in
which may be swallowed up aociety and eivil
ixation Two force isod morttj'lly hostile
eichene to th other (Jontervatiem and 8o
ciaism.' Th irimnph of the Aral will he, and
must he destructive to th latter. - 1 (
"What listing good oould yon hope and
expect from th fgialativa Acmhly f llnw
disgraceful lo a great nation that body of jar
ring parties, distracted pMsioii, and narrow
minded, if not cowardly representatives, mis
led hy intrigue and selfish views, and in which
insolently predominate a few men of dsbaiieh-
ed character, without a spark of true patriot
ism. In the meanwhile, ae an addition of
attain and a grave warning to a talesmen, thee
break out, m wild exclamation and speeches
the Mouniiiin party, eager on every occasion
to glorify ihe bloody rseoUectioM of 'U J, and
make an spolhrosit of the villains who gluu
tail iIiaimmiIvas wtlh eri.na cml anaaiiiM t 11m.
-i.t .i.. - u rn I-.-, ,t.. f
traaW twtiitwalaafitH,'
fleet ruler by : ix milloHi of sole f The
first blow sgaitl a despised anil iwieaeaiilly
eliattering Aasombly will crush it to the
ground ; aud there is the army, which, acting
only uniler the 'iron rule ot discipline, wdl
readily accomplish .i j' ,( ." ." i, ," 1
J11 Uie autumn, many Conservative, before
leaving Pari for a roe a, urged I -out Uonv
rAtre to dissolve, lb A"'"lily bciiire its
meeting in November.; The intelligence
reached Petorsburr, and then remark ll.r
'( ''llie notes anil detiialc(iis of lh Rusv
siaa Cabinet assumed a morn ehergctie and
widely-reaching lone.",. Two fragmeuis are
Ixuhjoiiicd t ' '. . ... .( j ,
fo be or not to be, that is the sole Question.
Two prospects are glaring before four eve
itxiltt, or a French home; utter d'ltritctivn.
or tfttntlid potter ! If you di not nlrike.
yo fi7 be ttruck dawn. The working of
the constitution has become a mortal conflict.
Il ia inevitable that one of the two powers
should ubsotb the other.' You must dare
you must act with ntidaun'ed courage , A t
talesman, you oug hi lo tave s only your
elf, but Franc and Rtirojie. The irue'quea
tion is, not what shall be ihe form or nature
of the institution of the State, but whether
tfie government - he competent and able lo
conquer -tlie spirit and force .of anarchy
It save society from the most horrible visita
tion. '
"Yoei have under your hand great mere,
rial power the army ! We know how Ad
mirable and omnipotent is their discipline.
We know with what skilful cure their Ming
of admiration fiw a great aauia have bcia
rheriahed and foalered, -They, willbeeager
loco-operate with yon. -. They have been
long and grievously amarling with th humili
ations of 1830 tnd 1848, Their time, their
glorious and patriotic time, haa come at last t
Strongly and unanimously iber will support
you ; and besides, have they not a paramount
interest to support yrm, by becoming a para
mount power in the State, and the tlctenuora
nf society aud eirilixalma I ; Remember tlie
-gal
trance, and that the French wantTo lie govVI
ernenwnn H iron "naw. Covered with a
glove of velvet, (mat tltfcr it gmt tie
veloUrt.) France has reached a crisis that re
QitttcsJtriiW awLptmnpi ion,.A,0ff aic
toirt tera tnlevet m tit bitymtHtr f and yesj
are the sol man to aecnmpltah so Imponant
a yictory for the peace of the world f But if
need mayTie of ouFliflluanre, thai fitties,
shall not fail you !" .-, ... , . ., ,. i
If there be any troth in the recent atatement
that the Cxar regarda Lours UoNarxaTX as the
forerunner of legitimacy, these passage are
svidenee nf treachery, a well ss deep In id di
plomacy. In any ease lliey demonstrate
the advance of Ccesark power, and the alli
ance between the governments of Russia and
Franc, for. iha'-putptue, uf lmlcnjjig ,ltis r.
lahliahment of jin absolutist rerun'. With
such a' schema in operation, aafcipean war
must be considered amongst the mud probable
of event. ff mA. Hep. ' -:f
a great country i I
The United Suites, in tlie last ten year,
have added a vast extent of territory, and r-
ceived large (ncreaae in poptilaliotl. lly llie
renin returns, K I shown, that In the period
mentioned, the area of the United Miate has
been extended frnm 2.03.1.108 to 8.22 1,008
square miles. " (Jreat Briltan, exclusive of
Ireland, contain 81.000' square mile, 'fh
exten nf the United Hietcs is therefore 03
timaaa great aa the lalund rf Oreirt Briltan.
Frspce eonuiina an area m 107,400 equsre
Iria, including Hungary and th Italian depea
denetea, contain but 8i 10,000 square miles.
Kussi t ihe only nulion which exceed the
United Htate in extent of territory. Shel
has, Including hsr immense- Asiatie posse
ion, a territmy of about 4,000KHO sqtisr
miiesv-w The wb4 nf E"Ton ' ewhrm only
3,807,108 aqnara nnlt, which exceed by
lese than one-fifth, or StS.AnO qatre mill's,
ihe territory of the United State. 1
" In'popu&Uinr
State) ta no les extraordinary. Th total
n.,ni,l,liAHln, lha tat Af JntlA IMftn. H-S 94 .
240,301. The absolute increase from 1st of
June, 1840, has been 1,170 HIS, and theac
tual increase per. rent, nt 30,18 " Ueduciiug
for populallim acquired by addiilons of terri
tory, and th relative irwreaae after this allow
auce i found to ha 38,17 per 'cent; 'The 'se
gregate Bumhtrof while in I860 was 19,
010408, exhibiting gain upon Ihe number
of tl tame das in 1840 of 8.423,371, and
a relative increase of 18,20 par cent,: t'nj
excluding the 183,000 free nontilattim np-
, hBVe been ac fulrcd hy i U addition
tcmu.rv sine 1810, the gain is 8.270.3TI
and - the tnereaeed per eenU 87,84. 1 The
number of slaves hy the present census is 8
ivn.xua wimn snow an increase in 71 ic
088, equal to 18,88 per cent If we tlednet
19,000 tor the- probable slave - pnpulailort of
1 ex 10 1840, the result or tlie .companton
will h (lightly different.' The ihsolute It
crease will he" 802,088, end tlie rale per een',
27,83. The number of free colored, in I85(i
wa 428.63r, in 18 10, 380,248. The inrreate
of thi rlass ha been 42.302, or 10,08' per
cent.: - From emigration, Ihe increase of pop
ulstion in the laat ten year ws 1-730,182,
which, dedncted from the amount of white
population above given, make the Increase
3,680,100 and thn rate per cent. Is reduced
10 J 5,05. There is pnihahly no country in
tha world 'which exhibits a growth so great. ' '
RAttxoan AccmxMt TbSxx UtixDara
amp Ftm Snexr Kitixn Yesterday mo.B
in between two and three o'clock an accident
occurred on the Ilurlom Kuilrond, but fortu
nnlely po person was injured. Ilappears that
one of the II irlemroail s T.eight traiiit h"v ly
loaded wilh sheen and cattle on their wav lo
th cily, for so:ue purtns ; or other slopped at
Willimn's Dridge. While eisnding on ihe
track aiiolher freight train belonging to the
New Ha vch (Josjipany.ciini on hehtn 1 llwm,
and the engineer notohsi r.'ing tlie usual signal,
concluded they had gone .ahead. The train
continued on until witliMr aVut a ear's long h
of the preceding Irain, when the engineer per-
cieved them stationary.' lie llien tried lo
slacken the speed, the engine was reverticd,
snd all the 'brake put down, hnl a i'houl
effect. The locomotive of llio' New Haven
train siruek the reHtnw nf the Harlem tram
.'firm-,!f! ?H fT"V 11P"m sl'w
sliecp aiiil six or eight head 'oTeaTitft w?fe kill-"
ed by the force of the eolliaiim, and their (lend
bodies scattered In every direction about the
road in lb viciaily. , ' . . .
. . Al lit time of the collision a stov In die ae.
eouitnmUiiiMi ear in the New Haven train war
upaul, and not hoing observed by any. of the
men, it t fir tu tn car, which wa lolally
deetroyvd before tlie dune Tould lie extio
giiisSod. .'.""",.'.:'",.';:?-"'!"" i '-" ; v:".;'1 '; i '.; ;.
The seciiletit, It it aid is atjriliu'sljle'lri the
iMfgligenc liioe in charge nf tlie llarU m
train in not placing behind the roar car the
usual signal (a red lij;ht).
j , . , .'.. .V. y. Sua, Jau. lo.
t' "'' "' ''. . ' '
, 'HMJTHSIL HWTOHiV
In ttw l!vate a ihe T. St. 8,-aie u port
Mr. Foot' Compromise resoliitiofi, Mt,
Khcft, of rtnullj Carolina, disciusamg Oen.'
Jackson' wpiniotH. ' rrpratrd the Staterftertl
often made hrretofore th the public prirlns,
that Ihe ccfetraleil proctaihalion of f32'35,
wa not written by Oen. - Jackson, cut MrV
Uvingion, Secretary tvf Slate, f
Mr. Oonelaon, the pnsent ftlltor of liter
Wliintton 1 Union, wss al the lime the pri !
rate secretary of len. Jscksun. fie hav
militiahed a riirnmstantltl reply lo Mr.'."
Kheti't speech. smlileuies, hi the most vnqiral
ified term, that any other than Uett. Jack- -MR
himself wa the author of that dncnn- tnl."
It i true, he y, that ii was issued, in ihe'
regular course of stale papers, from the office'
of ll Srertwry of Slate who wa chiefly
ronmlwd h it preparation.'' But it ia utter
ly antrue Ihst Mr, ' I jvingaton did anyttim '
more lhn give form W sentiments carefun 1
drawn tip by the Prenidetit't own hand or lhat;
of his pritaM eecrctary, Il was hid before"
die Cabinet, and underwent revision and eon-1
sultatmn there before it ws published.' Gen.-'
Cast, now tn the V. Senate, wa then Sc. '
cretary of War.1 and hi testimony is appeal- '
ed to, in establiah the careful stletuioit which
given l ery word of ihe paper while If
was in a state of ' preparation. 1 Al the last I
meeting of the Cabinet on the snhjeef several
paean res were materially altered. Mr. Donel-
oa cites one paragtiipheepecisllv in the procla- 1
mall on a substituted in place 'of another in I
ilieorigiiuu,.JDiiQtion jctf MrffiKidbpry, "
who h at way been held at one of the i
strirlest constructionists in the Nonbcrn State;'"
Yet that is one of the pararjpht often rjuoted1 "
consolidating in II tendency. J ' ' 1
Xiw-4douH,oi:. ihst r
the prndsmttion, instead of beinff th act nf '
th President atone, using a paper prepared '
for him jr the : Seeretar of Ntaie, wa tl
much a Cibinirt paper as any Executive met- "
'ge usually Is, and a much an act of th i
President any Cabinet document ever is. -i
' Trktl of the lC&imur witot. Th
U, 8. "earner Fulton made a trial trip yeaterw
d ty, (he having been completely overhauled
re-modeled, and new michinery put into her 1
within the last few mnndia, un ler th ilireao ,
liojV.of .dij lcparlmn end the perafHial su-
perintendence of the enginwr-iD-chiaf ol' the T
nawy,, . From lh reaoli of this) Irial trip th
Fultun is thought to b th fastest e sieamsr -t
of her draught of water (ten fuel) afloat, Kha
left the Navy Yard at ajxiut It o'clock, mil ,
look a trip up the East river, Ie the mea,
lime the new ateam frigate Stn Jacinto loft
the yard for NurfolU. Afer the San Jacinto
had about three mile airt from the Utttcry. .1
th Fulton passed herrapidly al the quarantine r
and reached the 8,.- VV, tSpii, twenty milea
below thi eity, twenty-five mianlt ahead or t
nearly nine aide tn advance, making twelve i
miles grestei distance run in the. same -, time, t
Doth tlie tie star had. their full supply of t
eonl. , The Fulton, having ever two hundred .
and twenty tons, and lieiug !Othrwio' ready
for aea duly, with the exoeptioa of her long
gun, drew very nearly her. greatest .depth of,..
water. Mia ran tweniy wile ia on hour
and over (ighly mile iu leas than five hour. ,.
with Ihe wind and tide on she average more ,'t
Itlvert than favorable. , , ,.
,,; ,- V.,J;, Cem Jgiu, of trulmf. ..m,
jt N l y jRS IT Yj) F 0 R T la C A RQLI N
From n article In Tlrowidow't Knnxvifle
Whig,' we learn that the fp' mg ' were the
late President Polk's elaaa-mak in June, 1818
-vla?f!?sws'-'''ta'''w '
Matthew J. Coman of Raleigh; '. ' .
David F. Caldwell, of Salisbury; '
Robert Donaldson, of Hiiliehurj I , j
W. Mrrcey Ciecne. of Wilmington;
William II. Hay wood, of Raleigh; -u , ;.lt
Hamilton C, Jones, of Salisbury; , "
Ed. Jones Malle ol Faj eitcville; '
Jas. Turner Morehi stl.uf (luih'ord. ;
R. Hall Morrison, of MecMiuburg; .. , J
Kh Morriraon, of ditto;
William I), Movely, of fjcnoir; ;' , s f ' .
Jame Knox 1 oik, ol Aim kleuUur; .
lIugh JlVddell,of Bruitswickt
.. 1 1... 1 1 u "t7.."i.i ti.:;:nz -"v-
Of tha above chta. William 1). Moscly ia.
an Ex-Uovernor of Florida; David F. Cahl- ,
well w one ot the. Judges of the Superior,
Courts of this State; V, Morrcr tirren i ,
Hishop nf the Diocease of M istiasippit J, Tt,
Morehead and Abrant W. Venulilu ar irm
her of lh present Congrcta, red W.H. Hay.
wood, Uamiltun C.Jones, and Hugh ad
ded are distinguished lawyer of thi State, ,
, Th University is in a in jre pmsperuus con- ,
diiioii at this lime than ever behu. There 1
were al the close of the lust svtaien over 250
regular Uidmis,uuon;r die tuliou of aa abla
and teamed Faculty ia almost every depart
nietit nf Scieuco, at ihe head of which aianda .
onevf old Buncombe a aolilett sons, th lion.
David I,. Swain, LL. D., a most wor.hy sn 1
learned gentleman,! .one an honor, orna
ment and treasure tor any, people. Besides ,
thn distinguished person who formed lb
graduation clasi ui 1818, the Utiivrratiy of
our Htate ha given to tha Uuioa two ic.
Prrsiilenls, vixj W. P. .ttaitgum nnler John
Tyh'r's administration, and Wm. R King un
der Millard FitlwW siliiiiiiisirauoni to the
Kpieil Church twoUiahops, ix. Cicero
Hawk, ol Missouri, snd Jaitie II. Otey, nf
I'eiuwoo 1 to liuost, .every , Southern and .
Soulb-wtcr State, Senator ami Rcpr-tcnr
taiivet in Congress; the Htm. K. M. Saun
ders, our late minister to Spai 1, and the Hon.
Daniel M. R irr'mgei, our present miuiater to
that Ci'llil, the I Ion. Mr. M.woti, late Seen
tnry of die Navy, snd Ihe Hon. John Branch
also Secretory of. tin Navy, In the Supreme
Court of North Carolina, a Jude, Peari;
kt llie-. Superior , I mint, . pur present a' lti
Judges, vix,: Pa d-, Uailry, Manly. B.itle, '
Caldwell, and El is t the ftnta oV Floiida a
.Chief Jusdce in Walker Anderson, and a Cov-
ernot m-V. K -Muaelyl to Missouri .. a Svcnt-.
tor itt Thomas t. Henion; lo Alabama, anoili
er in ihe person'of Win.. R. King,' '' 'ho ia a!o
Pretidenl of the sViiuie; lo tlie Army a Gene
ral in the lute war Duncan I.. Clinch; and lastly
(ten. Joseph Lane, the 1ariiHi of the Mexi
can War, who was horn near Raleigh on the
4th day of May, llOfl. t .'.A' C, Jirgu.
" " 1 .tlinifiilcucn wliitluml which awn' t
caiinol be relished appears li h ue n -t
cd ilstway in hiisiite cm 1( g. . Th'.
era are fluiirishiiii K licit tirar'.s content,
rtisbkflylh.it wc shall h-m- !""V'1 fi -v
long san of prosperitl'. mi1 ! .r
il wave o'er the lunil of ll.c fn e, aa I !
iliq brave.' ... ', . '- t . . .
a