t - , . ...
THOS Jt LEMXT, Editor and Proprietor " i fJlort!) arotfua potot rf ul In Intf Iff f tuaf, moral ana pbtfifal fffourrf tlje tana of our W ano tjc Jjomc of cat fftttlan., V THREE . DOLLARS Year, lo Advance.
18. 18 IS.
. V " UA.I.EIGII, 1C. C . WEDNESDAY. OCT.
ft
CO.
a. wot -ov.
prSe essay
'? I. ON THE
Itenovallon of Woro out Lands.
Bv - KnffKS Si ABLER,
Of Sandy Spring. Montgomery Co., Md.
The Publisher of the Amrricaji Far
mer having ojered. $100 for the thru
bent Essays on the above subject, viz:
$50 for tltt first, $30 for the second,
and $20 for the third the' Committee
appointed for the purpose, consisting
of Dr. J. V. Thompson, of Delaware,
and Judge Chamber!, Messrs, C. B,
OAtvERT, A. Howiic LHvtt, and IV.
D VVorthinoton, oflAIaryland, unani
mously awarded to the following the
first Prize.'
Is siibbmitting the following Essay up
on the "Renovation of Worn out Lands,"
it is deemed proper to state, that the Writer
understands the msin object in view of the
Editor of the American Farmer, to be the
eliciting of such information as is best
dhBttbMlU.4fc.lh.4riea..'roaiorij
of farmers; those who are dependent on
the product of the suit for a topport. and
whose resources are comparatively nmiiea:
for although it may be equnlly desirable to
those with more ample means, to improve
their lands at the least expense of time and
money, yet the number of such is compara
tively emal ; and it is not perceived why
the "same plan my not suit both: the
one who "lives by the sweat of his brow'
improves his ten acres, while lie with the
plethoric purse," may in the same time
enrich his hundred acres. With the view,
therefore, to adopt it to the more nu
merous class of readers the effort will be
, made to condense the essay a much as
- OShWHa.
nicalities, that "he that runs may read.''
It is almost impossible to est ablish a the
ory ,or mode -of farming, nthat can be made
to suit alike all localities of soil, climate,
ml the facilities of obtaining the vanou
obtaining the vatrooVkirTda of manure, now
in use itv different sections of the country.
Hut it is believed that with proper energy
and industry on the part of farmers,' and
even with the present facilities of transpor
tation, an increase of double, if not quadru
ple the lime, marl, and bones might be
med to advantaee;the twoformer, in many
sections of our country are inexhaustible
for generations to come: and a much great
er amount of the latter might be obtained
in sections where they are not used, but
greatly needed, if more attention was paid
to their collection and preservation.
The first ateo I would advise towards
the Renovation of Worn out Lamb," is i
oomnleto and thorough draining, both sur
face and under drains, where the location and
nature of tho soil renders it too retentive of
moisture late in the spring. It retards ear
ly seedingthe winter grains and grass
roots are very liable to be thrown out and
iniured bv frosts, and on such land, the
injury Irom drought is much more severely
felt. The writer has nut known a case
where this operation wn performed wiih
ordinary skill and indiren en. that did not
filly repay thi expense; and in some cases
the produtt was increased from five to ten
fold, o
Tii go ino a fu'l ilosciiption of tho
methods used in dinerenteeciions. to ae
compliah this roosttlmportnt branch of tho
husbandman's duty, would requite diagrams
ml aio .too mucn space; nor is it conqu
ered necessary; for in the "American Far
mer," (which every tiller of the soil ought
to posses) very full and ample information
may be obtained -on the subject. A (ew
reneral observations here mty suffice. If the
toil i rendered too wet by spring whose
sources are lower than the surrounding
land the drains must be extended to at
least the tame level, be the distance St depth
what they may; or to a sufficient depth
below the surface, to admit of under-draining
clear of the plough. This may some
times be effected, by going through the
clay subsoil, nnd without aniich expense of
ditchine; at the water can then pass ofi
through the andcr-stralum of gravel, or
and. :'
Wherever Ae unJer draim will answer
the purpose, they should be adopted; for
the land thus reclaimed is often ths moat
. -1
expense,
irunii ara
If whhi
depth of small loose stones: covering . first
wiih loavea, straw, or small brush, io pre
vent filling the iteralirs(wiih the returned
anh. Logs or poles. Inid lenglhwitt
alto form good under drains; but are, more
1-able to clog front decay. .
.The next important steplh my opinion,"
Jn "Re novating Worn - out Lands.. i fp
plough deep and ihtra expose a new. su face
' In the ae Ion' of frost and ntmoa, heric , in-
fl!Khr. in order to make a soil, In place
fthe One provided by' nature; but which
tlber from cupidity or bad management--
ol brick, or ia loo rreal. or ed lerti itv wat the result- , cucn orins
n ...k k Id i. I. Uhil in 1 rlirrnM n. iV... t,:l will wn. I 40 butliels Of WlieSt 10
H-rhspt both man has drsiroyed. It is
r J I onaidered one of the most cerieim meant
w attain this Uri'MUle end; and wilifun
tub-eoil ploughing is fully approved f, it
is considered less important than to b reak
ftp the earth from 7 to 10 inches, if the
subsequent treatment is properly attended
to.
The wiiter is well aware, that there is a
strong feeling of prejudice in the minds of
many individuals, against this practice.
What are the at foments of the advocntea
of shallow plowing! They say in so ninny
words, "our soil i only a few inches
deep and if we do not plough shallow,
we ahull turn op so much clay or dead
earth, aa to laise no crop at all' If two or
three inchea of toil is buried in the spiinir,
under abed of 5 or 6 inchea of clay, and
thus left without further aid or preparation
for a crop thit season, the result would
generally be as stated. That shallow
ploughing, enables the farmer to get Hear
much more readily of the little toil or
mould, he may have on his worn out lands,
is susceptible of easy demonstration; nor
is it less so, that either in a very wet or
very dry season, the crop from this cause,
geneially suffers.
During the summer months, the greater
portion of the rains fall hastily: nd when
ever the ground is not opened and pervious
10 a sufficient depth to imbide the whole,
before the surplus water can penetrate, and
be absorbed by the compact subsoil, a large
portion of the surface becomes fluid, and
rapidly passes off, or "washes away," un.
less the the land is perfectly level. What
remains, after being so thoroughly satura
ted, lifts i tendency to settle into a com
nart mass; soonnnrtins with its scanty
supply of moiature under a hot summer's
sun and rendering it impervious to lh
roots of plants. If a drought enrceeds
soil in such state, can afford but
i
a meagie supply ot moisture to nourisn
a crop; and at a period too. when the great
est amount is needed. iNenny all piunts
imbibe more or lest moisture from the
earth by their roots; and if this support i
withheld, they cannot continue in a healthy
and vigorous state: indeed so necessary
is this element, that many of our era's teed
and plants, will not only vegetate, but
grow vigorously for a considerable period,
ivjtjti. no other support to thejaf roois ihan
What can fee ilettvetf fron pnr wale 1
I am confident that in most of our landa
that have become sterile, the cause it to be
attributed, more (o shallow ploughing, and
washing away of the lit'ie soil they posses
sed, than to the extraction of iha testable
nutriment, by the growth of plant?; in fact
it is almost a necessary consequence of
this pernicious practice. If the toiling
farmer or planter is able to pnrchae a dres
sing of mineral manure or fortunntc enough
to scrape to gether a scanty supply of veg
etable matter from the resources of the farm
a lanje portion of it is carried ofT by the
first dashing rain, to enrich still more, the
beds of creeks and rivers. .
Having stated some of the disadvantages
which attend shallow ploughing, we will
now briefly enumerate some of tho ad van.
taget of deep ploughing, when judiciously
pursued.
In the successful cultivation or all our
crops it is necessary that ample food bo
Drovidrd, and in an accessible lorm; and
that moisture, eanallv necessary, be ad
ministered, in neither loo great nor loo
small quantities. Thitwill probably besd
mittcd by nil, sntl it is presumed the ad.
mission will aUo be made, that the greatest
amount of nounshmf nt derived by all our
field crops is from the earth. By deep
oloushin?. it rarclv occurs that a tall of
rain is so great or rudden, as completely
t saturate the body of earth acted on by
the plough; and until sncb is the case, but
little dancer is to be apprehended of "wash
in? away," and jo t as little, that tho plants
will so soon lequire a renewal of moisture,
caused bv evaporation. ' Tho toil much
longer retrain its loose and friable tex'ure.
and enallet the mot readily to extend in
all directions in tetrch of their appropriate
nourishment: (or the lime reason, deep
tilth admits of rloaura proximity of the
plaints without tostainlng equal injury from
drought and turning yellow; or firing, in
common parlance,
I would aik the advocate of shallow
ploughing, ortht skinning system, It has
been aptly termed, if they nave not ohser
ved jhe beneficial effects, of earths, taken
outof cellars, wells, pita, tic when appli
ed to very poor land? And bnve they not
observed a luxuriant growth of grass and '
weeds on ditch banks and mill races; even
tn the highest poind, when level enough to
retain the moisture that falls? 1 hare often
noticed such effects; and hf' e almost uni
formly observed, that it earth, thus taken
from below the surface, waf capable of
der the . same land sterile, the ether will
positively enrich it? If advantage
will lesult from mixing with the soil,
Ihe earth taken , from many fee. be
low the surface and that soch is the case
I have had repeated evidence and using
it "for ihij exprest object- I cannot per
ceive why a portion of the same fertilizing
property may not ie found in the earth,
only a few inches or a foot tf low . the sur.
(ace.. And last, though not least, in the
catalogue of advantages, the all important
item of manure la rendered more avails
ble, and consequently land s both Immedi
ately and peruitjnenily bepefited. "
Dot deep'ploughing alone! miuh as it is
advocated, will not speedily make pom
land rich. It also requires some judgment
when, and to what extent, it hould be car
ried. Lands that are to bo plout hed much
deeper than usual should be broken op in
the fall: no crop should be seeded the ensn-
inr season, that does not admit of frequent
ploughing or harrowing, and if practicable
give it a dressing be lore planting, (uniesa
previously prepared fr the operation.
by liming a year or two in advance) ofi
lime, or soma other kind or manure.
These two bianche. vii: Draining and
Ploughing are considered important in the
system of renovation, and mora might be ad
ded; but perhaps sufficient space has been
devoted to them, with the further remark,
that xa land with e. clay subsoil, abcold be
ploughed either deep or shallow when in
a state too wet to crumble or break freely
before the plough. The injury is irre
parable, tt least for that season, aa nothing
short ofa wintei'a frost will effectually
pulverise it.
We will now proceed to the third impor
tantstep in the process of "renovating worn
out lands." I he proper kind, and appli
cation of, manures vix, stable manure, and
vegetable matter produced by the farm;
lime, marl, bone, aihcs, guano, piaster,
and turning in grc n crops. .
It may be considered almost an axiom in
farming operations, that no one should go
in debt for any ind r.f manures nnless in
favored situations where the price is veTy
low, and the transportation cheap, (except
perhaps for lime) without first having, fyiy
availed himself ol all his own resources;
and hi manure heap ton, should be his first
care. No farmer need ever be at a loss for
profitable employment for himself and
bauds, in adding to his slock of this alt im
ported requisite to successful operation-;
and in preventing the loss and waste of
what is already accumulated. When not
necessarily otherwise engaged, the time is
welt employed in many situations by haul
ing the rich earihand decomposed vegeta
ble matter, whirh-'has accumulated in ihe
marshes, leaves, weeds, c, and incorpo
rating them with the contents of his bsrn
vard: independent ot their own fertilixtr.g
properties, they are valuable as aborbenls,
tn'TeeeweenCrfetaj
erredtents mat omerwise micr.i ue io.i in
the process ot lertnentaiion ana uecorapu.
sition; a few bushels of . plaster may be
- . . .. " . i
used with much advantage for the same
obiect.
it wasine maxim oi a wise man.
began the world with nothing, and became
independentand that too, without -the
chargejof extortion ever having been alleged
against him that a penny saved, is two
pence gained.". It is emphatically true.
with regard to the saving anu iuuiciuui
application of manure. j
As an evidence, of what care and atten
tion in regard Io making and saving ma
nure will accomplish, it is within the know
ledge of the writer, that two loads of mn.
nure (with two yoke of oxen) have been
hauled out this season for every acre of ara
ble land on the farm; nd with a small ex
ception, produced on the farni itself withont
extraneous aid.
As germane to our pretent purpose and
object I will here Temark, that many farm
ers whose lands most require "renovsting,"
keep two many horses; in nineteen easet
out of twenty;'and for nearly all fatm pur
potes, one or two good yoke of Oxen sre
decidedly pieferable ; the coat no more
at first, and will perform twice the labor;
save in expense of hornets and still more
in keeping, and after wotking 5 to 6 years
under good management, are usually
worth more than the first coti for the sham
bles. Jir lean say but little from experi-
m the useoi calcarious mnures; out, am
fully satisfied, both by information derived
from others, and from personal observation
that wherever it abounds it might be made a)
mine ol wealth lo the proprietor and ad
jacent districts which admit ofwaler trans
portation. '
The only apparent rf aton wby'they ire
not more so, w, either ignorance of its
great fertilizing, properties or loek of
ihe neceetssrry enterpiise end industry
to become rich, when tvttj facility for the
purpose is as it were, lsid at their very
doors. The quantity of msrl required lo
the acie lo produce much beneficial result,
does not admit of extended land trantportion;
but thtre are thousand, if not tens of thou
sands of acres, bordering on and near tide
water, both io this and neighboring Stales
now thrown out ae waste lands because
they wl'l no loncer yield even a, ttintfd
PAtelli aC kroflaltallAtt. tfl
. . ". - ... . . 11
ikdf tui' rerJaimMl be Hie
most, ii not an 01
i.lir;..n. ,, nfm.rl nniL at one faurth the
.liimwiiu. i. ... - -i V
cpsUencletniiVt
-jfMiA lift
the acre, , I bate
been informed by some of tlie - large land
ed propiietorsnot owning, nor residing
within less than 8 to 10 miles of the marl
beds that a boat load of -a thousand to
twelve hundred busheltof marl, rich incarbo
hate of lime, could be delivered at mfcoy of
their landings, at on expense not excelling
6 to 110. Yet hot one bushel was tver
nse.1V ; . ". :'T;
Hut aa was! iostly remtrked by one of
of these very intelligent and hospitable
gentltmeo, "h's no ,n Prt,f'1 10
fongregotitiii,'snd a further remark
or two witl only be rjded; not'elmgher with
ly stir il sm up," and indit.e atriu! ai Irsei
... t ui ifMim:inrni rvrnium -
of this valuable manure. It matters lens,
how, when or what quantity of Marlor Lime
is applied ; only make the application and
that pretty liberally, lis application like
!ie ia 6est made one two or three years,
and on Ihe surface, before breaking up the
land and thus give it Ihe benefit of the win
ter's frosts and snows to dissolve and incor
porate it with the soi). .
Lime.-' This, next Io the proper draining
(when necessary: for even lime will not
enable u to dispense with it) tnd deep
tillage, I consider the moat certain and per
manent agent in "renovating worn out
lands," of sny other substance with which
I am acquainted; whether mineral, animal
or v'gejallif ; and when it can be obtained
at a reasonable cost, even with tome miles
hauling in addition, it is generally to be pre
ferred, if only one kind o I "bought manure"
is to be used. It may however be used
freely in conjunction with all other ma
nures, and with decided ud vantage, it done
un judgment.
Alter many yenrs experience in the use
of lime, I would advise in all cases where it
cm be accomplished, to spread it on the
surface irota I to 3 or (our years before the
land in broken up. . The effect of a single
wintei's frosts and rain, will more effectu
ally dissolve and bring it into action, and
benefit the succeeding crop, as also the land
itself, than is attained in a longer period, by
ploughing tt in as anon as applied. In
this way also, a much larger quantity may
be saft.lv applied to the same land at a ain
g4ewmgAitmi nv,kas to. lime
Inun atmostphertc influence, it should be
kept uear the surface: mi the proper quao.
litv to use to the best advantage, can only
be determined by the price, and the stnte
the land may be in, at the lime With a
god sod of grass roots to receive it. 100
or even 150 bushels te the acre, mil do no
hanm but on stiff clays, with liitle soil
or mould on the surface, 50 bushel would
be a liberal application as a first dressing,
if put on immediately after ploughing. It
would be better to apply a less quantity
at first, and renew as soon as an increased
growth of vegetation could be obtained.
When lime U applied in very large
quantities, and immediately incorporated
with. poor toil, hattag Uw'pr no vegetal
matter in it, the effect is to combine wit'i
the siticious particles, abounding more or
lets in all cly toils rtk form hard compact
masses, that are not separated by years of
alter tillg. . I ma . tnoile, ttierelore, in
say the leatl, it like 'bnrying the talent"
for so much capital lice dormant, and. nei
titer bene firs the farmer or his land. -
Twenty five or thirty bushels as a first ap
plication, particularly if aided by, even a
light dressing ol vegetable manure, will,
make a much quicker return for the out
lay. '
As to the nioiti operandi of litno much
has been wrtt'enianu various, it not con
dieting theories pnr forth; n?r do all afree
as lo the most judicious mode of applica
tion
I consider it altogether unnecessary here
to attempt any explanation of the chemical
changes produced in the soil by its use or
to etvo mr own opinion on the tubject
though formed after careful observation
and fiom years experience. To the inex
prrienceu, howeverrit is much more im
portance to be informed how to use it to
the best advantage. And at previously
remarked, it it of still less consequence.
how. or when applied., so that, it is done.
Lime will an very oeneuciaiiy, aa i
know from experience, on tuff tenueiont
cltya, nnd to nenr palate of sterility as
scracely to reptoducei the seed sown or
them. Uul if used under such circumstance's,
and without the aid of any kind of manure,
considerable time must elapse before
ranch amelioration of the soil need be ex
pected. '
t heory miinout practice, cioet not oiten
carry much weight with it; and on the mind
of the farmer, generally speaking, it acts
w'th less force perhaps than with most oth
er classes in ilia community; for unlets on
ansy or facts or good evidence, is adduced
to inspire eonfidenee, bej's slot io change,
the more so, when he knows ' that even a
partial failure in a single crop; from exper
imenting, will be.sensibly fell in his slender
income, and peihapa for a year to come.
This feeling to a certain extent is all. right
and proper; for experiments, to lest any
new theory, ire best undertaken on a limi
led scale; (iVnsmty bo lost tliereby, but
money may be sored in the eiul .1 :
Will now briefly gi vo some account of
the practical operation of my theory. My
first application of lime to any extent,' waa
200 busliels, mostly air slaked," hauled 6
miles, and snptied io 4 acres ; just biokeo
I - " " . . 1 ! rr-1. '
un lor corn crop, anu. oarrowi u ju. ...i on
iiaorouirniv exntustcu ' oy prevmne . oo
only some
me 5 or 0 bushels to the aire; nor
was the crop sensibly Incretted by the
lime. Ae hy main object in cultivation
wss to eel the field in gross, the Corn was
followed by a crop of small grain, a liberal
supply of clover and timothy teed and plas
ter: the tatier producing no visible effect
whatever; and nearly al the grass seed per
ished, leaving the surface as bare as before.
But'before lh Geld a pain came in course for
culuvstion, the good effect'of tho lime wae
so evident by Die growth ol white cioer
a ttete variety in . that vicinity thai 1
was encouraged to lime the whole' ' field
eontainiug abotil 12 arret and also inclu.
1 "..-it v..., vw
belore, lost
fw :lteiliof up fur c,r- Jl.e, crojy
this portion was increased fully 5 to 6 fold
over that rejoining and but recently lim
ed; thut liberally paying all expenses, and
ha continued ever since to produce proli's
ble crops. Plaster now acts on it with mark,
ed effect. The first application was made
tome 19 to 19 yea rt since; and tn test the
durability n( lime these 4 acrea iuve been
kept for experiment, & without the addition
of other manure; except a portion intend-
ded for fill further experiment. About 2
acres were sown in broad east corn . with
200 lbs Peruvian Guano -then followed
wheat on 'he 4 ocres, and with 200 lbs,
Uuano to the acre, leaving 2 landa without
guano.
The corn a as materially benefitted by
ihe Caano: but ihe wheat was not benefit-
ted by the prn-iou application of ft thoughrj
it was neatly of quite doubled, over two
lands left without any Guano, the wheat
was harvested two yeais . since, and - no
one could now point cut by ihe growth
of the clover, uniformly good on the whole
and equally timed, which portion had, and
which had no Uuano the conclusion is,
that the "renovating" effects of lime, are
thus far, ten times as durable at uuano;
how much longer remains lo be seen.
Pome niee or ten years since I detemuv
ed to reclaim an adjoining field at what
ever cost. I was told long previous by
one of mv neighbors who sold his farm,
and removed to the west, in order to fettle
on better land; thai tne attempt woutu do
futile, or, if never was made productive,
a would cost a great deal more than the
land wat worlb. The prospect tret forbid
ding; for the larger portion was . as much
reduced as could be by shallOW"liHffeno
manure, no grass seed sown, and tonstsnt
wsshing, even to gullies, anu -producing
little etsn than running briars. It was bro-
up in the fall and winter, to a much greater
depth than it . was ever piotignea oetore;
sixty bushels ol quick lime lo the" acre,
Were appiieci in mo spring grvuuu wen
harrowed and planied In corn; such por
tions at required i having been well under
drained some 2 to 3 aeres and whicfi
were about the amount that produced any
thing of a erop. or that more than paid the
exnense of oloushinn. A crop of oats tnd
eu worm tne irouoie anu cpvnso iu pu
ins crop of wheal, on f of thefield. Af
ter 6 or 7 years the same field again conn
ingln course, exci1y t1ie same plan was
pursued, as to piougning anu ume, oui
rsther increasing ine uepin una ouier
wise. - t - '
The cron ofcorn though injured by the
bud worm, wat good enabling me to do
what I had lately, or never .done before,
trtf from i to 4 of ihe crop. Oatt fallow
ed on about I of the field with some a or 0
busheltof bones lo the acre, & wheat on the
halance, with Guano; both heavy crops and
lodffinff over the creator part ef the field.
Then followed wheat ciop on the whole;
manured as much as pntibte Irom the barn
raid and on the balance, a light .dressing
of guano of some 80 to 100 poundt to the
acre. . . - , .. '.
The average yield of the field was orer
thirty three busheia lo tne acre. -
Tnete remits are attainsd with certainty,
for svervfield and lot ire accurately survey-
ed,v and the contents noted on the plat of
the Farm, and the produce or this field wis
kept teparate, threthed, and. metsured by
iis-.lf. The greater portion suffered from
the drought early last year; and the htrvee
ting was badly done, owing to the fallen
-iiJ landed state of the Brain from a storm
about the time of ripening; but I have no
doubt several contiguous acre might have
been selected on the the lowest ground (tho
portion underdrained) on which the yield
was over 40 bushels to the acre." ' This
tenon, the same field yielded the hetvleet
crop of grt'sa I ever hsrvrsted, and, even
on what wat originally the poorest part
there is now a luxuriant erop of second
growth clover, and intended for seed , thai
is lodffinz over tno wnoie ieni.. 4 ve
wilt estimate the profit and lose by figures
To 50 bnahels of lime, cost at the kiln
, 16c , . ''. ' ' ; . to.co
7 yeart interest, ("though it paid in :- ' B
- pasture in lets lime,) 1 t :" - 4,03
CO bushels of liirie, cott at the kiln,' .
12Je.
7.80
1.33
3.00
2.00
JI years interrsl. ' '
rj bushels ground Done St 40o
100 pounds, Gusno (African) .
(27.48
. .:. . . " Co-XT". . .w
By 33 bushels of w hest, ave- ;
rage price sold at l,3f I13.M
Estimtte increase ofcorn erop, ; .
at leait 8 barrels, at $2.) and ' ' " ' '
entirely owingn the lime.) 12.00
20 bus hU. at 40c. -
' , -v-
Estimate talut.ot clover , ,4.;
, teed, (for there would have , 4 , t J
i been none without the lime,) .
1 bush, at M, ; v J COO 79,23
Moling in tonnJ numbers $50 per sere
in favour of renovaiing;' nor I ihe esti-;
mate a forced one. 'The ictual increase
of ihe crops i rreater than the -amounts
attumcdi" and if a fairaverage was made
ft wat it'eaned wiia tha horse rait,' and by
tht Wtytsu(ficiinlaeJ was left on ths ttnd.
to prodvere ik'uysr, a vtuntttr roaj ( eheat
wiia lbs eM, estrm 4 j , wlie ssw 11
srlpjiBfervisiis. .
J,wSM ise--HM'a, W wviKW MtM.,.
of the wheat in the jnjnl erop of oa's anj
wheat the aggregate result would be in
creased tom 5 lofO per crr,.f
There should, perhaps, iri tlie view rf
some, be a charge for lraioing andrr
hauling tnd Spreading the lime; also (or ihe
manure for the crop of wheat; and for the
expense of harvesting the inrrtased crops.
The two former, are amply paid for in
the increased ; pasture; and the manure,
waa no more than the actual yield , of the
land itself after Ihe use of lime. Ate, which
sre charged in ihe aceonnt and at more
than the cost: and it is believed the increa
sed product in straw and lodder. fully
repays the expense of harvefUiig, to sar
nothing ol the present ta0 of the lanil
as compared lo what it waa originally. It
- r now radkolty and yermMrWy, ianror.
ed. ' v V-T" - .
hen l.i me has been ireriy eao( p!.
ler will gener.tiy, if ot always, art
promptly and suflirient'y; and thus ai vi v
small expense, material'y aid in perpetuating
the improvement. Previous lo. it appli
cation in thi rase, plaster wat liberally
used; but with no visible effert whatever:
now its action is aa mailed on the satnt ,
land, a I have ever teen anywhere.
Vi her ver l:me esn be obta'mml at a teaton
able price sny from 13 to , 2L eenta per
bushel n a cauttic state (or at half price,
if air siaKed) with even 5 to 10 miles haul'
ing, it may be used to advantage on niosf ,
if not all stiff clay anils. ' x
In aome seetionshete prices are paid.
and it is hauled 15 to 20 miles; and by a
class orme'n
thrill. 1 he wuter baa knuwn no instance
where its "sew88" pem vered Mi-MiuJee
whatever disanvantate it might be, in which
success to a geater or less extent, did not
Urown the effort, and njanr who borrowed
money lo prorure it, in the first inetanr
have mainly by its use. become indrpcwU
dent; and money lenders themselves, '
.4 Concluded next wetk.y ..... .
ELOPEMtNT IN- FASMIONAfiLF.
- .... LIFE. .v.i"-
A transaction in ihe matter of Lovt ami
dotUrs of contiderabte importance, in ter
tain circles, has just transpired in our cjt J.
It appeatS thai nol long since two'; yotipg
..eaUemfeit,-,'3torw:oflfr.:G';"i H:M'ifomwwki:'
courting two fai-hionable ladies of our city.
the widow J. and lior Oaughlorthrt
latter lady tome fifteen, the former some
forty yetrt or age,- ro break up tne union
ofth? daughter Wiethe young ,man,'A ;
was ae'nt to the interior of ; the State to
school; and her lover to Texat, where ha
died. The , other brother continued t
court the mother until a recent date al- '
thotijrh he was somewhat absent on duty,"
for he belonged lo'lhearmv. .
Well, during the young lady's term at
school she heard of her lover s death .1tt i
Texts and for grief, detef mined on enter
Ing n Conventl, I bus maters stood, when .
the elder brother.- the one that was coon
ing the mother, telurned to our .city. lie
was . still true , lit the widow ami . eho .
went so far aa to buy he wedding clothes
and the young men to say that be eonld
do with ihe said widow as be, pleated
which meant thai he eould marry- her if ,
he would This be told io public bar
room. -, t, . Ui
S.ime tcttidhl, entirely onfounded ii troth '
got out; the gentlemnn thai comlurled 'the
butinett in the place of the young courtier
was discharged, but on ihe return 'of, the'
elder brother, he took chargo" again and
went on with tho widow as usaslv On
Saturday last, the daughter returned to her
mother's, from ' school; she having bu
sent for; and got home thiough a great
deal of penuation, her dispottiion hiving
been, bent toward s. Conenl On bee
return home she taw again and conversed
with the brother of her 'late lover!" Ha
wtt soon to be her fat her I He told her
no doubt, to be a good child end forget tho
notion of a Convent! f A, . .
Her charms, during these interesting
conversations, took possession of the young'
man, end he regretted his pledge to the
mother! ; ft wae k triumph Of seventeen
over forty f The young nun declared, his
new born passion the young girl accepted'
the brother of her loverj and per father that
wss to be! On Tuesday la tt they doped!'.!
What course they look it ia yet impossible
to tell.' - The mother wea last seen iitt her
eairiage in hot pursuit after the ' young
would he pun and her recently wss to be
a . m . S M - ft .
nuTd! It is mtxeu op aiuir anq jne
ena is pot jei., i
It may be interesting to know thtf lu
amiiy nt widow . Lr - is worm some
a " t a i - t . . .
ight hundred thousand dollars and that the
oung nun is worth some aixty- thousand!
Vtncinnan taper t
A chifj, one two wise and gdodTor 'tfiii
tne - flowers, lor tho .angry sttn came m
it might' and dried ihem np and ihey were
teen no more. ' Soon a rainbow wa aeen
in the eloudt and hie father told him
"There are ilie dew drop over whicrt ihdtt
didst grieve, ami they now shine in splen
dor in heat en, an I no foot can crush thei:
ami remesjbev, my child' Jf- thog .vanish v
soon from earth it will be to thine lo heat. '..
VH1.KT METAL.
t t r
". Melt three pounds of copper with on)
of jthe reguluiof antimony.," ;,lt is brif
llo, of a violet color aoJ takes it fine pol
ish: The copper it melted first..'
J