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rlr,will he conunu-
fl2drtil.iri M. Editor of the
Kirti,mmm Baoer.it will be! remeai
i"
i
oaths?
the i first
3T TPS WM.u j u y ? ueyu
flft ;SrM in I WW? ?Rnerally,
T
J!
be. cnarcc :v t.
. ... ?
. J.W.jrj '
-i -fiH:"- :i,c ojTip u jsoj.j
HI! it 11
Indeed, sir.if wr !K to all eotetepmrt 1 -
tofy, ,14- khe Mfritifi? oj the Federalist, to the
dette fn the'conyeatkfw, toth ppbcations of
IrierwUjahd foes, thiey a ; agTee," fiai cfejange
had befit madt frotn a confederacy; ofj State9, to
a different ajf iem; they all agree, thai the ! con
ventil (lad fyfined a 4&Utotion fcr a National
'Ooveriilieiit.1 WiJb' thjs result, gomefjwcre sa
tiafied fut all dnuitedlthat the tin had been
doneJlln none of thesefvarioas rcidactioqs and
puUicaltng, 4Jd any ode intimatei that the new
consliiiitioQ was hot atiother conipact -between
Statrikn their sovereigns canariti !l do not
find such an opinion ' atfranced in a ainle in-
suncel 1 BreW here,lhe people?wej:e told that
thft dil 4onfe4(4ratiod wis tu be abqnd(ed, and a
new sf stnm to be tried; ! that a proper Uovero-
inent was projppsed, to be foundwl ih the name of
'the arjtl b hiive;la regolarbrVaftization of
it uvrn. I Kvery whereitne peppier were low max
ii wa; to be a juoverhmekit wicli direct powers to
may faWst or?r. indmdfal$ and to lay3 taxes and
HIlD08XSWHigui 1 H2 consent i mo uiairs. jvij-
rv here, it was uadersi.ioa 10 oe.a pjpiuar con
stitciiM It; came to tie peupte for their adop
i.i.n.&A was to rest flnlahft same fdeen fbunda-
i- p il ih Site constiiation$ t?4jmai!ves... Its
it t IdistinifJi'.shods art; o-ates, ho ial' been
thftirialliee onibers of the confption declared
tlia: mlvrvMneciW wbtnittinm tne nonstun
(Ternmoni as 1 hasa legtslatiTel
owo. and & nmlicial: oower ftvericn-
areTolntionary tihi, iaintellipble;asa rtgl ta wvevitUe lUaUyei! the ifiterenco ls wre-j
be proclaimed in the midst of citil commotions, stable, that this Governmcnf, huscreatedt ly
and asserted it the head of armies, I can under the, Whole, andor1 thip vrhule, nost have an au-
stand it. Bet, as a practical risht, existing under thontj superior to that of ihe piriicalar Govern-
the constitutionand In coufbrmity with ita Mo- ment,otany one part, .-.pngrejs isHhe ;;jJegis-i
visiont, it seemf to be to be nothing but pwin HjMj ? 1U the peonlB of the United States;
absurdity: fbr it -supposes resistance to Cavern- he Judiciary of the General Government i$ the
ment, under ihe auorttyjof Goyernniejttsejf; 'jSffgffr! afl'the ppjejof UtoiteiJ tatesJ
it cnnrwicAa Ait mmiw,, itKnnt T"kLitin3-he ro hold; therefore, that tho Legislature and Ithi
- :: l - - .J :: .-4 lw I .ItMllrMMfir ro enVrr!lnta in ntV.rit tn Vio T 1
a augie una, is otang
jie. and overturning ill
overthrow of Government, wiihoUt revolu-1 esvaoBpeu pnucipiei. v"?"?4 must judge of
ledoo ib exercise them, or It caant aet atall;;aiid
itmul5t!aiso ac independent off Slate cooUol, or
iicaiUactatUli j ? ;j . I : jM
Hllie!rht o State intefpositjon sirikw at the
yryjoandatioq of the legislitive power of Con
gra j t possesses ot&ctive legislative pow
tri liJMich right of Stat ipierpD8itio exists; be
cause U can oaks no la w notsubit toabr4Mratiikn.
It carthbt mako laws lie UnLn,if ny part of
and .of iuoeSect. Its forma of legislation VbuH
be" zxi idle ceremony , if, after all, any one of four
and twenty States uwhtid defiance to its au
thority. Without express provision in the con
stitution,' therefore, sir, this fwhoie question is
ritssarilv .decided iby itiiose Ipromioa3 which
crHtfla leoishuve powr andja judicial power.
It these exist, m a Government intended tor the
mitted by friend3 and foes,rthai this power Was
m the costit rtion.: Br so.oe it was ' tlumtrht
cangerous, by' most it wis thought necess vy j
but; oy all, it was agreed lojht a power actually
iii the instrument. , The con venuon
mfficaimTO!
iKfc&&4. !resblft1 ounce .to th
jatikccUr. tins ; Instiuuwn. ; fau
the
'the constithtiom sir. reirarda itself as P-r
petual and immortal: It seeks to. establish : a
union among the people of the &tates which
sliail last through all time. Or,' if the common
iaie or tmngs numan must oeexpectea,; ax some
period, to happen to it, yet that catastroph'e.is not
&n;iripated : , ' f :- ;
The instrument contains ample provisions for
its amendment, at all times; none fur jits abain-!
don ment, at any time. It declares that
States may come into the Union, hut it Moes riot
declare that old states may go out. The U nion
is not a temporary partnerariip ot states, it it
the association ot the people, under a :-constitu-
tion of- Government uniting their power.; roming
together their Highest interests, cementing their
present enjoyments and bleeding, in one tndi
visible mass,' all their hopes ; for the future.
Whatsoever is steadfast m jtst? pol.ticai princi
ples.wnats;Ter is permanent tn tSie structure of
human society--wnaisoever i neye is wnion can
derive an enduring character from being founded
on deep laid principles of CMstitutional i liberty,
and on the broad foundations of the public ; will,
ail these 4unite u eiuitle this instru:ntnt to be
regarded as a permanent constitution of Govern
ment. ;
In the next j!ace, Mr. President, 1 contend
that there is a supreme law of trie land,lxt3!stinj
of tne constitution, -aet of Congress- passed: in
pursuance of it, and tim public treaties. This
wilt not op denied, because such are! the very
words of the constitution. But I contend further
that n rightfully belongs to Congress, and to the
courts oi ine united states, to settle the con
saw 'the absolute necessity 4f some control in lite
tiational Government over tite laws. ; Differ
ent modes of estab!ihiog this jhrntrol were sog
gested and c-ns, vlered. At onetime it was -proposed
that the laws of the Stat4 should froth time
to time, be laid before Congress', and 'that
Congre-slvotlvl poHsesi a negative over t!:e n.
But this Iwas- t!ioisht evident and inaduii-
b!e; and in its place, and expressly as s substi
tute for it the existing provisijo was iutrod)ced:
mat is lo sav. a provision ovi wntcn mei ieucrai
osay
Court sbbuld have authority io cverrule fcuch oft nujjniy otthe peci,
StataJiWsdbmht b, in itcriven: Sl'i!
uoeorore Sutesjats Spates renders Ua'tIiI:
tfectsio ef t majority of Congress; so far aa that
btate u cUiceraed. - And so this doctrine, idno
whortcare,Hkeibtherdoinaas of thol
mj utMi3i inuuucauon. -- -1 jl. -I
.tla thement bvecye againsi mahrilU
meant no pwre than that, in the'cnnstructiori ef
uoverninent,it is wise to Wovide checks a&4
tolanoei, that there should l various! limit'
trbns oq the power cf the niere majority, it would r
oolymeaii what the cuosututioo of the I United
States ha already, abundantly provided, h b
full of such checks and balances, in its very or-'
ganoaiiinl it adopts a broad and tnost offectoal-
pnnc'.pUj in restraint of the power of mere majo-
Icct
t3 not e
of the constitution. The wiite
alist, in iexpiaintng the Coni
Wll tianHinnrlwitAru trio itnrrIi .iH of ill i1.itIa.i
IWned thisVeason for thsatUllS itnow stiads. lVfW . IleprnU.
By this pWish,, Reaped the necessi- 3
tyotanyrevuiaiof State ftws, left the whole t .tj y r -r-
sphere 6f State lrrislat.ool Wt. untouched. ?rillUle S ?Cttr TOf !
lyettamed.ala.any inftinge- 33Xf WK"!.
it
'i
vllw bnlthesJtaught!inf th
W Academy, aM
U.UU
ying
-4
?!
if
teiitsM .' Rfelif hi Arithmetic, Gejogral) hy ,
h;ttsiand the preiich Liguage,
1 C. fEviRKrNHARDT,
J.KAMSOUR,
the
alftraly: "it tnar he to irtaintam that a
Dirty compact f has a right to l revoke that
taiiuiatL the dic'nne it?jelf has
fl.ivaJlfla T!ia o.jjUi3illitv of a auestidn of this
naturfj rov4hit (ecesfeity of lsingthe fouif-
iataui ut our, national uovenirneui peeper man
rjiejvtPd authority. 1 he
mp-re ought -to Test on
OMSENT; OF THE FEO-
a
whole, the uevilabie wnsHJuencei is, that the
law a of Mas legislative powerlandHhe decisions
of thU. jndicial power, must be bindinc on and
over the whole. No man eaniforai the conceo-
ttonra Govjernmejnt - existiig over fjur and
twenliy ta'i-ij- with la regelar Iegi4ative and ju
dicialj pow;r and of the '.'existence, at the i same
tirae,it an uthjrity residing felsewihere, to resist
at pleasure jr discretion, the eiiaetments and the
uecisioiis of such a! GovernUienti:; 1 maiutaiu,
thermpre, sir, that, from the Jiature of the case;
and aat ah inference wholly unavoidable, the acts
Coheres-, and the decisiins of the national
eaurtb', must be of higher authority than State de
cisions.. If tnn be not eos thlre is, there can be,
no General Government.! j
But, Mr. President, the constitution has not
left this cardinal point without full and explicit
provision?. First; as tolthj authority f ocn
gross.' Having enumerated ijhe shccitic powers
contdrred ui Congress, the constitution add, a
oistinctand substanitive claise, the following,
I .1.-11 . .. : . . . i r -l I V U. , X v IllUnc OU UtWs wilLFjL ALfUL nf. fltPPAitril
hA cnoVtKlo wan mieiprei max iawr in out system ot me . s . .. . . . . - 7 77 r-. :
j auwuu.v, ..... ... !.. j . 1 iiiLii imiiitrr tor mminn' tnir mvvMiTMix r. rn...
uiitoiuu ji iwwcis uniwtru giiiereoi urrir i . ! . 1 ,
a-
meni oi me consuiuiionai power 01 tne.uenerar L9r, i ii i UJ ' . r - - 1
G.rernmentl Indeed, sir, ffioW me to ask again, &SJKfS?
if the national judiciary was W to exercTse a tff 8 ii
power of revision; constituuonal questions, ftlrtV inur
over the judicatures of the State, whj was any from .whether larger ;
national .judicature erected at aU ci any mi f iSSSS flf
give a 4sib e reason fur having a judicial p w- T i'JTr 1 r? 'iT V , " V,
Ir in thU Government, unloyir be for lae'sake !l Poof passtog uwsf - subject always to
ofmaintiite an unitWndtvlof decision cus
tionsansie under the Coritutioa and laws of l 01 'Pf 7oaiV mem to
Cr?d ensuring itseution? And U Sy Ut
not , this tverv idea of uniiarmitv neccitser.lv irn-l "f"Mr r ,wu' ,
nh, tht th ,-tr,uMinn v.n hv ih. ..i V1 lBe i anuim may be restrained by
i iTTr:" Ji.lJ.. rresidenrs
ti.i?EMope;ipieWas.prec 35.- j l"reme taw, a, aIouohui cases.
iteflr rc-ed a mere Icowacf. - 's dented; and here, ar.set the great prac
.:i:mL,T" av ,M writ f . ucal QuestHjQ. im u to construe HnaUy.tfie cplv-
cri gjvpa "," JJ . V ;! " " I
stdufcrnoftlic United Stalest We vi
mat the constitution is the supreme law? hut who
agree
in the jrievt sanction bf
fihrir;.t ike American
'S1 1 . Jt'. f -
StUia oasts 01 tub
the
Oetobcrtflt:
-
Sari. Us t'nle: lahimaoe, sir, addressed to the
pebpli while jibes? !yst lifcd the constitation under
consifeationlj 4stscotifehetl 0n.the new
be coDferred, not by any j State, or the people of sel 0 ai.y alleged yioUtion of the coi
nv &kfhi. t.t fthJ. iw.mlft ot thft United and aiay finally decide fcr itself, and
Statist i Virrrinia is 'Taore explicit, ierhaps, in cutelts wn decisfonsby its own power. All the
thU hirtimlsrUhsr. kn other Stated I Her con- recenl Fadings m booth Carolina are founded
men ts, controversies will nccessarly sometimes
arise, respecting' the extent of the po vers of each.
Who shall decide these controversies?; Does it
rest with the General Government, in Ml or any
of its departments: to exercise the fSce of final
interpreter? Or may each of the Stated, as well
as tho General Government, claim this right tjf
ultimate decisions?. The practical result of this
whole debate turns on this point. The eren tie-
man contends that each State may judge for it-
constitutm,
mav exe-
the ff--and la)f jU4ei: Viu f 9art ro-nueiaws of the 1 TJntted
declare and make knbn; that the powers- gran- 1 4-uqcunsuinuonai ; ana th . . Urdslou
alljw any autWity of the
to overrule or reverse. l)f J
ted undMr tltejconstiiutBpn, being debited from
we people oj h& unuem&iates, may pe resumec
by tliiL whf bever thesame shkll he perverted
to their injury: or oppression." ;
Is this laniriiacre whi4h des st' es the fnrma-
Yioh ofooinkct he(wen $tae.iir Qghage de- lhe authority- of the courts of the United
scriblikl ike Srron of towers to d lmw Gov- States, because she expressly pjrohibitsf all appeal
Pdwwvith itwKdm 'ill :s! desirable that the
iidwbfl liaudated:a:d settled, either ;by.
ill JOHN CALDWELL.
Jl.ui PEARSON.
jlfB Vraa'-rehipt heretofbm existing be
?tiyB'tna Sulrtbersi ih tho townbflMor-
laton-t BwlblvCouritir. jn the Mercantile! busi-
Wiia 1'oMf el 14 khutull tonsentl All claims trnniint, by ike 'xclwle people '01 ifo' United
Acngallithe other ntincattois, tere is net
ie whcn speaks of? thd constitution asa compact
oeiween- .naies. j i iosp ot Jlawachusetts and
Neiampsliire express the transaction, in my
opiiiiynl with! sufficient accuracy 1y recog
nise tOe Divine irondnensi in AtKirilinir'TM v vwn.
''.ttSft' 'J'ckrmailkuu lor past fa PLMTHEtUjiiTED Jstites an oriortunity of
Sao does not
Uiiited States
cojik1 she rejects the aiitlioritv , r.nAiroc
ciustj the very abject of the ordinance is to re
veres the decision of Coti?rr-ss: and sli eie'ta.
iptusuiepos ana: me puoiic, insti n. ; eniert.ig mtoarv expiicicaoa solemn cctifpact with
tinMtolcairy,i5S ";te-- biisthess inJJMor- eacli?ther, bf assetitinito and ViUlfuwg a new
is rreiv crrisfyikwAJ You will observe sir4 fliat it is
3ng ipiiiiWeryi ; 'branch of his rtheliopLE f all! the jUni'ied ?Statei. i These
jioe i.f Baiiaei.lnAhv filsi unremitted -aitpntion ! rrrt)tmiirk.ia. hu thia ftXm rX avkraat L . ..
I 17-.IJ1IUI M Bllia B IB ill UB I Allir..'UtNI.' I I ill
.i;tlieiis-of ;Ms Goo, he
Jc r.'thcj1: ekroaaWoe of a I liber-
mm
A
V, that tile people fi me United
I StaiSt ud. by the bles&iug of Prbviden'ce, enjoy -!
ed thi )rtiiiiity of e:ablishing a. hew consti
j lotitidi UoutiMrd ik. iKe consent oft IfiU' people.
x ii9 c-ium:i oi i;w ueupi una ueen "Caiiea uv
to mese courts. It is murder; to sustain this
asserted right of being her own judje, that she
pronounces thei constitution of Uie United States
to be but a compact, to rhich she is a party and
aoveroign party. If ihss be established, then
the inference is supposed to jRillowj that, hefng
sovereign, there Is no power to control her de
cision, and her own judgment on her own compact
is and must be conclusive. 0
I have already endeavored, sir, tj p;int out the
practical consequences of thin doctrine, and to
hu tv 41U uim-iij muuiiisieui iv is, with all';
deas of regular governmeut, and how soon 'its
adoption wouldinyolve'tlie whole couutrv in re
volution and absolute anarchy. 1 hope it is easy I
uun w oiiuw, sir, iiiai a Qocmne, oringmg eucn
gotn powers, and all other pwom vested by thi
States, or in any department or officer thereof
if this means any turner, it means that Conerress
may judge of the true extent and just interpre-
wi oi me speciuc powers jgran tea to it; ana
may juuge aiso oi wna; is necessary and proper
ior executing those powers! If Congress is to
judge , ot what is neceasaryl for ithe execution
of its powers, it ; must, of necessity, judge
of ; the extent and interpretation of those
powers. j . j I .
And in regard, sir, to the judiciary, the Con-
suiuuun is sua more express anu emphatic
I It declares that the judicial; power shall bo ex
tended to ait cases in law or equity arising un
;dettne LHnst;tution, laws 4f the 'united btates
and treaties; that there shall be one Supreme
api&,tejunsdiction of al tese cases, subject to
such exceptions as Congress uiay maUe. It is
impossiblt to escape from the genetality of these
wurus. Ii a case arises ijnaW tii Constitution,
that )s; it a case ari&ea depending on the cou
sirucaon uf the Cohsututioa, the judicial power
of too tjint o Slates exieaos vo it. it reach
courtS'is to be the pievaiimg construction? How
else, Sir,' is it possible that uniiurioity can be pre
served : ! : i &
GenUfnnen appear to me iir, to look at but
one side bt the question, lhey regard only the
supposed danger of trusting a. Government with
me lnierpreiaiion ut lis own powers. xui
will they view tho question in its other aspect
will tnev show us how it is Possibla for a Gov
ernment to et along with four and twenty in
terpreters oi us xaws ana powers? uennemen
argue, wo, as ii, in mese casee, me oiaie anouid authoritieaW the United Sir r nn !..n,Tn, t
be always right and the Ueneral Uovernment nelt Wfth e, be not meters of their wa
always wrong. But, suppose the reverse; euH w.il : me j ire noL,,,. (W-mmpnf if!
n.j ihfrNlntA wrnncr. it tin. s;riCfi thnv ninpirttAin I . ' " .
r7:: ;L fe III " . r. externa power may arrest tnetr proceedinsrs
any o-
inajurtty
majority
the
negative. These are checks and !
balances provided by the'eojuututton, existing ia !
the Government Itself, and wisely : iutnded to -1
secure deliberation and caution iu legislative pro j 1
ceedins. But to resmt the will Of tho majoritjr" H
in boihi Houses, thus constitdUoually, exerciied i i
to insist ou tne lawfulness of interposition by st'
extraneous' power ; to claim the right of defeat-
ing the! win cf Congress, by setting up gaiost it
the will of a singlb State, is neither mure ! not j 1
less, aa it Strikes me, than a plain attempt foo,
erthroW Ithe Government. The coustitutMt
contrary opinion f mx- rresiaent every
argument which refers the feotistitutioritliry of
acta of Congress to State decision, appeals trow
the majority to minority ; iv appeals from the
common interest to a parucal&r interest; from
the councils of all to the aluncils of one; and
endeavors to supersede the judgment of the Whole
by the judgment of a part, iu
1 think it is dear, sir, that the Canstitution,
by express provision, by definite and unequivo
cal words, as well as by necessary implication,
has constituted the supreme Coirt of the United
States the appellate tribunal in all cases, of a
constitutional' nature which assume the sbapeof
a suit, in law or equity. And I think I cannot
do better, than to leave this part of the subject
by readipg the remarks made upon it by Mr.
Llls worth, in the Conventina ot Connecticut ;
a gentleman, sir, who has lett benind him, vn
on the records of the Government of his country,
e.i the iac, ihe question ; it attaches the power
ot- thfjuaitonal ja4icature to the lease itself, in
whatever court kt ihay arise or exist and in this
case the Supreme ivurt has appellate jurisdiciiou
over ail courts whatever, j io language could
pruvioe wuh mor eificiadd precision, than is
here dptie, lot subjecting constitutional question
to tuo uilunate OeCisi ii ji the Supreme Court.
SAtul ir, tnis is ei aotiy f vrhat trie Convention
found tit necessary tjjprovibe fori and intended
to provide tor. ills, too, xactly what tufc peo
plc; vere uuiversaily ioid 'as done when they
addpii the Constituttoni One of tne first res-
oiutioab adopted by the .Convention was m inese
i - , - - ( .5 . . . . . .
has no thin of to stand on but theerv and assumn.
lion; and that it is refuted bv plain and exDress
3
i
liurierl ItLrnrc" tt the coimtrv
mi totW Saaih fti fencard. 1 amlioi
7W M''urteis' htre and ali p;rfe6us
fj" f3r.'nt6 jjristUerwise, are.rejest
iJwiateii'.U on or oetoTuApril
' 42ry bvj''ce ! cart ;bc giren.
! European writers ithe Isoctal compact; and, in constitutional provisos. 1 think the Govern-
; voiiioriruiy tomis scmrnon moae oi expression, J w uie yuiicu ow.o v -,. s possess, m ils
l.ii"'.l isiiiVPntiiina-aiwi t (it t hrtt seaont Tnn -irki.l
ces. Mots any one suppose it could make anr
differenie, as to the binding authority of an act
of Congress, and of the duty of a State to respect
it, whether it passed by a mere majority of both
HoisL or by three fourths ofeach, or the uuah '
truus totef of each? Vithm the !i:nt3 sod
restriction of the constitution, tho Government
of the United giates, like all other popular Gov
ernmeuisicts oy majorities, ii can act na
otherwise. Whoever, therefore, denounc tho
Gorermnent cf uiaj mties, denounces ihs if yvern
inent of his; own country, and denouuees all fri
Governments. And whoever would rtttikin
thee niajotities, while acting 'f ivhm tbxtr ouo
stuuliyhal limits, .by an external power, what
ever he may intend, asserts principles which, -if
adoi$eu,i can lead to kthihgeise than the -Hi
'destruction ; of the Government itself.. " i
Does not the gentleman perceive, sir, how hi ;
proofs of theclearest intelhgeee and of the deep, argument agaitist majorities might here berrv
est acracitv. as well as the utmost Duritv and
0, J 4
integrity ut character. '! nis Constitution says
he, "dehue the extent ci the powers oi the
Generai G ;vernment. U thtiGeaeral Libla
ture should, at any time, verx-jp their limits,
tne judicial department is a constitutional check.
torted upon him? Does he not see how cogehuy
he might be asked, whether it be the character
ot nullification, to practice what it prcichesr
Lkjor to South Carolina, at the prasent moment,.
tiowtaTare the rights of minorities there re .
pec ted; I; confess, sir, l rhave not known, in
m - a I
lithe United States go beyoruitiieir powersf g-W ifl !
they make a law which the! Constitution does " f "r r
n..ti,thnriiA. .i i- a.. nl tK, 5.,5-.;.rv n.wr. relentiess disregard of the; rights, feelings, and
the national judges, who, to secure thnir fmpar- principles of the minority: a minority bracing
tiahiy,are to be made independent, wUi declare M g0 !tV
it to be void. On the other hand, if the States go
beyond their limits, if they make a law which is
' - -..-' ..v..s. w.'v.. ...w if , VU nillLli I . 4 4 " mt i j t, t : 1 w IJl lllltiLJ
. I ' i 5 S. . . . i . i . . ; jfe ! . . .-
tne uew constitotion was to rpstj as ttq explicit I yioii un questions ot disputed power 1 think
andpjlsoiem.n Ibinnpaet, riot which the. States had J lt Pesse3 this authority, o..th by necessary im-
eiitered
intuii
r s
conswinences with it. is not wH fmin- thi iwordsi viz : Hhati thejurisdictiou of the nation
. . . "-It,. . l , ..'ill ...
jai juuiiary suait exienu -10 cases, woicu respect
the collection of tke natiouatrevenue. and quesuous
iwltiehfinvolvc the jnatiohallpeace and harmony.''
iNow'lBir, this eiii.er had liio sensible meaauig at
ail, or elso it meant that ue jurisdiction of the
loatiOhal judiciary siioidd ex lend to these ques
Lious cut a paramount aiiltiority. it is not to
be supi osed that the Cdnfreniiou intended that
ine : power oi the national; judiciary snouia ex-
lutol witn each other,. but which the J puoauoo, aua uy express grant.: :
tf tho United Stairs had PnLprl I it Will not be denied, sir. that thia? aiithnritir
I; H i! I if I naturally belies to all Governments J I Thw Ul I tend; to ihe questions, artdl that the judicatures
Finally, sir, how cani any man get over the I exerciieit from necessity, and as consequence! f i the j Sutes slioold also Jx.teud to them, with
words u the constitution itself?4.WE. the exercise ut other powers. The Stale Gov- i PVJU power or muu acevwn. . ania would be
f - : rr i . - . I . , . i . :.s 7 I -' a. : i' '-I . -1 .. . i I I ' J! I . . , 1 1 n.
inere
am resolved ' eopM of Jthe 0mtED STxtEs,xQ ordaik I era men ts themselves possess it, except in thatl to afloat the wholtj object o the provision
I
AND
rhaselGOQDS
ti:L,ifi i.-m: '; i i. i i .-.ii , r i . I .!.. ..c . . : . . T -I s...w.. it...... i ' ti.. :.. . .
rr? WS-i tfc ; M j . ; - j I ; AiijfESTABiisH THis coKsTiTCTioK," i Thesevsu quonons wnicn may arise between theml : t i 1 etjn juicauicp wieauy m existence.
I-f: wisi&rr . t; lor.'hase a sm331 i : words must cease to be n part cf the'constitution ?ud l"e t-enetal Governmeut. and in reo-aftl ; t,. Ihe evil cumpiamu of, or tne danger to be guar
I"! -t ; ! f . Ji 'i rlxAvr .... !i . J.1;.,..n l8L.. 1 i I U'hloh tliAu kwa cimnJ :. '.Lif t . I Ha.i trtainct .nt P'lifttrtn mi.m..i.ai.
ijI v.fF, m -Jti Jrti r3 t' "J1 UM,fcit ouiciiruijuj mo parcuiiieuv i ouuruuciru iv, as wen oy the j noo,,vuuuwi.'i lujiugiiduw
iZsT M Vi3i -f.A- VUJwJ L on wPicn they are writterr, betorei any human au" WI me case, as oy clear eonstitotiooal pro- Memecision ut sue juqicaiure. ii the trcmcw
IJ mtUtoei; auvWntarre to ankv d!th 1 iuirehluitv or human areutnvtht' can f remove the I visions. In other and urdinarv-'casesi wlitopr a tttetcunsututionl ineant to oreate a fourteenth ,
UlTJ- hi srfc newi, having been pure!: as- ' popular ;oasis on which that constitution-rests,
iiM M4 by uiyself, ind cai be torn the instniioent into a mere compact between
m aiso nivLb or itfiiN l jray j ne second proposition, su, wnichll prepoee to j " c -'ow mai mese questions arise daily jm J apprcnenoeu oaoger py increasing) smuur
mc owie governments, and are decided by those -"v eciaacesuiois(xaqaiiijuogmeiiis. wny
. . . . . i I ! I ... i I . . . i . i - . . : i : ......
on. 4103 ib oucu: je u seiueo axiom tn poiiucs, mat
eycryGoye;niheiit mutlhave a judicial powei.
Certaihlv, there lis only this Teasoii, viz: that
i
and pariicuiai law be in contormity to the constitution I ana nut to give it power u revise and control
I of the State, is a question which the State ie- ! th3 decision 01 toe existing thirteen, then they
I gisiature or the State Judiriarv mnat morn.ino I bniv: intend to ausruier ihe existinor evil. and
1 vSf fi4-'i maihUm, is. that; no State authority pan dissolve
Wt-a-- I le reiauons suosistms between the, iiavernment
U.iBarringvr's i'Ther Ux . of the United States ofld bdividualsf thai noth-
our revoiutiorr.l
iS-lfiPMrTiHwKf rt large land ''Mete iugh!disso)fe these relations
jp-Ftmngja'good Store lioom, Count-
B M n m-M 1 1 -, - - . I . - ill
tr ueiiax.' i:remer. wun suiiao m a-
H Ml??!:taUrQria lamlltj having fair
A vysiTiareisf abJ a Kitchen attached
A :l '! i- M :
M g::"fil-w..WUIvbe. received; in
.M yrvfi!' Prt M1 price,-, and indulgence
frfHuM t r: . I
jT.. fii.WgivIn at. any Invimenti -I
jMWPWlMULES whichfl iwiJ
f j Qd061 Mfcserarn iu addiikin tb riae
&i .'SStlS !urti? improved fL.
- 1' ' .
"si .. t.wi Wlll'T a s nt ui ii.ni in i.o .4:..
,lt T titb-ccor-t
iilK!11 leahnsoe the seller
m .tJUSted thai hil-nri-
uoveruiuenis , ano i jiiiaw no uoverument
whicn does not exercise a similar power.
vxxi general principles, men, the Uovern-
and thajt, therefore,; there can be no such thing asrl mem of the United Sttes possesses tliis autho- i me IxWs may receive a uniform mterpreuiiou,
secCsswH withoutreyoiution. All this follows, as
itsenito me, as a jot consequence,' if it be first
prorea that ihe constitution of the United States
is a- Government proper; owing protection
to 1 individuals j and entitled to? ! teir obe
utenbe.i " ' j- j p-j: L i; f
Jhepeopti, sir4 in levery ! State j lite under
twdilGijveTrfcherits: 4 'they owe upediencelo
"" eseio&venimient5, ;nougiv uisunct, are
nty ; and this would hanlly be denied, were it
not thai there are other Governments. But
since there are State Governments, -: and .since
these, like other Governments,; ordinarily con
strue their own powers, if the! Governmeut iuf
the United Stotei construe its own powers also,
which construction is to prevail in tljb case ui
opiosiie constructions? : And again, as in the
case now actually (before us, the State Govern
notad verso I Jich has! its separate: Isphere, and I inetits may undertake, not only to construe their
as jfodhar powers and (duties. It i not a con- own powers, but to decide directly on the extent
iFrensfor the ikino. pwer, f the powers of Congress. Coiigrew bjjspas
likji raa ;f the rial Houses in piugla-id; 'sed a iaw as being within its just poetsf South
noris a di.te oetwtifn a govei nnient dc facto Cantina denies thai this law is withiu its just
andjl oventoerit de jttre. Itis ilje I caso of a powers, and insists that she hasl tho flight so to
division ot" imwers. between iWa cWenmei:ts. decide this point, and ihat her dpiRl.Jn i (mil
. - - , 1 ll . . 1 ; . i ' W I . . m I : ' "T'T" BBBBB.
ue iiivse quesuoos ut ue sett
constitution lof
provision
... ...... :L
, t" -i -. . vuiu IV ire MlUiMUll iO U1B1U-
rii:8 divisioniLf power, it m I true, is in ' tain that j in a constrtuton existiuuver four and
JMaies- w ith equal au;horitv over 'all. one
claim a right of tonstruing it forllie whole.
j if is 1 not J.incompreheusibie. 1 he a r. is would seem a manifest impropriety iu-
aeedv anausurdily. Jt the o institution is a ov-
? eminent existing over all i ; tali's, though
uai me wujie neooie i uu .im.ito rjwers. it naraw.iv t.i iu,i.
ft. . i. :.b; r ; m I . " I . . i r --
i . . r ouiK-r i hw can he absolve ; her ciiaens w tu extent ot tiioee powers; it must be fupreme.
Ir.h j their obeuiance"tollhe laws of ithe I United i ii it be not
States? ilvcaBheaWHmeirolligalionsaad J ticular Stat ii not a uatioaal Goverument.
lnadej iy itoMpeopte, to livhica both ajrej resjnst- huw are these questions to be settled? -
wol ieitapf icaa dispense with the fduty which In my opiulon, sir, even if the
muiyidua; ove to the iither; neUher can call it- j the U ntted States had made uo express
of boti
a
agfii-measare unknown in JEiun)pej fit is the twenty Su
pufir si-siUrofi Amlrieail and. thouirh new i could claiu
aadiiguhrijt is jnot incompreheble. The I Ttis wool
oiai!
fe'i Stitips J Hew. then, can a btate secede
i liiw c,aa .-t uifci undo IW
ana ;a uiiUuni executioni
ouierwise attainca. a s
diciously interpreted to be
oao
in
way :n New
jgia, thefe
This objevrt ca u be no
atute is what it i ju
; and it it bo coutroed
Hampshire, at.d another wk
is uo uniform law. One bu
preme Court, with appellate and H.ial juruwiic-
lion, is iui natural and poly adequa:e means, in
any Government, to secure this uniformiU. The
cunyentioii saw all this eleariy ;aud the resolu
tion wuicii 1 have quoted, never afterwards re
sanded, passed ttirough various thrxKhcatiMts, nil
ittinally received the furia which the article now
wears in the constitution;! it is iindeuiabfy true,
then, thai ihu tiamers 6b the OiUStilution iiiteu
ded tojjcreatts a iktiofial Judicial iower, which
should be yt rtuanent, on' national suijects. And
after. the constitution wis framed, and while the
hufeloOdnify was engaged in discussing its mer
its; one of iu most distialuished advocau, iVlr.
VadiM4rj t jid tti peoptfmat iiiMis' true that,
in cotitrvversiu teUUit to the boundary be
ticeeiV the two jurUdicltfHS, tlic trihwui vtlacn
is idtiuutltly tadecide, is to be established under
tliC :ieieruf tgovertutuft. Mx, jtlimn, whu
had beeri a member of tbe convention, asserted
the; same thing to the Legislature of MaryJUnd,
Purged it as a reasiin ftu rejecting the caasu-
tntioti; ! Mr. rickuev, Ihtmseli also a feadiug
au usurpation upon, the General Government, the
law is void, and upright, independent judges, will
declare it to be bo." 1;
And let mo only add,. sir, in the very first ses
siou of the first Congress, with all their well
known objects, both of the Convention and the
people, full and tresh in his mind, Mr. Ellsworth
reported the bill, as in generally understood,
for the onyanization of the judicial department,
and, in that bill, made, provision for the exe r -cise,
of this appellate power of the Supreme Court,
tn all the proper cases, in whatever court arising
and that this sppellato powef has now been ex
ercised tor more than forty years, without inter
ruption and without doubt.
As to the cases, sir, whicn uo not come oeiore
the courts, those politioal questions whicn ter
uunate with the enactments f Congress, it is of
necessity that these should be ultimately deci
ded by Congress itself. Like other Legisla
tures, it must be trusted withfthis power. The
members or Congress are ciien by the peopie,
and they are answerable to the people; iiAeu-
thr miKlift aaptiLs- thev are bfUbu bv oath to
support the constitution. These are the securi
tio iKi thaw will nnt violate their amy, nor
transcend their powers. They are the same se
curities as prevail in other popular Governments;
nor is it tasy to see how grants of power ?an be
ir..r Hti'plv (vn&roed . without reuderiog tbeu
nugatory, if the case can.ioi oome beiwre the
oiuirtM uA it" Cofiirress be lioti trusted with its
decistoh. whu shaii decide u ? 'i he ffentieman
nnr-h Stale is to decide it tor hrsell. it
fo. then, as I have ah eady urged, what is law
in oiio RtitA ia notlaw in anoiner. Or. if the
resistance of one State compels an entue repeal
oi the law, then a uiinority , and that a small uue,
governs tbe whole couutry. f l
Sir, klibse whu espouse the doctrines ofnullin
cation I reiect. as It seems to me, the tirst puuci-
hlrtv i tuat is, tiiat the
majority ut govern, in uiatteis U wBmon
..r.T ii, tnrfirrrtMit nf a uiajontv nMaf slanu
ihAli,n(Ti,U,L of ihe whole! lius is a Jaw
imioHl oS es hy the absolute necessity of the
Hn mil act ubOu it. there is no
lkMKihiiiiv uf inam ainiuj any
OesooilSiU. : vv e neat ,ou ---
majuniy gwwn-
Government . but
t . - . ..o M eA
ineiU. I I us declared, with mbph warm Ji that a
majority goterniw cannot be inaml in
the U mtod States. What, tiien, du geutieman
wish?1 Do they wish' to establish a viittordy
Do tiicy wish to subject the win
portion: of I the worth and respectability of. the) !
State; a mfnority, lomprehfnding, in its number, !
men who have been associated with him; and
with uS, in these halls of legislation; men who); f
have served their ccjuntry at uomej and honored j
it abroad ; meu who would:' cheerfully lay down
their lives for their native State, iu any cause) :
which Ithey could regard as the cause of honor :
and duty; men above iear, and above reproach . ;
whose deepest grief and distress spring from th
conviction that tne present proceedings of iu m
State must ultimately reuect oiscreoit npon nrj
how istlui minonty,how are these men regard- j
ed? They are enthralled and disfranchised by 1
ordinauces; and acts of hulation; subjected V, j-
tests aiid dattis, lncoiupaiaoie, as icey conscieo r j
ti juslr tiuak, with oaths already taken, and b i'
ligations afready assumed; they are proscribed; j
and ddnouhced, as recieants to uuty and patriot-
ism, and Slaves to a lore.gn rower ; oom iuo; ,
spirit iwhfch pursue them, and the pitive'; ,;
measures wnicn emanate irum vaai sptnt, :
harsh and proscr puve, beyond aJl precedentrij
withid my! knowledge, except in periods of pro j
fussed Irevolution.
It is not, Mir, une would think, tor those whb
propose these proceedings, to cou plain of tho I
power lof rnrties. j
Mr.'-President, all popular Governments res j
on twd principles, or two assumptions : 1
First '1 t there is so far a common interest Fl
amomr? tliwo over whom the Goveramcnt ex- H
tendsTas ttiat it may rrovide for the defence, ?
protection Jand-goid gv ' f:nent of the wholes j
without injustice or oppression to parts. f .
Secotd. That the rtjtfesutatives of the people, j
and especially the peuple themselves, are secure; j
against general corroption, and may be trusted
therefore, with the exercise of power.
Whoever argues against these principles, at- I
rrties against the practicabiiity of all free Govern- t
menteJ AjmI whoever admit these, most sd- l
mit, orlcaimot deny, that power is as safe m thA j
hands of Congress as in those of j? i
Utivehodles. Congreas. is P
its membew are agents propur, r
!. .n.w-Tv them, ind liable to be dis
ralllehey continue todeserve it. assay j
K. .. - "!'!
ir,trn,lir,theniantfet mtent l- ,
i thl eootemnorarr admission of both . ?
fSri&sdium. prore any tuifthe plain text j
ut ine inswuuicw ;
a ivArnrrent ?
ui the ttiahy to the will of the few i The uouor
abie geatleuian from South Cjurulma has spoken
uh-Juto minorities, aud maMriuea eoocurrent ;
Uuguike W&MJ onknuwu to our constitution,
JtorVct it is not easy Waffix definite idea..
r!sldcrstahd i jtteseiiwthat
n imrlicatioa from other provistoos, prove any
thing; If Ois esrlyegtslation of Cgrevthe
course of judicial deeisiun. ! acquiesced in by aU
tbe Stale U ty years,prove any thmg, theri
. i.L.. . i Biifiiviiie law. and a ;
it is pruyeajura mc" - j r ' - -
fiual interpreter . . ; ; ; s
.u mnA tKt nrriPQSition, vr
.1T bwi rr i i. . .. .k--.ii r
icts ot Congress, ---v - rr . . -
Presi-
or nullify acts
bucihi dUrtturnrt uiast be looBeu .o, m - '-"V "17 the General Gs ferment, ana ojv.
irfe the peT the S4tes! ; ifeito."' ruufutltcri States, S viotauoa a.
Pleufum Cwclma. lcTv wluitw !
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