p, ii'txrtd hfurn the S. LuHiia State A j-
YitvltutaLStudtly at tin - 6' uumU
t,Aer,-l$Wh I""-1 AIITOIIELL,
r-- 0j tht Umivdririty. " ; v-
Three wecla ago last Tuesday, I was
honored with ewninmilcrttiort from the
'omiiiittes of the Agricullral Society ,f
North Carolina,' In relation to die duty 1
,0 discharge. A gentleman hud l&n
.VcleJ tor th 'performance of it, in all
respects qualified". -ori, wln would have
offered for your acceptance the tioniuela..
of a wisdom, in which tho ojM!rati.ii of
, mind mf endowed by iitwr-wW
Pleur, combined wTtb. the fruits and re-1
' i t kapniur ., htiirnru nirtont i m '
1 .wutlfinun would ha called awav and!
u.d Sliere b circu Mt.nc 2
- . i . .1 '
ecessaryto find a per... who, on the
s,,r oi i..e moment wvn.u provue .o,u.
.. :.,. tliiat tirratlltl tiAilA mifr alt fill Mil-
.Hti r -"--
imi
dad nothing else to do. Il'it we are over
running with Students at tho University,
and hate abundant occupation in ihedia
rl.arge of our duties there, not only every
.lav but all day, which, of courrc,alters ma
i. riallr the conditim of things So much
A aiwloir aenis to nie auiu-oiiriate in
ti.r war wf deurecatii.K too averu and '
. ..i viirv. l jiiiiiiiii rn uiii iii4 iiiir
i-i j; i .1.
s . I . a- L..t if -- j ...,,m ni unci lllff ilirrivuii llrf. Hllu Jl lfW ilri iriil lufi.
rireV." fr0"! ;"re."lv.,cHhlet.,leunl'6oIe,hi,4
.ul.iett ami the diKnity of the oocaw.it, I ! V - ' " " ,! r'"-'J the best ii1..kI of mn.m-
aT w.r rate n.L belWm U. d.. I "'C' l,"n,"U'r 0,,,a"-V I';"-","'1",' da' ,4,Mi ."'ff (' ''ore ir. N-rth-Carolina. ft
Ke'll aLme Xr w S TlC '"' H""'." U 1C,U,I,, " l-i "f rct we can find i then v,j Ut
"ndtwnay.we KWwl.iZS ,,mf ,k."" 1'hej1 drawing tl, that i, hevond the .cicr.ee andkill
. . i .., i!-. ' to the (Jiwirea Irnven or airJrtacliiii 1 f nn ii.Mlim.nt
ile nine lr itiu uu hsbiuiiuu, m um:
".r.-l.iu.f .riiii-i.o. ii case that hi re- . , ' ...... i
vartmng svcntuuaHVJiiiCac,liillii !C4art of -TC1BBce u ; sfarfahlc.1 i.. i.,,, it. ,
..in! to the matter or the execution of
what I have now tooffiir, I shall be judg-:
' V . ... .
...i irt. trttiiis Mfii it irrrutrn aiiiit in
a. erent respeeUbi . y. !
liut a umre weight, object to the
speaker, in the capacity ,n which he now
.u pcum. may be found in his manner of
i. iiid wlial coiikiiiuies iiis emiuoTUieiit .1 ,. i ,u ,. . .
, , . .. ii 1 ''' " 1 " ""t propose to treat a inn
!,.. . ..i.i rear a eiul to n..ll.ar. Ila la .. .1 '.. '
iiolhiiig but monk, it may le said, la
. . 1 .1 . . : . 1. . .
,..,. ...,v, --j,, - r- gie stn.le from that remote era and 1111-
p.a ly doutered p there at tWjBWM U,CH,jt tm Uic tl,
I imersily, engaged H.couMi.un.cali.ig l.r , , V,ilafj(ill j
young men the ludmie.... of science, j ,u (i y j , lllult,w.
l..t can be know aUmt the ..,..- ,y ( ilh lC colldili .
.,1 taruime, the ( ulfja wn of the ground -m "
..r tl.. ruialfll' lf sTttTtle f ' . J
w 1 ........... ..
h -
r. l an ot.jccl.on to me, tilutes
11 v iml Miieiit tn v very i.i"hest recm.-
' . '
ilK ll'iatiO.I.
It were a g l tiling tor peo
t 1
..'iiiiom ni B.H-o-4.,, 01 earn w a.M e
vr age, to have now and then from n.e
i.ili. iil.e source, a statcnieiit of the opi.i
eiilertuiiird respecting theii.-'.ves
i.u their mode of pr.eiiing, by sue!,.
t Sie tin farthest puwiible rviooveO fr..ni
:i.t-iii in tlieir K-:ial m.iI...ii jiml pcr-uits
it on 1.1 c very amusing nt ieart, ni.-l
uogi.t le useful oinelin.e, for lawyers,
....... I .1. ...... .. .!..,.., .
t..,. .i.T... ... ,..i,..r. ... i:J.. 10 ti...
's V their neighbors have about them.
.. . 1 111
.V . . "."u,u ' "' I
nr Msle of the house, and disclose the
lunicathina tlie ses have with each
COCM
.W aheat tt men wIhm, tU, r JtsyJaj ,
T r'.K I V V"",
t!,. sweet, low toffe. of heir voice only ,
are hoard, bnt the wiw. s. they otter are
uiidist.nguishable; or if the women could .
.hrtrBtlkn
i"e men ai'iil tiieinsei en, v. tie.. ...etr
miiiic men sp'nk out fearlelv t one
another, instead of humbly talking liltir
toy at the l t uf. aa-ifu or a lady 4"ti.
1. 1.: .......I 1 ii.
.. 11. 1. ... iaui, w m ......... 1 . ....
" "I uui gaunic ri:g-uiiiu appatvmij w.
r'a.r rharacter in their respective sphere,
but occupying very-different (Ksiitions in
"fifty, one a jxished g.-titlcman, atid
Ik- other a plain, unpretending peas.vit,
t interchanging opinions about the char
a'ters and conduct of mankind, when
' tpua s hs..ws isv mi ihrm V.wa, .
And tbsts btffsn a jf Sigrrssw.s
A bust Ik ..' its, cr.O a."
never sec two waggon horses of a
Sunday or other day, when they may.
!ia'l'-n to be at leisure, standing together
and thinking to each other -for hours,
ilhout being dewrous to know what ideas
uv be nasstng through the mind of each.
'W Kt bold of ah.Wi,ewpa,H-r, .n
whir. II..S. c. . ,.,.i,,.ii.. (',...
a .. . I. T . . 5n .
. who had lately len put up to fatten, j
, , 01 ilia, country is always ury, ut least as
One of the" happiest 111 conception, a. (.ll),ar,Mj .!, ,,Ht overhanging the olh
a. lla successful in execution, of the , ,.r Mrt.(, f ,1,. t.sr,,-s sra(.e (an ef
fn.lwitwna-of tU poet lUriw, theTwo-; jrt,ait. ly- of t he-deserts that border
U.. where be mtrrHluce. two individu ; K ,. , ,, c,ll(,r ,, lp (.ihl;l((, jH u
e'fessing his opinions on matter and'"01 """gemer reini-iuu, is ueiermuic..
things iii general, I should irnsc his ar-! br rj',,M' in-yood imuiun ci.ntml. Dur-tic-e
with extreme interest. lie would ' "'K ""r niouths aud a half ol the year
probably state that the character of the !,,c summer months, September,
human race Seemed to have changed - Hl"' I,V ,lrst half of October-rain very
P t!y of late, and for the better. For
.1... I ' . ... 1
aT.le and venerated mother, a sow some-
what aired, with a luree family ulout her.1
ould never crawl, when half famishe,!, 1
Lir uigh an oiienitig in the fence around
a cornfield and Help herself to a break
,J't, without being cursed, driven rudely
pelted with stones, beaten with a
dub, and her car cruelly mangled Tind
t ni by ferocious dogs; here he, the wri
' was, iu u coinfoi table yard or en.
t!i corn or other savory I.smI always ly
'' ' by hint, a plenty of water supplied,
I'leinant sleeping place at night, that
was not his practice now to root any
morn except tor exercise ami It is own n-
I'liueiuei.t. Ile had doubts, indeed, nbo.it
' iii re uil t'lis considerate kin. ino.s would '
-d; but for tin- present ho was c0111f.1t.1-
h'.! anif virv l.ni.i.v ' " I
nn.l very happy. V 1 r'r,"'n."
wrJtjiol.t1lft prinriples' l.er 11,'
wn, I can very well conceive that tlie j .
mors of North Carolina may be wil- ,
"T"
How
fiirinc
"K iu kiiow wuni a uouy tn men so x- i
- i . f - - .1 1 ;
tt-lllll1 A lilM.V tl 111111 HO CX i
..... ,.l . I .1 , i, . , .
s.uely learned as are the f aculty of the
I
Diversity, think about their operation .
i.l ... 'V . . a 1
"'"i upon Turin i n tr in irnnei
yoii lhey 'entertain opinions npoti "these
... ...tun larmiug in emrai. i a.ue , .
"i.j(.ot (some of tliem) which aro quite
peculiar. Home of theme I have taken the
trouble, to set down; "which," however,
as Marc Antony says in the playi "which
pardon me, I do not iiieairto read." I
stand here, then, as thc unworthy repre
sentative of tho University, in thd pres
jsuco of the farmers ami planters of the.
Slate, to discourse to thtta about their
wu peculiar business, and to offer thorn
rn.,.,.,.l : . i .- . .. ... ..
-"""ei m relation to manors, wmch tney
t .
1 (
V
vol. x in;
''t- tu . '. .
, ,o ocean,
- "". .oioniyr me sain w no mm.
lllt.(UllJ u , mmn ,
((. j, ,lulm u .
. .
Kkl 1L III Hi) lira A In tin ninnau I.. K
a dangerous coast. I proMsc to examine)
and ascertain, as accurately us I can,
wlicreal-.uts we are in the great ocean of 1
agricultural improvement aud knowledge;
especially that part of our knowleiige'ed
wiiicii is ni i niiinaicly coiiiitctcl with
the science of chemistry. To do this it
will be necessary to look pretty fur back,
as well as immediately
about iik. If Hjiv
f ?
w'arranlci
I in tracTng is
of the human
i .
to the very cradle of the human
. . "
t
i r i ,
suppose una to he eminently 1. ne
"I .urminir. niusnmcli ad ui ..m-.. ii V..n
the very best of; all an.hori.ieMl.at the
r,t tJtt!r llf 1B v
, tlI1 of I
r ;, ( lf ,. . ' . ; . 7
sent.
hough 1 may hud occasion to euk ot it :
iwuiier. 1 come uowu, ihun, at a sin-;
1. ill ;., 1 " , ...1 , . P
e..i".iii ranis 10 r.. i.u w nieii. so Iar
as -v iuoiii (miiibj in IIK'li, Bit It
j I )......... 1 1. . .f ........ 1 .. . .1
, " " ' '"ce...e.., 1
' ,1'- ".h-iit altogether upon the water, ,
of ll.e Nil
The habitable and cnltiva-
i;itit null in 1 11 11 l i'oiinir
jsolulely to the l.-w uiouii.U of thul 1
stieaui, extends but a vci y short distance which is favorabie to the increase of veg- utin..st care and precision. Tull contrib-, fori.iiaiiou so acquired was with' reason u
beyond tl. cm. Once in a year, MMiur- ' olabie of every kind, whether wild or ! uted Indirectly, therefore, to the neatness good deal more prized by the vegetable
hcfc l.etrteeii the middle "and end of , cultivated. This will imtnrally lead to 1 and beauty of the agricnltnre of ire.it ' liyiologist than by the agriculturist.
IlU'C. th r.ver lHgin t.. wellrom t1..- nppiic.ition of asiies a a manure, and ' Britain, and tho (Mirfection of the nietii-; Indeed, the latter cared but little for it ;
effect of rums which Ihu e fallen, we do curse ilh g.Md results. ods now in nse there. The turnip crop. 'ie c'"'' make very little use of it.
not know how lohgjb.-f.kr.-, in the interior ! 8. I'' mm the visible effects of the sum- in particular, which receives so much at- ' tor it vegetables, tho croiis ire cului
..f the c.niiu.-nt opAfi ica. Tlie q'llnti our si...er, wo are naturally led bv con-ltention there, thrives wonderfully under 1 vu,e and nnse, are composed of the eie
ty ..f ll.e water flowing in it g,,e, ..11 in .iectuie thut by supplying water iu any this kind ctf management, and if intro-' nienls of water, which they can easily
creasing ery slowly li about t Wo ' "'her way. we' may accomplish tho same 1 dncQiJ into the smaller patches that are . procure, which we can Supply if they
'month, t
the end ..rMl.KritT.iTe (l.eT'- Ibis will be true, esuecially if we
: channel tt the .Nilo I brimful And it be-
: ..... - I....1. . 1
. J u c. Il.tt l.ailks a.lU CO er
the low irrounds. A ....... .1, Ui. r i. i. at
;, ,, ..,,,1. .:n
..,..... .....I., nu,. I I. fV.
tDI I t ' . ..JV.llll lilt I
la n t.irneJi iuAaWWfai -
leaving tho soil, after having been flo-nl-
uwu m .
w , ,s .,, '. wit,
' ?....,,. '.., -;.;... .... . .. ,
0111 liie rei'ious ot if r.m
. - .
fourilaiu head. The ground now receives ,
what little breaking up it requires, and
1110 wheat wineli I tiv Iar llie nnst nn
"'"" 11 " ".
ATnTeaTim
. y . . , . 1
T,,rM,;,. ( ,. hejllh a'lld i i ..' nf this i.Ar
j ticular grain. It is verly' lillle subject to
; blHityr rust, or unldesr, or to any other
'of those casualties, which sometimes
1 blight die hopus of tho farmer in our own
i country. The agriculture of Kgypt was
I then-1. .re mainly, if not altogether nn-
chaiiica,!, the overflowing of the Nile sii
I plying annually the elements of a crei.
i lual luitii.lv.
I'uloMtine or the Holy Land, the then-
tie of so iii.mv miraculous events record
ed in the Scriptures, w as a very different
"',
sort of country. With some plains
ot
moderate extent, the greater part of its"
surface is rolling' or broken, i he rock
.1 1...1.A. . I. .C ..... ... I 11...
77"' .- '""-,.,.... e,v,
as 1.1 hgvi:, the kind ot culture to winch
thepopuUtiot. are 111 a great measure, if,
'""' ' . '" com mc ice ;
uc through the winter and spring.
It fol
t thrmtstwn ot rrojw innstal-
ways have been imperfect 111 that coun
try. . Mir common iiiuiau ciu, eci. 11
known, could never have been cultivat
ed to an advantage in Palestine. Wheat
was, nnd is, a iu Kgypt, the princijuil
gram. Tbi' soil has always been, and is
now, favorable to its growth unit produc-'
liveness; so tiuil with but nu imperfect
ciiluvtfUon, 'thr returns arc good. It doCs
not appear that the Hebrew were ever
remarkable for their skill in farming.
That they made some use of manure 11.
the lime of our Saviour, appears tr.. 111 the
parable ot the barren ng-iree, which the
''resser of the vineyard requests to have
I""!. ' '"' hn !1:vt' 1,avc "I'
iHirfiinity to dig about it and flunij It; ul
U'H snail snn coiiio.iie 1011
cVifiSt-fifS'lhUt It shall bu" I'lll
means of 'improvement used
r . .. , ... . ,-,i... . ,i . ",i ti,
II y ITT'TTT ilT'I'tNIr I" IIIIM" ITfll HI'i i inv
r ' . ... .-.
Cllioorai, ll.e imwilIM- ts.in,nii.i i.i.
.. . , : . .
, . . . . .,..,.. ..,.
der them from inlerlerrmg with the gro
ngerop. . . ,. v.- . - -'
When we pas from Palestine to the
shores of Greece and Italy, we conio to
regions whose characteristics in their re
lations to agriculture bear a nearer re
semblance to those of our own laud. They
are not, without forests; their climates are
oinnudint warmer than ours: the deposi
tion of moisture, under tho forms of rain,
hail or snow, instead of being .confined
1 to particular seasons, occur, as with us,
1. ' .1 .1. r il...
in succession one ... wi..m,m ,u-...,
"flie mode of culture, -therefore,
that .appropriate to the, mum., conn-
nearly to what obtain niiiotist xnr '
selves,. It is pomn'lM therefore, tlmt l.v
utiidy of the ancient clashes, some of'
which touch inculentully npoij the Ujpic
plantation.
The notices which the Greeks have left
us of their modes of culture are few and
meagre. They are certain facts connect-1
with growth of vegetables, which are
likely to force tiieiuselves upiui the atten-,
lion f the most Casnul observer, and
which were not neglected in the aL'ricul-
. . .. I ..
. ...u u. in. a or any oilier ancient PCO-lau
oh. J '
1. i lie rankness of the grass and weeds j
jat hImxii the siH.t where some
ome manure
to siu'srest to !
luis fallen, uiav lie pxiM.f.ti.il to &ii.r.r.ut
the most slovenly ami careless farmer the!
application; of the same substance to the!
100U of wheat or anv other vegetable he culture of corn, and at a later date of cot
may have under cultivation, as a pretty ton, only he would discard manure alto-
ceriani menus ot rendering the returns i
larger, of a better quality, and on both
Hccoiints more valuable. Hebrews,
(jrei
sks and ltomaiu, seem therefore alike
sve understoof) the effect of mannres,)
lo have
though I ioiod, one of the most ancient of1 tivator to the crops, where each plant oc-! Kri,ef"1 r"l congenial to their own up-Uiowhere. A proof it is of the existence
the Greek poets, whose works have come ! enpies a much smaller space 'than does Ititc, and restore it purified and cleans !?( wise and kifid intelligence that pre
diiwii tons, and who wrote expressly la stalk of com or cotton, as in the case of ed to meet the wants of the animal. i sided over the creation ot the earth and
.. , ' . ' IT . . . Tl . . ! ; ... .. . 1 L .1 tlt.o inl.ol.it it .,wl liu I... ..prior.
of agriculture, d.e not mention them
" "' 1 ;
at alU -
V W lii.l. A ml.i ... . I ..... I. 1 . . .
- 1 - ...jw ox ... ;
' burnt in it tiel.i. the growth' upon that
"I"'1 fci'"w that some influence has '
crated from tho wood and deposited there,
eau ttirect a miming Stream trom its ;
pmirn, n.i.l l.., I i, n I A,, .l.:........l I
-.-.."v, n-. in., .v na.x.xi ..u. v.k..a.t-u ;
tields. The L'reat uriucii.les of airrieul.
inrc. thirf..r.. tl.Mt r,voii,,l ...!
- - " - " . . . v ...... .
tl... iim.i ll.al .n.1
iMinto prmclicsUy tlie-- ancients, were
fc in number.
, llie wi, hM ,Q be lwetMli anj ,neI.
lowed by means of the plough or some
other ...fl.....i,.l nv. l.,.i..r.. tl...
tl"s slirrmg ol the gmuud be rcncweii
b-qu out ly, whilst the crop is grow-
n.u eu.inaiiug are to ie rooteu out,
or
il... r.... ... 1 ... 1 i c. i ;
...v . , ...i it ... ni; .r.ji viean. ?oi.hiioii
.
1' i-Vi i V 1 T, f ,"',r8e". u-v
yard
..v.-a w niviiMUi, HUM It IIISJ flllf
I th'
ir-rt"-
man void of understanding.1
;..id nettles had covered tho face there-
of
,. . i
fannyaid manure, though they do not .p. !
...v, ...nieii.NHi me .use 01 siaoie or
pciii to have valued il us highly as do the ,
liioderns. ' i
1 ti 1 .. . 1
. f. hit f fit t-t'liifii UMiifai nm m uiariii is 1
6. Thev were aware of the beneficaU 1 " of'K'n of the modern chemistry '
effects .irrigation idittes no further back than a single ceil-
C. Finally! they were not wholly igno-1 .1 1756- I)r-. U'ck published his
rant of wha't 1 accomplished by a ftnli-1 " Tlies!s ,,e Magnesia Alba, ' in which lie
clous rotation of crops. Their method of '''""-i.!),"'. besides the air we brcatiie.
fall.m inif differed from ours in .tun nnr-
. .
..... . . ... . 1 .1 . 1 !
j.icuiar; 11 was cxienueu inrotigii a longer ,
H't'i'ni. 1 he tieid that was to be Sown
111 wheat in the yesriT, was ploughed for
(u, of preparation in
.... , '
. Wjj
u learn trom l liny that thc use ol i
. .... .. . .. .
inari . .i..,..ui ..,.1 ito ..... 1:.
practiced in Franco and Hritnin; whilst, if 1
not unknown, it was at least neglected in
I,
Italy
From agriculture proper, ono of thc
aulboM Vurro proceed to the
subject of stoekbrecding, to which hade
votes eleven chapters.
I- On the nrnfis ad 4tjpi.tY
of Murk. -bn-el.if .
'2. I . .lie. n, rsuia and Islns,.
k Onrni sw i
? onZ.Z.iTZ'rT..
9. 01 muirs, bull. kind, 1
s Oog.i...fb..tiisr,c,.uU 9 Ahrtni d.ic.
. ''!'! , ,. . J? n!"n!k!!'vl'"iH i
4 AUmi the urg- U. Ol milk cbvM, ike :
6. i oiit-rriung bull Ji '
pd.aiul
n . 1 J
f any one of the 'company now here shall
he pleased to-enter upon 'the study of the
Latin and rend Vurr, that he may leurn
over again wh.tt he knows already, I hiivp
only to say thai this is a freo country.
We will leave the ancients then, pass
by tho dark ug.'S aud come down al once
to compai ati veiy m.Hlern times, llritiau,
the coiiuii y of the ancestors of most us,
was long, like the rest of Europe, thinly
and badly cultivated. Lveti alter the
xjjik.u:LLW of I'utia
nig was n "t at a higher level. iu regard to
either theory o ...practice than amongst
Hie ancient Greek and Romans. The
first considerable .improvements were
suggested by a man iu whose views and
plan for a better method of culture, truth
alid orfof were strangely mingled. Down
t.. In. ....... i.i'!i. v .11 nrolia
had iMsen
. .- .. - '
sown hroa.ivast, us llie small grams are
.'cn'eriiltv with us. i
" lu lT:!l, or one hundred and twenty-1
five. yearst'agOv'Jelhro Tull published his
treatise on horse-hoeing. He was an oarn- j
...t and keen observer, and noticing the
'effect produced by a careful cultivation
nu! the loosening of the soil, he dreV
cTnTctiisToTT ttisi Theone iid only tiling!1
required for the production rjf a good crop
Salisbury; n. c;;xovember 4, issg.
heyond the mere eradication of the weed the alow decay of animal and Tegetahlo merely nunc fine particles of co.ninon
i to open the ground repeatedly to keep I matter, and other agwreicarMH absorh-; earth, or l ave uhe a peculiar c..ntitu
it, in fact, alwaya loose and mellow, soled by the leaves of the plants, decompot- tion f their own, and one ithat is different
that the roots of the irrowin i.Unt.i.inv ed under the influence of the liifht of the for each particular kind of vegetable
easily penetrate it in search of the nnur-'ann,
Uhmoi.t thrv ronnim Hp ninrln ttnall n-
count of manure, almost the onlr nse of :
which lie represented to be to devide the
terrestrial matter, which affords nutri-j
inent to the mouths of the vegetable root-,
lets, which end can be accomplished, he 1
said, more completely and in a way in all I
respects preferable, by tillage- lull be-
gins by showing that the roots of plants J
extend much further than is commonly
Iwi iniT1 titii-l tliAii tirittarn I j f i i trt 11 1 ru i is.
to the iiature of tlieir food. After cxaiiS-
ining several hypotheses, he decides
this food to be fine particles of earth. It
is necessary, therefore, not only to nul-
vcrize the soil by repeated plouirhinirs !
before it is seeded, but as it becomes j
jgradully more and more compressed and 1
liardcned afterwards, recourse must be
. ... . " . . ..
10 linage or nor.e-uoe i g, as i c can-
Uh u '-i.trS ..... -i
cd it, whilst the plants are shooting o
which also destroys the weeds that won!
which also destroys the weeds that would
... .., - i , -r
deprive them of the nourishment that is ;
in readiness for them. His system of till-',
age was very-much the same that has !
long been practised in this country in the !
getuer as too Dlttiy a substance to be em
ployed in the production of what is to be
used tor !ood 1 and he would apply
the
method or process of ploughing or horse- j
hoeing with some kind of coulter or cul-f
turnips and wheat. Of course, when the
jronn.I is to be stirred between
,il,i,l. r r mn.l. . . . . I. n .
"...v.. .v ?.. ...e. . m,u, o . .
comes inilispenable that those rows be ;
perfectly straight and true, their distances
the whole business be conducted with the
seen cX fb is season ol the year somewhere
auoill every plantation in rv ortll UarollllO,
irinlil Iiiiwa un A.nAllnn. nfl.t T C I. I .
,.M.v an cAiniuicuuti. . alii
same c!xt)enditiirc of manure a crort of
ionual roodnpa wonhl l. r,rl.,l nr
- " ( " - - -
9 inncu larger surtace, ana we siiouia 1 "F w p.aec uiemscivcs u.iuei u.e. -- --7- -
IwiT. l.' .:!. ..'menial inflnrniee of the atm.Mnhira arid !tement eonsiderablf dtfterent
which tofeel our wives and daughters
during the winter. Tull represented a
rotution of crops to be unnecessary at
leastj if not utterly jiseless i
xr f , . - , ,
Men of better sense and sounder jg-!
"'"""""ff ",v " ii.msie. vi 1 u..,
availed themselves of his reasonable 6iig-
gestions. Tltey coutinued to collect, pre-'
serve, ami apply uieir manures as liicr
.-.j-.. ... . . - ...... ... -
1, ,i .1,,,,- I....-..-. ,..i , ,1..
' . '"", '": "o.r
.11:- .....r...
auii lieu ills ..ri.tiM.ri ... PRr.'i.i. i.i.n.ro
"d hi great panacea for so many of
- . r- -
. , r- ,-,r n .rrili I tn m-A ....
those crops to which it is applicable.
I ll Ti&rill I tt it Cif PllTfTil 11 7 tinMaauFAiit 1 n
.rradual though slow amelioration. The
great agent, the science that was to car-
..tt,r.;..r,
,Bont (f fcj Ul
P eliriraril
c,j as
... o
is impracticable was as vet unknown
as yet to bo called into being.
-" )vl 10 cu"eu into ueing.
. -w.. --
.... - ..:.. .i :.. .1 .... .
there is at leiist one other kind with pro-
t.t.rri..a u-bnIU' ,lilT..i-n awA U
v .....w..., ..........
probable that there are others eti 1 1 ; not
improbable that there aro mnny ether,
such substances. Chemists entered with
urdor into tlie new Held of investigation
iimt .-..a ... ...... iA:., ...
... d.ivu tiin.i.ici .iu to
them, and tlie constitution of ve't-table
D,"t,cr hecame, so far as relates to the
f! nev auu rn.eipies ooniiecicu wiin
.., "iraomw.. u-jciic i.uu v.. . .s ... .mini eo..i.us- ... ... . .unj c.-; ancti as is stilt solid. Hie information
fibre of every kind, as seen in irecs, in ed, one idea both valuable and new, and ; tablished by experiment. Fields that ' afforded bv such analyses would be val
grasscs, and the other product of culti-, no more. Someexaggerathm, it may be! were utterly barren, and; in tlie soil of , Habfe, inasmuch as, aiiiongst oftier thin"s,
vation, is composed mainly of three sub-1 believed, there was in this statement, but which uo phosphate ot' lime could be de-1 w, ,,,! .ttlrt .Utiuii,.. i,n ni,:,M,
j stances, viz: oxygen and hydrogen, which
re const4u4int cIcuicuU of water aud ,
carbon, or tlie coal that is seen at the
biacKsiiiitu s snop. iv aler is present ev-
I.. .... 1 .. .. .'
erv where iu a lavorahle season, so that
e can well understand, whenco tk.tt is
. . , ' - .
puHMired by vcijeUblea of everv kimr.
I'Ut with regard to the carbon, it is at first
'ht hy ", 11168116 clear whence it is that
il comes. Take, fur example, a field of
corn at fodder-pulling time, lhere is n
lrro burthen ot carbon in it in the ticular, the larger part ot tho credit con
stalks', the blades, and the cars. There neeted with She more recent discoveries
is often very nearly, if hot quite, as mncb-iii this fiejd of science, and with the new
carbon m fA.' dL that late in the season views that are taken, is due. Another
'as there was in thc spring. From whence, prodigious stride, nnd one of gre.it im
then, has this constituent of the crop been portanee, has unquestionably been made,
derived ti It' was nt length ascertained- and its importance depend upon the fact
very fnlljj by a long course of cxperi- that it is in the right di.ection. We are
nients instituted by different philosophers. I'laced fry it a con.litii.ni. not oniv tl
between the years lull nnd lsw, from
what source it is that vegetables are sup-
"plied "vt'itli tflelai'ge'r piirt Of tho ta rjioli"
they contain ; that it exists in a state of
combination, united to another etementa-
ry substanceLin aywoutaJcjliiriiBcd -
irrsifiatr-proportiii8 through the utinos-l
phere. This gas, or air, bearing the name ,
tf r-Ki..i i. an i.l ia flA f... tl.A u-ailid
"t mv.v, ,
allJ necessities of annuals are Concerned
o be regarded as air impurity iu the sub -
stance we breathe. If it exceeds a cer-
tain proportion or limit, the air coutaui-H.ut
"'K 11 becomes positively noxious and
uea.i.T. . , i wo, issoiueiiioa usc.i, r--'
peciailv by females, for the purpose oft
suieide in Paris and elsewhere. It is aeHy leaves a considerable nnantitv of
product of respiration, of combustion, of j
the Citrii'oii retained for the nse of
I tho vesetable. and the Dure, viul air.
wiiich is one of itsconstitue.it, "iven
out. The leaves with which the torets
are clothed in summer have no other use
r 1 . 1 I -.1 , .
or uurposg so iar as nas oeen niineno ao-
certai.led, than the acc ..Iishme.it of
these changes. The grove around the
L'niversitv .rnkhes an exocrimeiU on a
large scale, illustrative and confirmatory
oi the truths that nave just been stated,
The soil contitiiK almost no carbon under
any form. The leaves, when they fall,
at this season of the year, are mosily
swept off by tho wind during the winter,
and what few remain are burnt at the
opening of the spring. 1 ct the quantity
of carbon in the trunks and limbs of the
trees is evidently increased from year to
year. An additional,- and it is by no
, i-i i ..... r
J"vvnqmcm.,.v- j v. u.-,
I.nn i. M.,,m.il.'tMl in tl.7. lr,, tl.u,.
selves, which as Iras just been stated, are
. . . ----- - -
either swept off by the wind or burnt.
There is no other source from which all
this carbon can by any possibility have
been derived but the atmosphere.
The effect of animal life, therefore, is
to contaminate the air we breathe so far .or the earth of common white flint, phos- L xaln,iCt which have not yet been' cut
us its relations to their own healtful exis-1 plioric acid, and sulphuric acid. down : the large trees were more thinly
tence is concerned, and at the same time I No it i remarkable with regard to scattered, presenting somewhat the ap
to charge it with nourishing food for ve-: two of these substances so indispensable w-arance of an orchard. This feature of
getables ; whilst 011 the other Ij.ind, ve-1 to , vegetation, (potashes and phosphoric
getablcs Fob the air of what is mostiacid) that they are everywhere and
I Ins was a prodigious step in ndvnnco
in our knowledge of organized nature, re-,ed
vealing to us much in the economy of the
vegetable and animal world which it was
lnobt desirable t6 know, an I furnishing
an explanation to a certain extent ot the
"ses putrescent manures ; but the in-
BO in' want mat mere is an absolute
"ccessuy tor n ; ami 11 c.trmon, wiircu nicy
ITOt I Hllll t IIP Ml T ! ftll tilf'V CIIT1 IMISS1
n , j I
w ant is a soil ot almost any sort in
to obtain a foothold mid raise themsel
'e sun's rays. Why then should tl.crei'
b difference in soils! Why should
not "e "e ns good as another? tor a
10"p l,me we were uiiaijio to. assign any
satisfactory reason. One class ot men ;
ne ,ir0fciio was as much in the dark i
. uue class 01 men ,
as much in the durk
is another. There wiw ,
fl,)llf , In.,t,.r nnothor. Them waalcover.
... r I ... ...i.;i. .... 1,-
., ....1 i... 1 Vi... i..'j
.M..,.w., - ..rtMW"MSH "WtiWW1 . ttw imu i
:..., ..
. .-
....ir.r ir.t t i 1
.
u.i.i ..nu 10 .., me .1.11.1U . f;ov.ui - i
tur:i
j .
il chemistry. It was not, in tact, en-
L......1 ... nil" iiiiiiii. K...1 i.ir it iiiMi.tit-r n.i
.. . .1 1 1 e
- hA a,s.l ... .in, ,. j-.f
- - - - -
. - i t 1 a- . - it- 1 g "X3 ctiiitjiii.9 fji lenini v man
there was any such science as agricultu- j different raw 1U'J kJ"da- ,t' j the subsoil, is Uierefore to bUkekla
ral chemistry. 1 the year 4Mror-44-itlie paniciiiar-uses ..t each, and whntf 1 T a tle ,nd nonegt
years ago. Sir Humphrey Davy, nt the i change, ure accoinp .shed through .neth.xls we can employ. Amontrst thev'
instance of the English Board ot AgricuLJW.we wlV '-v "'ora'."- h u,hiUide ditching and norixoctarDlonfffi'
tr.. dlirm.l in f -n.i.lon . nnnnA of r.v. ouo of the secrets of tile Deity, trotn over 1 ; .. ... .. . t
,r .
11" .
,'u inio oii.-jwi, aiiuj la- w 1 wiin w mi
thc cjc e ad (irecisioll w llic!l claraL.. ;
j lerU! Jj, lhe liroJuctieM f his ,,en, bnt
,.r; 1 ,h ,.r,vl,.rti.4 of his hut
so far as the inlormatioii they cousin ami
the new facts thoy furnish are concerned,
were of no considerable value. The pro..:
of this is to be foifud in thc fact that the
interest they awakened was milv tempo-1
rory ; it soon died out, nnd the whole
d.il.i.,n l.v ,....t..nt...l
- ....jv.. ...s.lt.. .... .. ....... rt. ...
years. An intelligent friend of mine, in
the soundness of. whose. judgment, as well
as in his general fairness, I have great
confidence and who had, at least, paid
........t .ti... ....... f. !.. ... . ..r : 1
..kuuuu .u ...c buhjl-u. u. agi.uu.-
ture. told me that after readuiir Sic llum-
phrey book carefully through, he seem-1
eu 10 nave leaueu oiu 01 llie muss 01
the. worth of the conntribiitioiis of Sir :
lliunplircy to agricultural chemistry , it
will I believe, be conceded on all hands,"
was very liiconsiuerubie.
vi leugtii, meu 111 groping anoui in ine
darkness began to feel the truth and to
lay hold of it, and though from the want of
the needful books of reference, I cannot
speak with perfect confidence, I 11111 of
..t... .-. .......
tho opinion that
not only
.nuns in geuertil, but to rsii-.tig.'i in par-
correct our own theories, hut also to . n
pmrc our prai'titv. There is a science of
BgiTcnlt u rat chCOnTstry iVow, ai)dTfs teaeli-
ings arc of immense value. 1 have.. first
of all. to state biietly but distinctly What
thuv - aw. - ""
When vegetables are burnt thev leave
a quantity of ashes behind them. The
..: . : ., .. I ... . ..i, ... .. A... ..: . ... ' . ... I
ni- .ht is i.i... vevpnou, ...i m-
f we uurt, it the quantity of lhe ashes pio
, cured i inconsiderable. With this fact,
jts capacity of growing slowly indeed,
with a degree pf vigor even upon
the sand hills that are barren for al-
most everything eise, nas proi.atiiy a
dose connexion. Vegetable matter i?en-
ashes.
Is this what Tull. supposed I J
.:. . .1 . 1 ... 1 .1 . ....'....::... 1 .1. . 1 ,
NUMBER XXIII
grow th, and does the matter contained in
these ashes play an important part in Hie
economy of every plant! ll.es! were
me fiuerions, i ne seiueu, an.i i..c
swers that have been returned have a
.Id.... .iit imirfflnl .ii.f.itipanv for tlu
"-- - r.
agriculturist. With the tn they state,
his mind should bo very thoroughly tin -
hued ; they should be perfectly familiar
to lum. lhere are a few chemical coiir-
'puuuus u.ai, no uwj . ow ,.iuu.
its ashes, appear to be essential lo the
healthy and vigorous growth of each
plant, so that if they are present in suita
ble quantity in a soil, ami there is no
other hindrance, that will be a fertile soil
for the vegetable in question. These in
dispensable requisites of fertility are few
in number; they ure required 6y uoarly
all, if not by all absolutely of tfie plantt
I.. - . .,.. . I. .11 ..
Isaiue i.ntuort on and in eoua decree.
; iuey are potashes, or mat suueiiHice m
. . . -
common which communicates to it the
1 property of forming a soap when boiled
tor some time with an oil or with tallow ;
jsoda, which is nearly related in ita j.ro-
perties to potashes ; lime magnesia, silica
" tnai inhabit u, ana mat ne nas "raer -
all things well.
rhey are diffused in
quantity and proportion through all,
soils. whilst there ure tew it any extcii-
stve and ric!i mines ot theimtrom winch : tll0 snml! ruotlcU ,ctratc sometimes to
they may be extracted and strewed over,a )lepl, of teil) tWtflve and fiftwn feet
the surface ot our tields, so 1M; to create in rXlley are in .1, of ,wtash, s.Hla, !iine
them all a fertility which is not native ! u1ts1)ri0 aci. gulphbric acid and A
and natural. herever there is one ol ; ,uw ut,ier tli,1JfSt w,ich t -and
those blades of grass 011 which our do c;lrry so as tl) be deposited in th
mesne aniiu.ils teed, or a sttk of wheat trmiki hin)g and eaves.r Wi,en tuese
which bungs a single gram ot seed toj wolMi, maltKn wliether in the na-
inatunty, there ure potashes and phos- fura, mune of Jccav or . hnnt
phate ot lime in the soil. The; quantity , Ilm tle round tle preciong efements
especially ot the last named substance j uf iertiiity that have been extracfed from
oe , e.y '
the analytical cHKsrwtin l,M a parcel
of tlmt soil under examination, will with
01 tlmt soil umicr examiimtion, will wiin
iHyidifliculty, it at all, be able to separate lissuC) are ifberated and minded with
which '"'J weigh it. lhe entry in his n.,te le ,p U. Tl,ey are likely to be dis
jelvesbo..k may be-phos,.lior.c acid a trace 'jved to , .
er tl... ; whilst from a stalk of wheat we obtain a .,,:. .u., tn w, , r ,1 . :1 :
certainly no superfluity of phosphoric
cil, the wheat stalk wciild say, m that
son ei 1 loun.i enough 1 to meet ni lm -
" .7-vj . :Itt. ...'.. 2 vrij
- . i ----
my ashes, you will readily
cover
olc'"' l"'f
i ' ashes, you will readily di
i he tact that these few auttunces are 1
always found in the ashea of veiretable.
.. . 1 . , 1 - -
seeuis to furnish decisive i.root that thev
m : : . n
- - - - - - - . -
i'-. - ""r"' '-" I'-' ?
HIT IHia.lt. alll UISJ !T74t-illjl I" II, .n IllVt
1 . . .1. .1. .
r - . .
1 ta 1. ii'ii u.1.1 .r.. uj.a.ir.A ri . ir 4. ixov
.
...i..-..i. i. .....v.. 1
ha d to ii f the but tL
. ... . , . .. T wria.-iiniuin ior aires, ailu whnt thn tinnl
tune, we shall d wisely .11 applying hr ; re8lllu of ,ch , likely to be
advantage the knowledge we;, , jt . -V'0 Jf'
," "- .' v.
i therefore, the fact to winch your atten
;1'"1' ' 'V9 particularly invited, once
j "wio.
Potassa or potashes, us they co-iiuionly
already acquired. I recapitulate,
call it in . the market, and phosphate of
lint.. i... i. I t.. I... ....... ....... I I.. tt.Zl
, .... ........i,. ... ......
" nu 1.10 o-j!c.inv
we are iu the practice ot cultivating in
tlns country, winch we infer that it not
absolutely indispensable, they are very
important aud useful to the plant, and
quantity in the soil, promote very great-;
m ico.no. 1 111s is 11 01 mere spccuia-
tected, on receiving a generous aiplica-
tion ol that suituucet have yielded abuu - ;
daut croji ""These two pi-ecioussubsUn-,to
ces exist in small quantity in the soil of
North-Carolina, and iu every part of it.
ii. the east and the west, iu every county,
on every plantation, on -the surface, and
and at all depths. lSut here 1 shall per
haps Irj met with ai objection. Of
wlwliiM is your chemistry after, all (
on tcJI us tnat you e Uuiiid out that
these substances are absolutely necessary,;
iudiSpciisiblV to j.i.iuts tiiat they are
e erv where and nowhere eiery -wiiere
iu siiuill quantities whilst t'uie are few
if any exieiisive arid rich mines ..! them
I If" iili.it advantage, then, cm it he t fl
to be advised of 'he uup..i ..in; part the
imp..
w "i ;
in toe i .'get .Hi ie w t ..1. i "Ur in'oi--
Jii.ihoii
be tii.it ot me
the bedside f
'iiiaT IieTiiii;."' '
him, umlersto
liy.sii-i.it i, h., tvtuitig t
patient should teliiJuui
nit was the matter, with
I. his disease perlfctlv
well, and could relieve, hiiii .wjlli. ease, if
he" could only tarnish h.nisel.1 with the
appropriate teuic.hls but imfortuiiateli
these were lit prcsejil, niwlier-;o be ". de
tained. J ust so you t.-lT us that our soils
aie, or may become diseased that you
know what medicine must be ir.mlicd to
restore them to sound and perfect health,
but are silent al.out tho places where, or
the method by which, thev are to be
procured.
It is not to lie denied that there is"s.ine
show ol reason m these otiieclioii.
liut- they may be met so far. as the
rc-spfcct.iiMli bcri:i.u e..t,f riv i I y !,. r . .
upon agriculture, are conecniod, by cer-
tain counter stalements. Jf wg catuw.t
accomplih all that wiittht be desired, we
lwJlJMm?ll'ilJri' t anggest the -
erection of a Inine mill in each coiir.ty so '
aa to make the best and most economical
use that is possible of the smalt atnoant
of phosphate of lime we bare'Vready at
onr command weean recommend the
moat careful aearch amongst tlie shell
liinestonei of the low country for maseeaf
containing n available per ceBtage of
thif. prcio'ua substance. And finally,
we can warn oor follow -cttizetii of the
danger of permitting whatever stock art "
now have of these constituent of a rick
soil, to run to neglect and waste. I think
I can satisfy any one who will follow a
fair and honest argument to its legiti
mate conclusions, and who will adopt
such conclusions as part and parcel of
his belief, that these invaluable snl.stan
cus are contained in larger proportion in
what we commonly call the soil a distin-
gnUhed from the subsoil, than1 at any
other point that is within som five-feet
f the surface; and the uso I intend to
make of this fact ii to press upon the far. .
mur-i of the State a more oilircnt use
than ha hitherto been made in North-"
tc. I;.,.. I.....1 i r n
Jf '.f " . l'!e mef"
. . "'r-'. especaiiy u.u s.ae
;lcV and hor,,ntal plowing, as the
mly moans they have of Deruetuatinsr
the fertility of the fields they cultivate.
I know very well that these are agricul
tural operations which are faithfully at
tended to by somefew individuals. My
object will be to show that there is rea
s in in the methods they employ ; that it
is 110 humbug which we recommend, arid
induce as many persons as I can who
cultivate rolling or broken laud, to adopt
the practice.
JSbrth tarolma, at th time the white
manjiirst made his appearance on the wes
tern shore. of the Atlantic and the Abo
riginal Indian was its only inhabitant,
was covered all over, as it had been for
ages, with a continuous forest Not ex
actly such a forpflt aji is now sm.s thrnnult
, .w-u, ,.,r.- ,.f ,i. .., rj w.i.. r,v.
tne orij,iuai landscape has not yet been
ahietiier obliterated in some of the ex
treme westeru counties, llie largo trees
threw out their roots in every direction
in IMltrnll of th.A t'.WMl Ka tnnifilnm mnA
eart)liT aIts especially, which were indis-
. ,wllt;r.B t,, tbir bltl.v n,t
jrtwtK 'flie t,p roi)t g,3 directly
gonward. jTm ff iu branches, audi
j the tub-mil, and from that which lies at a
considerable depth, have been bronirht
,, Mlui ,.r,r,tnr.tl ;,, ,K. ,7..
u .Ild ill-orlM,r..ti w :,t. fk ..M,.7.i.
ruins thnt tl umo iiuri i" ituu. M-
V'eTried off to the ocean and irretrievably
! W)lne ig -n(, ,o '
' wUi( JuUnce into Itse jfTonlid. bnt m
. large part remains at or near the surface
Helping to- oonrtitute--wha-nre' ail'--tkar
:oii. the principle for which I am con-
teinding i. simply one that ia well. inder-
i stood by mauy persons, but not hromrbt
oi . T he pr uc p e for which I am eonw
teinlin, i. .1mlr' on, ult k Jll lht
.biwl I., ,n.,, K... 1. 1..
J out with the distinctness in which, from
1 y,t nroin, w W I'T
-e. .... .1 . -i r .... .. '.
. .MWmM.m. 11 1 1 I A I . 1
,xni me ton irom tue course, and in eoa
, sequence of the r events "'"an Jc5an"gei rff
, -. nrrmcu. rr necerannrr
' .....l. 1 I r 1 . . -
u.iir.. 11 la. . ..win i.-.m. 1 .
- . . B j
::. .1.- . , . .... .
rf"' oiu me nrst piace.
! . h.M ? f
s..l....u... .. H,: '.1 t.
: ixdonwrn tn determine and decide. What
, we ntej at this tiruet as it appears to me
,(1re than anTtlin, in inricnltarai
Icheiiiistry, is,'a long series of" analvses,
; extending not laterally bnt vertically
... . ... ...
m,t al, acCoutit of the eomrjoaition nt .
. ..I e. -I ..1 r I r . i .
pureei 01 sou iun in cugocomoe, anq 01
aiKtner trom Iwiwan : bnt
tl.A umA!
.hi,... f, ,,.ir,.-U from diffUroni tntl..-
; SupjHwe a deep well to be dug here in
! Kaleigh, and the cartli examined, which
; ;g ,akeu, ui the gurfact, and at the depths
conie to a fw,int wl,ere t(ie decomposed
rock differs but Iitt.P in constitution from
relation to the safetv of such kind of deep
- (dotighing, as shall bring the &ri subsoil
the surface, whilst that which had
been at the surface is buried where the
roots of plants will hardly reach it.
M.st of the fanners whom I have tlie
honor to address know very well what is
meant i.y a gully or a galled place n a
licld. Tlui last name is well applied. ..
They are spots as unsightly, and uncom
.t.'i tabie, as tiioso upon a working animal
from wUich Uw liair ha been -rubbed off,
a:ni the skin chafed and fretted, until it
lias become tender at least, if not sore, A
H.-r.ri unacquainted with farming, who
Ms; ted -a Urge field or farm, that was in
this c nu ii ti. u. would be inclined perhaps
t. think v. ry, highly of it. The side and
f-4he-giiilies and W7tsrrey'-wonld
seen to have a rich, ruddy cohir the
earth itstll to lie tolerably mellow ami
pliiilde. I will turn in there, he would
ay. With a g.ou sharp, heavy plow, break
it .up. well, and show these stupid farm
ers how to raise corn. And those same",
.farmers whom he1 characterises as so stu
pid may be expected to watch with some
degree of malicious ueasurv the result of
his operations. SucTi gullied and galled
places, if not absolutely -immedicable and
incurable, are exceedingly dithcult to be
nursed into fertility. Differences un-
questionably there will be in different
places and counties : depending upon the
kiud of rock that underlies them. I am
speaking of what is most common and
general. And we cau see the reason why
.TO. ' W