Ihroi
ijiicle.
Saturday, February 2, 1980 - Page 5
liiDTHEWAYWELIVE
‘Cry Havoc’ or ‘Cry Wolf ^ S. David Freeman
I Drake started producing oil from a
r Pennsylvania, and the world has been running
If nil ever since.
1 "nonrenewable' energy source; there s only
Amount of it on earth. The same goes for
s, coal and uranium.
" tliese four finite sources supplied about 96
•*’ f ijS energy consumption. Almost half came
V i d a fourth from natural gas. Coal accounted
lij"ercent and nuclear, 4 percent. Hydro (water)
^*and nlhc renewable resources supplied only
|,jl4pen:s"' of U.S. energy and 6 percent of the
I's energy- ,
current energy shortage, however, is not the
'of the limltde^ supply of nonrenewable fuels.
°il’results from the failure of production to keep
"h rowing demand because of economic, environ-
"] jiid political constraints.
constraints make it impossible for the United
iflo produce its way out of the energy shortage
I's we curb our demand.
Iiitlive Capacity
IV supply 1* usually discussed in terms of the quan-
,ofdiscovered fuel remaining in the ground, called
'.js.us ’or the ultimate size of the energy sources.
Id "resources.”
never, it is productive capacity—the amount that
Redelivered to each home or car or industry each
ihat is the key figure. Oil in the ground might just
,||bemud if the capacity and incentive to produce
'sell it don't exist.
lie pace at which wells, mines, refineries, and other
in the energy chain are developed depends partly
lie price paid by consumers. As long as Middle
(111 oil was selling at low prices that reflected its
production costs and was readily available, there
incentive to develop domestic alternatives.
)W that imported oil is priced much higher by
Cand its availability is unreliable, it is necessary
Blouse less and to produce more costly domestic
gy But since no one guarantees future prices, in-
nenls by private companies for higher-priced
CCS will lag.
alone doesn’t govern the rate of oil production,
ironmental laws and impacts on nearby communi-
lightly place constraints on the rate of energy pro-
in. The world's proven reserves of crude oil total
650 billion barrels, enough to last about 30 years
irreitt rates of consumption, ‘‘Estimated reserves,"
thought to exist but not yet discovered, may total
Iv three times as much.
Yet, even if we created an energy company's dream
world—high prices, no environmental laws, and lenient
government policies—the rate of growth in energy pro
duction, especially petroleum, would still be constrair
because existing fields are being depleted; new ones
will be smaller, and more difficult to locate.
The most severe constraint, however, is that the
OPEC nations have learned that holding back on oil
production enables them to keep increasing prices as
consuming nations bid ever higher for limited supplies.
But domestic production can’t grow fast enough to
meet grovying demands. The United States now imports
almost half its oil; if we are to cut back on imports from
an oil-short world market, we must practice conserva
tion and develop substitutes for oil.
Most of the problems of oil production also apply to
natural gas, except relatively little natural gas is im
ported. The "easy to find” reservoirs have been dis
covered and are rapidly being depleted. Even without
price controls, which dampen the incentive to explore
for new sources, it will be difficult to find the remaining
gas as rapidly as existing reservoirs are depleted.
The world’s proven reserve of natural gas is about
2,200 trillion cubic feet; its estimated resource, about
8,150 trillion cubic feet. Proven reserves of gas in the
United States are about 200 trillion cubic feet, enough
to last only 10 years at present consumption levels.
Even if the most optimistic estimates of undiscovered
gas reserves prove true, U.S. production of natural gas
will be severely curtailed in 30 to 50 years.
Coal and Nuclear Energy
Coal also illustrates our frustrating energy dilemma.
Coal resources are large, compared to petroleum. The
proven U.S. reserves could last about 700 years at
present consumption rates. But obstacles to mining it
and burning it in a socially acceptable manner have
limited its use, and new technologies to convert coal to
electricity and synthetic fuels need perfecting. If we can
solve these envir '’nmental and technical efficiency prob
lems, coal could supply a growing share of our needs
well into the future.
Nuclear energy is a question mark, largely because
the public fears it, especially after the Three Mile Island
incident. In the next two decades the amount of ura
nium in the ground isn’t likely to be a limiting factor.
But, if more efficient nuclear plants cannot be per
fected. nuclear fission is a relatively small source of
energy, no larger than our oil and natural gas resources.
The United States could get energy from nonrenew
able sources yet to be developed, such as shale oil or tar
sands. It is estimated that we have 2,000 billion barrels
Gas Shortage
Signs such as this one in Los Angeles became familiar in
several parts of the country during 1979, as domestic oil
production failed to keep up with growing demands.
of oil in shale, more than all the crude oil in the Mid
east. But the shale oil poses awesome environmental
problems, and other sources are untested and likely to
be very expensive.
Renewable Sources
Obviously, our nonrenewable energy sources are going
to run out some day. The problem then is to develop
renewable or superabundant sources and use our fossil
fuels and uranium wisely to bridge the gap in the mean
time.
There are four potentially major sources of "durable
energy" that should be pursued: the nuclear breeder,
fusion, geothermal power, and solar energy.
The nuclear breeder holds promise of energy abun
dance. A breeder reactor is fueled by plutonium-239
instead of the uranium-235 used in today’s reactors.
While a breeder reactor operates, it “breeds” more of
this plutonium fuel from uranium-238, which is abun
dant. This “breeding” of fuel could allow the known
reserves of uranium to fuel breeder reactors for many
centuries. But development of the breeder is clouded
by concerns over safety, proliferation of atomic bombs
from its fuel, and escalating costs.
Fusion power is, in a sense, an energy source as
powerful as the sun in a reactor here on earth. Fusion
could supply an almost unlimited amount of energy.
But after 30 years of intensive effort, the scientific
feasibility of fusion has yet to be established. For now,
it’s a long shot.
Geothermal power, using geyser steam, seems more
diffuse and difficult to harness than the sun. Geothermal
sites in the United States are scattered, and harnessing
them presents major engineering and environmental
problems.
Solar energy offers the best possibility for our high-
energy civilization to continue. Using the sun to heat
buildings is practical today, but harnessing the sun to
generate electricity on a large scale will require all our
ingenuity. Whether the nation rises to that challenge
may well determine our fate in the next century.
For the moment we are short of energy and new
sources are many years away. And the shortages will
grow if we don’t curb our wasteful appetite for energy.
Any policy not rooted in programs to conserve energy
by making the American economy more energy-efficient
is doomed to failure.
Conservation is our quickest and cheapest source of
supply.
About The Author
S. DAVID FREEMAN has been chairman of
the Board of Directors of the Tennessee Valley
Authority since 1977. He previously served on the
White House energy staff and as an energy and
resources consultant to the Senate Commerce
Committee. From 1971 to 1974, he headed the Ford
Foundation’s Energy Policy Project. He is the author
of Energy: The New Era.
Naomi McLean
is oifen asked why, if a typist is able to
ipulate the typewriter with ordinary ability, that
il is not as well off as if he tried to beat ail
lingrecords. Maybe he is, but it is too much of a
ble.
e have been passing through a season of
iperity when work has been plenty and positions
to obtain. But there was never a day that was
ed by a night and after the sunlight comes
darkness. Almost anybody can make his way in
bright sunshine; he needs no lantern, but when
night comes on, that is a different matter
is the person who
something in the
of a flashlight up his
ve that avoids the
:s in the road
makes his way fast-
In the old days (a
often used) the
ot)' was nearly al-
s for the man with
strongest armor, and
as that means the
*>th the highest
nations and the best
sible preparation.
'■! system of teaching that does not dig out of a
the best of which he is capable is faulty,
i"8 at it from every viewpoint. There never was
tae when the best, the very best, was any too
simply because the world is going ahead,
swork is piling higher and higher every day, and
*’ork must and will be done by somebody,
this should be good news to anybody who is
forego the pie until a good foundation of
t beef has been laid,
and better work must be done tomorrow
today, and it cannot be done in a careless and
al way. Preparation is the watchword,
were wise and five were foolish,” you
‘t®her the story, do you not? The lesson from
itwtation is concisely stated in that one word,
Paration.
■snotenough. That, in essence, is one of
attet lessons in the world for most of us to
'''e go on searching for new or different or
' promising; and when we think we have found
■aibble at it, swallow just a bit, and then make a
'''■ti'out ever going deep enough to know
h'twe were right.
) a person has turned up his nose at some of
®'st things in the world because he did not care
* "St taste of them, like the foolish man who.
Carter Plans
Jobs Boost
By John W. Templeton
Staff Writer
A $2 billion increase in funds for youth employment, a
tripling in the level of federal procurement for minority
businesses and efforts to increase minority ownership of
radio and television stations are among the proposals
President Jimmy Carter submitted to Congress in his
1980-81 federal budget.
The President has also pledged to work for a stronger
fair housing law, with enforcement powers for the U.S.
Department of Housing and Urban Development, a
national holiday on Dr. Martin Luther King Jr.’s
birthday and a reauthorization for the Community
Development Block Grants program.
Administration proposals would increase the budget
for youth employment programs from $4 billion to $6
billion, according to the President.
"The fact that we have had persistently high
unemployment among poor and minority youth for three
decades demonstrates clearly the inadequacies of our
system for teaching, training and helping young people
to find and keep decent jobs,” said Carter,
The initiative will have two major components: a
program through the new Department of Education to
teach basic skills to low-achieving youth located in
low-income communities, while providing work experi
ence after school.
For out of school youth, there will be expanded work
experience and training programs through the Depart
ment of Labor.
Carter’s proposals drew strong support from Rep.
Parren Mitchell, D-Md., the leading economic expert on
the Congressional Black Caucus, and from Rev. Leon
Sullivan, president of OlC’sfOpportunities Industrializa
tion Centers) of America Inc.
iiiiiiiiiniiiiiinmiliHliHUiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiHiiiiiimiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiHiiiiiiiiiiiuimiiiiim
LSR-
from page 1
lllllllllilllllllMllllllllillllllliMlllllllllllllillllllllllllllllllllllillllllllllllllllillHIIIIIIIIIIIHU
Columbia Heights; Mattie
Jones, Dreamland Park;
Luthisher Adams, East-
gate; Julia Meadows, East
Winston; Ethel Hampton,
Faithful Few; Evelyn
Wright, Glenn Avenue; 0-
dessa Oliver, Gray Avenue;
Ruth Thompson, Green
wood; Alberta Reynolds,
Northwest; Mary Switzer,
Ogburn Station; Ruth Rose
boro, Patterson Avenue;
Mattie Clark, Piedmont
Park; Della Speas, Tobac-
coville; Bessie Conrade,
Rural Hall; Rayford Mann,
Walkertown; Lu Anne
Reid, Hanes; Gladys Gai
ther, Rhythm , Band; lola
Crawford, North Winston;
and Geneva Lowery, Cher^
ry Hills.
Selections were also ren-
dcied by the Senior Citi
zen’s Vocal Ensemble and
Rhythm Band.
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57. Garrett’s Store
27. Discount House
58. WUco [Hwy. 311]
1. Reynolds Health Center
28. Fast Fare [30th St.}
59. Cloud’s Store
2. Sunilse Towers
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30. K-Mart
61. Rite Spot Barber Shop
4. Model Pharmacy
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62. Jones Grocery
5. Stop Rite [Claremont]
32. Tickle Pink Cleaners
63. Spencer’s Grocery
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33. Food Fidr [Patterson]
64. Dudley Beauty Shop
7. Linton Cieaners
34. Eckerd’s [Northside]
65. AI Martin’s Record Shop
8. Tina & Bernard’s
35. Northside Sea Food
[Jetway]
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66. V.G. PhUUps [hwy.311]
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38. Ervin’s Beauty Shop
OGBURN STATION
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67. Young’s Cleaners
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69. Ogburn Meat Market
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41. Muncy's
42. B&J Beauty
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16. Hop>in
43. Record Boutique
72. Chronicle Office
17. Rainbow Newsstand
44. Salem Seafood
73. Universal Shop [Patterson]
18. Food Fair ]l5t St.]
45. Pantry [26th St.]
74. Court House
46. Shelton’s Gulf
75. Rite-Aid
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47."ri’antry [13th St.]
76. Post Office
48. Chick’s
77. Rene’s
49. Imperial Barber Shop
78. Bus Stop
19. Eckerd’s [Tliruway]
50. Carver Foods
79. Liberty Foods
20. Forsyth Hosp.
51. Wilkin s Store
80. Archie’s
21. Crown Drug [Hanes Mali]
52. V. G. Phillips [N. Hampton Dr.]
81. Real Thing
22. Northwest Panfry
'.’i Texaco [Hwy. 311]
82. Sanitary Barber Shop
23. Ray's Seafood
^4 Joe's Fine Foods
83. Binoca’s
24. Hairston’s Store
55. Ira's
84. Given's Beauty Shop
25. Stop Rite [Glenn Avc.]
56. Dalton Beauty Shop
85. O’Hanlon’s [Hyatt House]
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