ADVERTISING RATES: SANFORD, NOKTH CAROLINA, WEDNESDAY, DECEMBER 3,1890. FEDERAL. Separate Funetlons of the Senate and House of Representatives. By the Constitution of the United States, all the legislative power of the government is vestedin the, Con gress, wjlieh consists of two branch es; the Senate and the House of Representatives, Each State is en titled to two Senators, who* are chosen for six years by the State legislature, bot the members' of the House of Representatives are elect ed every two years by the direct vote of the people of the several States, v The Senate, at the time .1 write consists of j eighty-four members, and the House of Representatives consists of three hundred and thirty members, and four delegates from the Territories, who have the right to speak and to. serve on some of the standing committees, but no right to vote either in the committees Or indbe House- -, The right of the two Hoases to legislate upon all questions over which they have jurisdiction under the Constitution, is modified by the Iqualified veto power vested in the gPresWent. No bill or joint resolu Ition—that is* a resolution requiring the concurrence of both House— can bqv» the force and effect of a Jaw until it has been presented to the President, and approved by him; ftbat if returned by him without bis I approval, it becomes a l&w if repass f ed by a vote of two-thirds iu each Hopse. If he does not return the bill or resolution With hisobjections to its passage within ten days,, Sun days excepted, after it is presented to him, it' becomes a law, unless; Congress has in the meantime pre vented its return by an adjourn ment.. ' • The Vice-President of the United States is by virtue of his office the President of the Senate, and pre over its, deliberations . and feigns all bills and joint resolutions fatter they have passed both Houses, jlr there be ho Vice-president, or in |case he is absent, the Senate is pre |sided over by one of its own mem fbers elected President pro tempore. |The Vice-President has no right to ,ote except in case of a tie, bat a donator chosen to preside may vote bn all questions the same as other •members of the body. At the first meeting of each Con Igress-i-tbat is, every two years—the iHouse -of Represdhtatives elect a fepeaker. and other officers to serve f during the Congress, but it has the right to change them at .any time. The Speaker presides when the l House ia in session, decides all . ques tions of order, signs all bills and ! joint resolutions that have passed : both Houses, and performs many {other duties imposed upon him by Inw a«d the rules of the House. Be ing always a member of the House, f he hasja right to Vote on all ques J tions, but the «ules do not require j| him to’do to except when h# vote I would change the result. As a general rule, any till or resolution may be first introduced and passed in either Honse, and then sent tothe other for consider ation; but there is an exception to this rule iu the case of hjlls raising revenue. r i All SHch bills must originate iu the House of Representatives, and this has been held to apply to bills abolishing taxes as well as to bills imposing taxes., . Whether the Senate has a right to originate » general' appropria tion bill authorizing the. payment of money put of the Treasury for the support of the government is still a disputed question, but in practice all such bills originate„in the House. - ~ V; Wtih this exception, the two Hojises possess equal powers in all matters of legislation ; but there are certain functions which belong to eaclfof them separately and in the exercise of which the other can tube no part. JEach’ is the sole judge of the elections, qualifications and returns of its own members that is, each has the exclusive right to inquire and decide Whether any person claiming to be a membet has been legally elected, - and pos sesses the qualifications required by the Constitution. ' t A Senator must be at least thirty years old, and he must have been a citizen of the United States for nine years, and an inhabitant at the time of his election of the State for which he is chosen. A repre sentative must he at least twenty five years old, a citizen of the United States for seven years, and an in habitant at the time of his election of the State in which he is > chosen. Each House has the right, with out consulting the other, to make rtiles for the government of its Own proceedings,punish its mem bers for disorderly behavior, and, With the concurrence of two-thirds, expel a member. ' .Therules adopted by the two bodies are quite different in many respects, and it sometimes happens that hills which , have passed the House, and been sent to the Senate, are there amended by inserting' pro visions which could not have been incorporated by them in the House. This occurs more frequently in the Cases of general appropriation bills and revenue bills than in any others, and has more- than onee caused serious disagreements! be tween the two bodies. as me oenaiors ana Representa tives are not officers- of the United States within the meaning ,of the Constitution, and, therefore, cannot be impeached and removed from office, expulsion is the only process by which the seat of a corrupt or unworthy member can. be vacat ed. The causes for which a member may he expelled have never been and in the nature of the case can not be specifically • defined. The Constitution is silent.upon the sub jet, and the whole .proceeding is necessarily left to the sound judge ment and sense, of justice of-the members, who, if they act without sufficient Cause, are amenable only to their constituents. and the gen eral public sentiment. The House of Representatives possesses the sole power of impeach ment, and the Senate has the sole power to; try.- the accused. person. When sitting for that purpose the Senators are required to he on oath Or affirmation, and when the Presi dent is on trial, the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court must preside. It requires the.concurrence of two thirds of all the members'present to convict, and the judgment can have no effect except to remove the ac cused from office, and* disqualify him to hold and enjoy any offipe of honor, trust or profit under the United States; but the party con victed may still be indicted, tried and convicted and punished accord ing to law in' the ordinary judicial tribunals. Here again, as in the cose of the power to expel a member, the Con stitution does not specify the cause for which an officer _may be im peached and removed. The House of Representatives, when , it pre pares the charges and presents them to the Senate, decides in the first in stance what constitutes an impeach able offeiuce, but this is not conclu sive upon the Senate. The lattei body determines on the trial, nol only whether an impeachable of fence is charged in the articles but also whether the charge is bus rainea oy me evidence, ana from its decision there is no appeal. There are two other very impor tant functions belonging to thi Senate, in which the House doe not participate. One of those is the qualificatioi of treaties and the other is the con flrnmtion of appointments to offic uiade by the President. The Con etitution provides that the Presi dent shall have power, by and wit the advice and consent of the Sen ate, to make treaties but two-third of the Senators present must concur and that he shall nominate, anc by and with the consent of the Sen* ate, shall appoint Ambassador?, oth er public "Ministers and Consuls, Judge of the Supreme Court, : and all other officers of the U. S. whose appointments are not otherwise pro vided for' in, the Constitution,' and which shall be established by law. But the Congress may by Jaw vest the appointment of such inferior of ficers as they may think proper in the. President alone, or in the courts of law, or the heads of the depart ments. •i While this provision plainly con? fers upon the President and tbdSeu ’ate the sole power to make treaties, a power has never been disputed, yet there are certain classes of trea ties which after they are made, can? not be put into effective operation without legislation by 'Congress, and in all such cases the House may, of course, prevent, the prac tical exercise of the power by re fusing to concur in the passage of the necessary laws. Treaties of commercial recip rocity^ .which proposes to jnalre changes in our revenue system, and treaties for the extradition of f ugi tives from justice which require the enactment of laws conferring jurisdiction upon.the Courts, and prescribing the manner in which the alleged criminal may be appre hended, identified and surrendered; are examples of this class. Without entering Upon disputed ground, it will be sufficiently ac curate for the present purpose to say generally, that- whenever a treaty proposes to change the ex isting order of things within the limits of our own territory, it can not lie fully executed unless supple mented by appropriate legislation. It will be seen from-what has al ready been said that the actual ap pointment to office is not made un til after the Senate has advised and consented to the nomination sent in by the President. This is al ways the case when the vacancy to be filled occurs during a session of the Senate; but nuder another clause of the Constitution, if a vacancy happens in an office during a recess the President has, the power to make an actual appointment and grant a commission, which, however, ex pires at the end of the next'session There are cases in which the House of Representatives elects the President of the United States, and the Senate elects the Vice-Presi dent. ..Ordinarily the President and Vice-Pi-esident are elected by the votes of electors, who are appointed in the seveal States-in such manner as the State Legislatures may direct Formerly these electors were chosen in most of the States by the -Legis latures themselves; but one after an other of the States gavet the right of choice to the people, until at last all adopted that system, and now elec tors are appointed in every State by popular vote. * . . ,. ; . Each State is entitled to appoint as many electors as it has Senators and Representatives Tin Congress, and after they are chosen it is their duty to meet in their respective Stales, and vote by ballot for Presi dent and Vice-President.; They are required to make, sign and Certify distinct lists showing the persons voted for and the nnmber of votes cast for eaoh, and . these lists must be sealed and sent to ■ the President of the. Senate. They are opened by the President of the Senate in the presence of the Senate and House of Representatives, and the votes are counted. If it is found that no one has re ceived the votes of a majority of all 1 the electors for the office of Presi 1 dent, it is the duty of the House tc proceed immediately to choose 8 t President, by ballot; and if no on* has received the votes of a majoritj of the whole number of elector^ foi the office of Vice-President, it is th< duty of the Senate to elect that of ficer. But the Senate is not requir ed to proceed immediately, and neec not vote by ballot. In the House the vote must b taken by States^ the whole rep re jsentation from eaelr State hav in g but one vote, and a quorum for tlii> purpose consists cf a member Ai members from two thirds, pf , the States; but a majority of ail the States is necessary to make an elec tion. --H’; 'f: In tbe Senate, a quorum? fbr“ tlie election of a Vice-President consists of two thirds of the whole number of Senators, but a mere majority of this two thirds cannot fleet; a majority of the whole number i be iug necessary foy that purpose. M i In choosing a President, the’ House is limited to the- three per-* sons who received the; highest num bers of the votes cast for that office by the electors, and the Seriate in? choosing the Vice-President is limit-/ ed to the two persons who receivq the highest numbers of votes cast for that office by the electors. No vote, therefore, given irf the House for any other person than one of those three conld be counted; and so in the Senate, a vote would be thrown away unless cast for one of the two persons to whom that body is limited in making its choice. „ The three powers of govern ment are the legislative, the executive and the judicial. The Legislature makes laws, the Judi ciary expounds them, and the Exec utive enforces them* The Ameri can theory of government is that these powers shall be lodged as far as possible, in separate and distinct classes .of officials; and some of . the state Constitutions declare in sub stance, that no officer or body of of ficers belonging to one of these classes shall ever exercise any pow belongingto another. In fact, however, no matter what the theory may be, or what general declaration may be made in the Constitution, these powers ’are • not always kept entirely separate .. and distinct. We have seen that under the Constitution of the United States, the President, who is- the chief executive, officer, participates to a certain extent in the exercise of legislative! power, because no .bill passed by Congress can become a law without his approval, unless passed in each House by a vote of two-thirds when returned with his objections. .. . The Senator, although it belongs to the legislative department, exer cises executive powers in the ratifi cation of treaties and the confirma tions of nominations- for office, and judicial power in the trial of im peachments. ‘ The House of Representatives has noexecutive powers, but it acts in a judicial capacity when it inves tigates charges' against public offi - cers, and prepare article of impeach ment against them. • ~ - The Masses Versus the Bosses, Lenoir Tople. There is a fight on hand now which, if the masses of the mem bership of the * Farmers' Alliance are successful in it, will do more to broaden the influence of that great order than anything that has hap pened' since its organization.; 'Se cret order as it is there is no , con cealing the fact that the standard of revolt has been raised inside every Alliance in North Carolina against the tyranical diotation of certain would-be bosses and against the prospective policy of the Progres sive Farmer, which insists upon running the suh-Treasury bill ddwn the throats of the Alliance people of the State when they are against it four to one. But how can this be, it asks, when the State Alliance adopted it as one of its demands? Here is ’‘how it can be" exactly. The delegate from Qaldwell county to the State Alliance voted for th® aub-Treasury Bill as a State de ' mand in the face of the fact that the very county Alliance that elect ed him a delegate voted down tk< . sub-Treasury bill and, like the Al ■ exander county man who went tc ; the Penitentiary, our people an ‘not so very well pleased about it* i How many other counties are in th< • same fix ? • This measure did not emanate from the people but is a wild-cat scheme, concocted to “whoop ’em up” with® by a junta of visionary satellites of Sfacane, who revolve abound bis planetary greatness and sneeze whenever he takes snuff. Unfortunately for Colonel Polk— whom the Topic has never regar ded os a man of much stability of character, though it lias never queer, tione^ his honesty of purpose—he has allowed this wily schemer to acquire too much influence over him, It has looked to us as if Ma4 cune has worked Polk as a jumping jack President and has had too much to do with shaping the Presi dential policy for the editor Of a mere National “organ.” Polk has certainly deferred greatly to Ma cune’s judgment, leaning on him, and Polk’s organ, the Progressive Farmer, has held Macune’s organ, the National Economist, up as a divine o-acle and fills up from it every week. Whenever it wants to settle a qnestion conclusively it-cop ies a paragraph from the National 'Economist, and the argument is clinched.* Now what Polk needs to flo is to drop Macune and denounce him'as a fraud and what the Pro gressive Fanner needs to do is to drop the National Economist and to get somebody else to tell it what to say. ' .. " ‘ . " ; » Unless Cob Polk and the Pro gressive Farmer Ao adopt some such policy as this and wheel into line with the plan people of North Caro lina and get in touah with their way of thinking, we can tpll them that they will be up in a balloon and that before a great while. .. Hard Road to Travel. Senator Sherman, who has done as mueh as any other man to bur den the farmers by bis adroit work in behalf of bankers and capitalists, talking to a reporter for a New' York paper said: * “The rise of the Farmers’ Alli ance is due to the fact that the far mers have had a hard road to travel of late. Agriculture has been won1 derfully pushed and developed of late iu Indio, in Australia, iu South America, aifd indeed in ail parts of the world. Besides, methods of farming have been so . improved, that any farmer can produce now as much with one hour’s labor as a Few years aga he could have produc ed with three. Consequently prices have fallen, as tlie always do when competition increases and methods, of production are improved. And this is what the farmers of the Uni ted States have felt all through. Absolutely, their condition has been improving instead of growing worse. “Whetlier or or u-U-Uta the- suc cess of the Farmers' Alliance will result in the enact ineul of what is called Farmers' Alliance measures in the next Congress, depends upon too many cnuiingeucies to make any prediction worth anything. They say that about fifty members of the next House, either Alliance men or indorsed by the Alliance, have been elected directly upon that issue. They will undonbtedldy do all in their power to achieve the ends they aim at. How they will go about it I cannot say. The/ may form a third party or may coalesce with the Republicans. If' they adopt the latter alternative, the Democratic majority in the House would soon disappear, They may possibly, through a combination with either the Republicans or the Democrats, manage to frame some measures in such a way as to secure the necessary support in the Senate. “The measures, however, for which the Farmers’ Alliance are calling are measures which cannot possibly succeed. Every country which has ever tried to get along with fiat money has gone to the wall. A country is on the road to ruin wenever- it issues mote paper money than it needs or more than has a solid cash basis behind it. There is no objection to a larger circulating medium proveded it is redeemable in golt} and silver coin. We have learned that all other currency is a failure. During the l war"we had to issue paper. It was an imperative necessity" ami I vot«nf. for the bill.' After a while the Viit ae of the money begun to decline until it whs worth only 40 ivuls on the dollar. We had a great strug gle to get back to par, but when we reached that pointfprosperity was as ured. - "* ' Prof. Alderman’s Address. Express Correspondence. The public address of Professor A l<h>citM»~toalr ■•plae# ■*£»' 2StHxf; Nov. 21st. at 11 o’lock. The audi ence was fair, though not so large as it should have been, nor’ as was expected., The speech had for its theme “Education and its effect on the nation.” ; There is nothing truer, said the orator, than that the ignorant al ways has been, and always will be the slave of the intelligent. This is true of individuals, states and na tions. Greece ruled Rome after she had been conquered'by force of arms. It is hard for us to admit, that we are slaves to anybody; but the whole United States is under industrial bondage to those of New England. When you hand a dollar across the merchant’s counter, it does not require a very great stretch of the imagination to see that dol lar begin to roll in the Northern di rection, and it rolls on and on until it crosses the Potomac, and on .the other bank stands a man ready to scoop it in. Close your eyes, and you can see these dollars rolling from every quarter of the Southern states, all in the Northern direc tion. Some time ago a man in Georgia died. The clothes in which his body was laid to rest came from New York. The shoes that covered those feet which walk up more came from Massachusetts. The coffin iu which he was lowered to his last resting place was made from a pine which grew in Maine. The naTTs which fastened the lid that hid his form from the eyes of his loved ones, were manufactured in Pennsylva nia. And though the grave was dug through a bed of marble, yet the little stone erected at his head on which was carved his name and epitaph, came from a : Northern quarry. And all that Georgia fur nished on that occasion was the corpse and the hole in 'the ground. What must be’dou^ to emancipate our people from thfp galling bond age? Educate and.plevate. Niue out of ten of the children in North Carolina must attend the public schools or grow up in abject ignorance. Ignorgance is the moth er of poverty and crime. In Ger many and Switzerland where illit eracy is unknown, there are no pau pers. Can our State afford to allow a population to grow up, nine tenths of which will be illiterate? Public schools are not charities to the poor. The system means noth ing but the state protecting itself against the evils of illiteracy. What is N. C. doing in this ' direction ? She pays less per capita, than any other state in union except S. C., and she pays less than any protest ant nation on the globe. A deserving tribute was paid to the Farmers’ Aligance because they had demanded an increase of taxa tion for the support of public educa tion. The speaker said that the time was when revolutions were effected by means of fire arms, the torch, ra pine and plunder. But Christianity has so divilized the world that all greet victories are won in the days of peace. If the Alliance should sueced iu winning its fight, and fail to educate the children, the snme battle that is raging now would be forced upon the next generation. The Professor made an earnest plea for female education. Said he, "Educate the mother of the laud, and you may abolish the column for illiterates in the census reports. An educated mother will not and can not rear an ignorant child.” He answered all objections so effect iveiy mat nereunur we suau lvvi like smiling at any opposition man ifested to public schools. He closed his address of some thing over an hour and a half with one of the most eloquent aiid pa thetic, appeals ip behalf of the amel ioration of humanity that it has ev er been our fortune to hear. Much good has been done by tjis visit. His heart and' soul is in the _ work; and as a result of his and his able colleague’s labors, we expect some action by the next legislature that will place our schools on a . firmer basis, increase the salaries .of the teanchers and the length of the S bool terms. I . c.6. . . / • . *c ; - D1JHY LINEN TO BE WASHED. H the Alliance Is to Live it Must Drive Out Such Fellows as Macune and Livingston^ „ Rp-rlnl lilaptilr.h to the. Glohe-Denutcrat. AtmnIa, Ga., November 19. The Alliance leaders will have dirty ’u linen to wash at Ocala week after ; , next. The first senatorial election Tt leaves an ugly scandal. When the National Alliance' Congress meets at Ocala the 1st of December s this scandal will he aired. Charges against certain men who have been very prominent in Alliance matters are already being formulated. The whole affair speaks badly for the J movement which started off so well. ■ It is altogether probable that Living ston, Macune and Sledge will tie roundly denounced by Polk, the National President. It is not im probable that the three named will be dismissed from their-official post tions. Macune came down here to Atlanta from Washington, and with Livingston tried to fix up things for the election off an Alliance Senator. vV hen these men began their work it was supposed that Gordon had no' show at all. Livingston and Mac- . une succeeded in getting twenty eight Alliance members together. They tailed this a caucus and com mitted these members to Pat Cal. houn. Mr. Calhoun is an entirely . reputable gentleman.- He is pro- " fessionally connected with. 8,400 miles of railroad. That he should be taken up as the Alliance candi date for Senator occasioned some comment. His interests were en tirely with tho corporations against which the farmers were supposed to have certain grievances; But'the wisdom of the choice was not seri legislature was overwhelmingly Al liance. But a few days ago some K very surprising information reach ed the officers of the Farmers’ Alli ance at Washington. The nature of this information was that Living- i ston, Macune and Sledge were not wholly disinterested, and patriae in their efforts to make Calhoun Senator. Certain railroad capitalists and their representatives were found to be in the deal. A large piece of : Washington real estate was found ~ to have a connection with the Geor gia senatorship. It did not appear — that Mr. Calhoun was conoerned in any of the transactions, but a con- '7i nection was strongly suspected be- v tween Wall street and the men who - were trying to deliver the^Alliapce vote in t.he> Georgia legislature. Since Friday certain Alliance mem bers of the legislature have been receiving telegrams of a most em phatic character from national head quarters. . They were warned re- : peatedly to have nothing further to do with Livingston and Macune. They were advised to drop Calhoun. It was suggested that a sudden con centration of the Alliance strength on Gordon was the best thing un- : der the circumstances to defeat the'*' intended deal. The advice was fol lowed. Gordon was elected on the ; first ballof, Folk, the President of ^ the National Alliance, is intensely bitter toward Livingston and Mac- ” une. He is said, to .have the evi dence which will crtiii.e a great sen- ' sation when the Alliance Congress meets. Nothing but summary dis missal of the unworthy leaders will 7'? satisfy Polk in his present mood. It is altogether dbubtful if Calhoun knows what has been going on be hind the scenes. Tha Right Rev. John W. Beck with Protestant Episcopal bishop of Georgia, died Sunday at Atlanta. Bishop Beckwith was bom in Ral- ;S, eigh, N. C. in 1831. He graduated from Trinity College, Hartford, in 1825. He was ordained deacon in 1854, and ordained priest in 1855 Ills first, pastoral work was done in North Carolina, but he soon moved to Maryland. At the begin- ■; uing of the war he moved to Miss issippi and had charge of the parish es'^ that State and Alabama h,nt»|„ a. 1800, when he went to New Or leans and was rector of Trinity por ish there until April 2,1800, when /! he was consecrated bishop of Qeor- ~f

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