ADVERTISING RATES:
SANFORD, NOKTH CAROLINA, WEDNESDAY, DECEMBER 3,1890.
FEDERAL.
Separate Funetlons of the Senate and
House of Representatives.
By the Constitution of the United
States, all the legislative power of
the government is vestedin the, Con
gress, wjlieh consists of two branch
es; the Senate and the House of
Representatives, Each State is en
titled to two Senators, who* are
chosen for six years by the State
legislature, bot the members' of the
House of Representatives are elect
ed every two years by the direct
vote of the people of the several
States, v
The Senate, at the time .1 write
consists of j eighty-four members,
and the House of Representatives
consists of three hundred and thirty
members, and four delegates from
the Territories, who have the right
to speak and to. serve on some of the
standing committees, but no right
to vote either in the committees Or
indbe House- -,
The right of the two Hoases to
legislate upon all questions over
which they have jurisdiction under
the Constitution, is modified by the
Iqualified veto power vested in the
gPresWent. No bill or joint resolu
Ition—that is* a resolution requiring
the concurrence of both House—
can bqv» the force and effect of a
Jaw until it has been presented to
the President, and approved by him;
ftbat if returned by him without bis
I approval, it becomes a l&w if repass
f ed by a vote of two-thirds iu each
Hopse. If he does not return the
bill or resolution With hisobjections
to its passage within ten days,, Sun
days excepted, after it is presented
to him, it' becomes a law, unless;
Congress has in the meantime pre
vented its return by an adjourn
ment.. ' •
The Vice-President of the United
States is by virtue of his office the
President of the Senate, and pre
over its, deliberations . and
feigns all bills and joint resolutions
fatter they have passed both Houses,
jlr there be ho Vice-president, or in
|case he is absent, the Senate is pre
|sided over by one of its own mem
fbers elected President pro tempore.
|The Vice-President has no right to
,ote except in case of a tie, bat a
donator chosen to preside may vote
bn all questions the same as other
•members of the body.
At the first meeting of each Con
Igress-i-tbat is, every two years—the
iHouse -of Represdhtatives elect a
fepeaker. and other officers to serve
f during the Congress, but it has the
right to change them at .any time.
The Speaker presides when the
l House ia in session, decides all . ques
tions of order, signs all bills and
! joint resolutions that have passed
: both Houses, and performs many
{other duties imposed upon him by
Inw a«d the rules of the House. Be
ing always a member of the House,
f he hasja right to Vote on all ques
J tions, but the «ules do not require
j| him to’do to except when h# vote
I would change the result.
As a general rule, any till or
resolution may be first introduced
and passed in either Honse, and
then sent tothe other for consider
ation; but there is an exception to
this rule iu the case of hjlls raising
revenue. r i
All SHch bills must originate iu
the House of Representatives, and
this has been held to apply to bills
abolishing taxes as well as to bills
imposing taxes., .
Whether the Senate has a right
to originate » general' appropria
tion bill authorizing the. payment
of money put of the Treasury for
the support of the government is
still a disputed question, but in
practice all such bills originate„in
the House. - ~ V;
Wtih this exception, the two
Hojises possess equal powers in
all matters of legislation ; but there
are certain functions which belong
to eaclfof them separately and in
the exercise of which the other can
tube no part. JEach’ is the sole
judge of the elections, qualifications
and returns of its own members
that is, each has the exclusive
right to inquire and decide Whether
any person claiming to be a membet
has been legally elected, - and pos
sesses the qualifications required by
the Constitution. '
t A Senator must be at least thirty
years old, and he must have been a
citizen of the United States for
nine years, and an inhabitant at the
time of his election of the State
for which he is chosen. A repre
sentative must he at least twenty
five years old, a citizen of the United
States for seven years, and an in
habitant at the time of his election
of the State in which he is > chosen.
Each House has the right, with
out consulting the other, to make
rtiles for the government of its
Own proceedings,punish its mem
bers for disorderly behavior, and,
With the concurrence of two-thirds,
expel a member. '
.Therules adopted by the two
bodies are quite different in many
respects, and it sometimes happens
that hills which , have passed the
House, and been sent to the Senate,
are there amended by inserting' pro
visions which could not have been
incorporated by them in the House.
This occurs more frequently in
the Cases of general appropriation
bills and revenue bills than in any
others, and has more- than onee
caused serious disagreements! be
tween the two bodies.
as me oenaiors ana Representa
tives are not officers- of the United
States within the meaning ,of the
Constitution, and, therefore, cannot
be impeached and removed from
office, expulsion is the only process
by which the seat of a corrupt or
unworthy member can. be vacat
ed.
The causes for which a member
may he expelled have never been
and in the nature of the case can
not be specifically • defined. The
Constitution is silent.upon the sub
jet, and the whole .proceeding is
necessarily left to the sound judge
ment and sense, of justice of-the
members, who, if they act without
sufficient Cause, are amenable only
to their constituents. and the gen
eral public sentiment.
The House of Representatives
possesses the sole power of impeach
ment, and the Senate has the sole
power to; try.- the accused. person.
When sitting for that purpose the
Senators are required to he on oath
Or affirmation, and when the Presi
dent is on trial, the Chief Justice of
the Supreme Court must preside.
It requires the.concurrence of two
thirds of all the members'present to
convict, and the judgment can have
no effect except to remove the ac
cused from office, and* disqualify
him to hold and enjoy any offipe of
honor, trust or profit under the
United States; but the party con
victed may still be indicted, tried
and convicted and punished accord
ing to law in' the ordinary judicial
tribunals.
Here again, as in the cose of the
power to expel a member, the Con
stitution does not specify the cause
for which an officer _may be im
peached and removed. The House
of Representatives, when , it pre
pares the charges and presents them
to the Senate, decides in the first in
stance what constitutes an impeach
able offeiuce, but this is not conclu
sive upon the Senate. The lattei
body determines on the trial, nol
only whether an impeachable of
fence is charged in the articles
but also whether the charge is bus
rainea oy me evidence, ana from its
decision there is no appeal.
There are two other very impor
tant functions belonging to thi
Senate, in which the House doe
not participate.
One of those is the qualificatioi
of treaties and the other is the con
flrnmtion of appointments to offic
uiade by the President. The Con
etitution provides that the Presi
dent shall have power, by and wit
the advice and consent of the Sen
ate, to make treaties but two-third
of the Senators present must concur
and that he shall nominate, anc
by and with the consent of the Sen*
ate, shall appoint Ambassador?, oth
er public "Ministers and Consuls,
Judge of the Supreme Court, : and
all other officers of the U. S. whose
appointments are not otherwise pro
vided for' in, the Constitution,' and
which shall be established by law.
But the Congress may by Jaw vest
the appointment of such inferior of
ficers as they may think proper in
the. President alone, or in the courts
of law, or the heads of the depart
ments.
•i While this provision plainly con?
fers upon the President and tbdSeu
’ate the sole power to make treaties,
a power has never been disputed,
yet there are certain classes of trea
ties which after they are made, can?
not be put into effective operation
without legislation by 'Congress,
and in all such cases the House
may, of course, prevent, the prac
tical exercise of the power by re
fusing to concur in the passage of
the necessary laws.
Treaties of commercial recip
rocity^ .which proposes to jnalre
changes in our revenue system, and
treaties for the extradition of f ugi
tives from justice which require the
enactment of laws conferring
jurisdiction upon.the Courts, and
prescribing the manner in which
the alleged criminal may be appre
hended, identified and surrendered;
are examples of this class.
Without entering Upon disputed
ground, it will be sufficiently ac
curate for the present purpose to
say generally, that- whenever a
treaty proposes to change the ex
isting order of things within the
limits of our own territory, it can
not lie fully executed unless supple
mented by appropriate legislation.
It will be seen from-what has al
ready been said that the actual ap
pointment to office is not made un
til after the Senate has advised and
consented to the nomination sent
in by the President. This is al
ways the case when the vacancy to
be filled occurs during a session of
the Senate; but nuder another clause
of the Constitution, if a vacancy
happens in an office during a recess
the President has, the power to make
an actual appointment and grant a
commission, which, however, ex
pires at the end of the next'session
There are cases in which the
House of Representatives elects the
President of the United States, and
the Senate elects the Vice-Presi
dent. ..Ordinarily the President and
Vice-Pi-esident are elected by the
votes of electors, who are appointed
in the seveal States-in such manner
as the State Legislatures may direct
Formerly these electors were chosen
in most of the States by the -Legis
latures themselves; but one after an
other of the States gavet the right of
choice to the people, until at last all
adopted that system, and now elec
tors are appointed in every State by
popular vote. * . . ,. ;
. Each State is entitled to appoint
as many electors as it has Senators
and Representatives Tin Congress,
and after they are chosen it is their
duty to meet in their respective
Stales, and vote by ballot for Presi
dent and Vice-President.; They are
required to make, sign and Certify
distinct lists showing the persons
voted for and the nnmber of votes
cast for eaoh, and . these lists must
be sealed and sent to ■ the President
of the. Senate. They are opened by
the President of the Senate in the
presence of the Senate and House of
Representatives, and the votes are
counted.
If it is found that no one has re
ceived the votes of a majority of all
1 the electors for the office of Presi
1 dent, it is the duty of the House tc
proceed immediately to choose 8
t President, by ballot; and if no on*
has received the votes of a majoritj
of the whole number of elector^ foi
the office of Vice-President, it is th<
duty of the Senate to elect that of
ficer. But the Senate is not requir
ed to proceed immediately, and neec
not vote by ballot.
In the House the vote must b
taken by States^ the whole rep re
jsentation from eaelr State hav in g
but one vote, and a quorum for tlii>
purpose consists cf a member Ai
members from two thirds, pf , the
States; but a majority of ail the
States is necessary to make an elec
tion. --H’; 'f:
In tbe Senate, a quorum? fbr“ tlie
election of a Vice-President consists
of two thirds of the whole number
of Senators, but a mere majority of
this two thirds cannot fleet; a
majority of the whole number i be
iug necessary foy that purpose. M i
In choosing a President, the’
House is limited to the- three per-*
sons who received the; highest num
bers of the votes cast for that office
by the electors, and the Seriate in?
choosing the Vice-President is limit-/
ed to the two persons who receivq
the highest numbers of votes cast
for that office by the electors.
No vote, therefore, given irf the
House for any other person than
one of those three conld be counted;
and so in the Senate, a vote would
be thrown away unless cast for one
of the two persons to whom that
body is limited in making its
choice. „
The three powers of govern
ment are the legislative, the
executive and the judicial. The
Legislature makes laws, the Judi
ciary expounds them, and the Exec
utive enforces them* The Ameri
can theory of government is that
these powers shall be lodged as far
as possible, in separate and distinct
classes .of officials; and some of . the
state Constitutions declare in sub
stance, that no officer or body of of
ficers belonging to one of these
classes shall ever exercise any pow
belongingto another.
In fact, however, no matter what
the theory may be, or what general
declaration may be made in the
Constitution, these powers ’are • not
always kept entirely separate .. and
distinct. We have seen that under
the Constitution of the United
States, the President, who is- the
chief executive, officer, participates
to a certain extent in the exercise of
legislative! power, because no .bill
passed by Congress can become a
law without his approval, unless
passed in each House by a vote of
two-thirds when returned with his
objections. .. .
The Senator, although it belongs
to the legislative department, exer
cises executive powers in the ratifi
cation of treaties and the confirma
tions of nominations- for office, and
judicial power in the trial of im
peachments. ‘
The House of Representatives
has noexecutive powers, but it acts
in a judicial capacity when it inves
tigates charges' against public offi -
cers, and prepare article of impeach
ment against them. • ~ -
The Masses Versus the Bosses,
Lenoir Tople.
There is a fight on hand now
which, if the masses of the mem
bership of the * Farmers' Alliance
are successful in it, will do more to
broaden the influence of that great
order than anything that has hap
pened' since its organization.; 'Se
cret order as it is there is no , con
cealing the fact that the standard of
revolt has been raised inside every
Alliance in North Carolina against
the tyranical diotation of certain
would-be bosses and against the
prospective policy of the Progres
sive Farmer, which insists upon
running the suh-Treasury bill ddwn
the throats of the Alliance people of
the State when they are against it
four to one. But how can this be,
it asks, when the State Alliance
adopted it as one of its demands?
Here is ’‘how it can be" exactly.
The delegate from Qaldwell county
to the State Alliance voted for th®
aub-Treasury Bill as a State de
' mand in the face of the fact that
the very county Alliance that elect
ed him a delegate voted down tk<
. sub-Treasury bill and, like the Al
■ exander county man who went tc
; the Penitentiary, our people an
‘not so very well pleased about it*
i How many other counties are in th<
• same fix ? •
This measure did not emanate
from the people but is a wild-cat
scheme, concocted to “whoop ’em
up” with® by a junta of visionary
satellites of Sfacane, who revolve
abound bis planetary greatness and
sneeze whenever he takes snuff.
Unfortunately for Colonel Polk—
whom the Topic has never regar
ded os a man of much stability of
character, though it lias never queer,
tione^ his honesty of purpose—he
has allowed this wily schemer to
acquire too much influence over
him, It has looked to us as if Ma4
cune has worked Polk as a jumping
jack President and has had too
much to do with shaping the Presi
dential policy for the editor Of a
mere National “organ.” Polk has
certainly deferred greatly to Ma
cune’s judgment, leaning on him,
and Polk’s organ, the Progressive
Farmer, has held Macune’s organ,
the National Economist, up as a
divine o-acle and fills up from it
every week. Whenever it wants to
settle a qnestion conclusively it-cop
ies a paragraph from the National
'Economist, and the argument is
clinched.* Now what Polk needs to
flo is to drop Macune and denounce
him'as a fraud and what the Pro
gressive Fanner needs to do is to
drop the National Economist and to
get somebody else to tell it what to
say. ' .. " ‘ . " ;
» Unless Cob Polk and the Pro
gressive Farmer Ao adopt some such
policy as this and wheel into line
with the plan people of North Caro
lina and get in touah with their
way of thinking, we can tpll them
that they will be up in a balloon
and that before a great while.
.. Hard Road to Travel.
Senator Sherman, who has done
as mueh as any other man to bur
den the farmers by bis adroit work
in behalf of bankers and capitalists,
talking to a reporter for a New'
York paper said: *
“The rise of the Farmers’ Alli
ance is due to the fact that the far
mers have had a hard road to travel
of late. Agriculture has been won1
derfully pushed and developed of
late iu Indio, in Australia, iu South
America, aifd indeed in ail parts of
the world. Besides, methods of
farming have been so . improved,
that any farmer can produce now
as much with one hour’s labor as a
Few years aga he could have produc
ed with three. Consequently prices
have fallen, as tlie always do when
competition increases and methods,
of production are improved. And
this is what the farmers of the Uni
ted States have felt all through.
Absolutely, their condition has been
improving instead of growing
worse.
“Whetlier or or u-U-Uta the- suc
cess of the Farmers' Alliance will
result in the enact ineul of what is
called Farmers' Alliance measures
in the next Congress, depends upon
too many cnuiingeucies to make
any prediction worth anything.
They say that about fifty members
of the next House, either Alliance
men or indorsed by the Alliance,
have been elected directly upon that
issue. They will undonbtedldy do
all in their power to achieve the ends
they aim at. How they will go
about it I cannot say. The/ may
form a third party or may coalesce
with the Republicans. If' they
adopt the latter alternative, the
Democratic majority in the House
would soon disappear, They may
possibly, through a combination
with either the Republicans or the
Democrats, manage to frame some
measures in such a way as to secure
the necessary support in the Senate.
“The measures, however, for
which the Farmers’ Alliance are
calling are measures which cannot
possibly succeed. Every country
which has ever tried to get along
with fiat money has gone to the
wall. A country is on the road to
ruin wenever- it issues mote paper
money than it needs or more than
has a solid cash basis behind it.
There is no objection to a larger
circulating medium proveded it is
redeemable in golt} and silver coin.
We have learned that all other
currency is a failure. During the
l war"we had to issue paper. It was
an imperative necessity" ami I vot«nf.
for the bill.' After a while the Viit
ae of the money begun to decline
until it whs worth only 40 ivuls on
the dollar. We had a great strug
gle to get back to par, but when we
reached that pointfprosperity was as
ured. - "* '
Prof. Alderman’s Address.
Express Correspondence.
The public address of Professor
A l<h>citM»~toalr ■•plae# ■*£»' 2StHxf;
Nov. 21st. at 11 o’lock. The audi
ence was fair, though not so large
as it should have been, nor’ as was
expected., The speech had for its
theme “Education and its effect on
the nation.”
; There is nothing truer, said the
orator, than that the ignorant al
ways has been, and always will be
the slave of the intelligent. This is
true of individuals, states and na
tions. Greece ruled Rome after she
had been conquered'by force of
arms. It is hard for us to admit,
that we are slaves to anybody; but
the whole United States is under
industrial bondage to those of New
England. When you hand a dollar
across the merchant’s counter, it
does not require a very great stretch
of the imagination to see that dol
lar begin to roll in the Northern di
rection, and it rolls on and on until
it crosses the Potomac, and on .the
other bank stands a man ready to
scoop it in. Close your eyes, and
you can see these dollars rolling
from every quarter of the Southern
states, all in the Northern direc
tion.
Some time ago a man in Georgia
died. The clothes in which his body
was laid to rest came from New
York. The shoes that covered those
feet which walk up more came
from Massachusetts. The coffin iu
which he was lowered to his last
resting place was made from a pine
which grew in Maine. The naTTs
which fastened the lid that hid his
form from the eyes of his loved ones,
were manufactured in Pennsylva
nia. And though the grave was
dug through a bed of marble, yet
the little stone erected at his head
on which was carved his name and
epitaph, came from a : Northern
quarry. And all that Georgia fur
nished on that occasion was the
corpse and the hole in 'the ground.
What must be’dou^ to emancipate
our people from thfp galling bond
age? Educate and.plevate.
Niue out of ten of the children in
North Carolina must attend the
public schools or grow up in abject
ignorance. Ignorgance is the moth
er of poverty and crime. In Ger
many and Switzerland where illit
eracy is unknown, there are no pau
pers. Can our State afford to allow
a population to grow up, nine
tenths of which will be illiterate?
Public schools are not charities to
the poor. The system means noth
ing but the state protecting itself
against the evils of illiteracy. What
is N. C. doing in this ' direction ?
She pays less per capita, than any
other state in union except S. C.,
and she pays less than any protest
ant nation on the globe.
A deserving tribute was paid to
the Farmers’ Aligance because they
had demanded an increase of taxa
tion for the support of public educa
tion. The speaker said that the time
was when revolutions were effected
by means of fire arms, the torch, ra
pine and plunder. But Christianity
has so divilized the world that all
greet victories are won in the days
of peace. If the Alliance should
sueced iu winning its fight, and
fail to educate the children, the snme
battle that is raging now would be
forced upon the next generation.
The Professor made an earnest
plea for female education. Said he,
"Educate the mother of the laud,
and you may abolish the column
for illiterates in the census reports.
An educated mother will not and
can not rear an ignorant child.”
He answered all objections so effect
iveiy mat nereunur we suau lvvi
like smiling at any opposition man
ifested to public schools.
He closed his address of some
thing over an hour and a half with
one of the most eloquent aiid pa
thetic, appeals ip behalf of the amel
ioration of humanity that it has ev
er been our fortune to hear. Much
good has been done by tjis visit.
His heart and' soul is in the _ work;
and as a result of his and his able
colleague’s labors, we expect some
action by the next legislature that
will place our schools on a . firmer
basis, increase the salaries .of the
teanchers and the length of the
S bool terms.
I . c.6.
. . / • . *c ; -
D1JHY LINEN TO BE WASHED.
H the Alliance Is to Live it Must Drive
Out Such Fellows as Macune and
Livingston^ „
Rp-rlnl lilaptilr.h to the. Glohe-Denutcrat.
AtmnIa, Ga., November 19.
The Alliance leaders will have dirty ’u
linen to wash at Ocala week after ; ,
next. The first senatorial election
Tt leaves an ugly scandal. When
the National Alliance' Congress
meets at Ocala the 1st of December s
this scandal will he aired. Charges
against certain men who have been
very prominent in Alliance matters
are already being formulated. The
whole affair speaks badly for the J
movement which started off so well. ■
It is altogether probable that Living
ston, Macune and Sledge will tie
roundly denounced by Polk, the
National President. It is not im
probable that the three named will
be dismissed from their-official post
tions. Macune came down here to
Atlanta from Washington, and with
Livingston tried to fix up things for
the election off an Alliance Senator.
vV hen these men began their work it
was supposed that Gordon had no'
show at all. Livingston and Mac- .
une succeeded in getting twenty
eight Alliance members together.
They tailed this a caucus and com
mitted these members to Pat Cal.
houn. Mr. Calhoun is an entirely .
reputable gentleman.- He is pro- "
fessionally connected with. 8,400
miles of railroad. That he should
be taken up as the Alliance candi
date for Senator occasioned some
comment. His interests were en
tirely with tho corporations against
which the farmers were supposed to
have certain grievances; But'the
wisdom of the choice was not seri
legislature was overwhelmingly Al
liance. But a few days ago some K
very surprising information reach
ed the officers of the Farmers’ Alli
ance at Washington. The nature
of this information was that Living- i
ston, Macune and Sledge were not
wholly disinterested, and patriae
in their efforts to make Calhoun
Senator. Certain railroad capitalists
and their representatives were found
to be in the deal. A large piece of :
Washington real estate was found ~
to have a connection with the Geor
gia senatorship. It did not appear —
that Mr. Calhoun was conoerned in
any of the transactions, but a con- '7i
nection was strongly suspected be- v
tween Wall street and the men who -
were trying to deliver the^Alliapce
vote in t.he> Georgia legislature.
Since Friday certain Alliance mem
bers of the legislature have been
receiving telegrams of a most em
phatic character from national head
quarters. . They were warned re- :
peatedly to have nothing further to
do with Livingston and Macune.
They were advised to drop Calhoun.
It was suggested that a sudden con
centration of the Alliance strength
on Gordon was the best thing un- :
der the circumstances to defeat the'*'
intended deal. The advice was fol
lowed. Gordon was elected on the ;
first ballof, Folk, the President of ^
the National Alliance, is intensely
bitter toward Livingston and Mac- ”
une. He is said, to .have the evi
dence which will crtiii.e a great sen- '
sation when the Alliance Congress
meets. Nothing but summary dis
missal of the unworthy leaders will 7'?
satisfy Polk in his present mood.
It is altogether dbubtful if Calhoun
knows what has been going on be
hind the scenes.
Tha Right Rev. John W. Beck
with Protestant Episcopal bishop of
Georgia, died Sunday at Atlanta.
Bishop Beckwith was bom in Ral- ;S,
eigh, N. C. in 1831. He graduated
from Trinity College, Hartford, in
1825. He was ordained deacon in
1854, and ordained priest in 1855
Ills first, pastoral work was done
in North Carolina, but he soon
moved to Maryland. At the begin- ■;
uing of the war he moved to Miss
issippi and had charge of the parish
es'^ that State and Alabama h,nt»|„ a.
1800, when he went to New Or
leans and was rector of Trinity por
ish there until April 2,1800, when /!
he was consecrated bishop of Qeor- ~f