North Carolina Newspapers

FISHERMAN & FA(kMER The Offe'al Paper of Chowan County. A. H. Mitchell, Editor. Delivered at doors of city subscribers by carriers, as soon as from press without extra charge. The Editor disclaims all responsibil itv for the views or statements of cor respondents, and reserves the right at all times to revise or reject any article he may think proper. Always sign your name to a caDer communication simply news as a ,r nf pood faith. It will not be published unless you desire it. ivct rwlvertisinir medium in the Dis trict. Rates very moderate. Special rates on long contracts. EDENTON, N.C. Sept. 21st, 1894 OLD HOMES AND OLD FAMILIES OF CHOWAN COUNTY. thk Johnson's of bandon. There is in Afghanistan, ac cording to Eastern tradition, miraculous history plant, which records upon its broad luxurious leaves whatever happens each day in its immediate vicinity There are no inaccuracies am: misstatements 01 the press, no partiality of partizan writers, no incongruity of conflicting records but like the polished waters around which it flourishes, it faithfully mirrors the environing objects. Unfortunately in this country there is no such gift by Nature, no historic Genii, but there is I believe a movement on to condence.'preserve, and separ ate true and legitimate history, from the orginary records of the public press. It does seem some times that the inflamed and out raged Muses would with suf ficient provocation arouse them selves, as in ancient times, when they struck Thamyris blind, and changed the nine daughters of Pierus into magpies for their presumption. The ancients were especially particular that their records should be exact, even the worksof the historian Livy barely escaped annihilation.at the hands of the infamous Caligula, for their alledged historical inaccuracies As history is but the story of the past, then posterity demands truthful and unbiased naration of facts; "Truth comes to us from the past," says one, "as gold is washed down from the mountains of Sierra Nevada, in minute but precious particles, and inter mixed with infinite alloy, the debris of centuries." Men are unfit to write an impartial his tory of their own time, so difficult is it to eliminate self from sur rounding circumstances, especial ly is this true concerning many of the histories of the late war, which were written before time erased old predjudices, they must give place to those written later and with less bias, It is sufficient for us to preserve facts as they "I A 1 1 " iiappeu, ine succeeding gener ation will give them their proper coloring. La Bruyere fitly remarks, that "An old courtier with veracity, gooa sense ana a iaitiimi mem ory is an inestimable treasure, in him one may find the history of the age, enriched with a gr i . 1 , many circumstances, 'which we never find in books:" for this reason I propose to write con cerning a family, whose progen itor and representative in this country was a knight without -1 reproach, ana who was among the very foremost in the early history of the state, and nation, hoping like Ruth to glean and bind together a few handfuls, which other and abler reapers have carelessly, or 011 purpose let fall. The Johnsons of Bandon, like their kinsfolk the Johnstons of Hayes, derived their name from the Barony of Johnston in Annan dala Scotland, dropping the let ter "T" for reasons hereafter mentioned. It is a remarkable fact in history, that, after the de feat of the unfortunate Charles Edward the Pretender at Cullo den Mcor in 1746, his adherents were singularly . loyal to their fallen prince, and though 30000 pounds were offered for his cap ture, he succeed in escaping to Rome, where he afterwards died of apoplexy the result of his in temperance; Some of his follow ers changed Iheir names, others fled to the continent, while many came over to make their homes in the American colonies. Char les Johnson, as a very young man, espoused the cause of the Pre tender, and was among the un fortunates of that disastrous bat tle.heimmediatey fled toithe conti nent, and changed his name from Johnston to Johnson; Remaining abroad until the country had be come quiet, he returned to Scot land, married, and immediately set about to recover what prop erty he had left in the hands of an uncle, who had been loyal to the House of Hanover, became indignant with his nephew, and though that his estates ought to be confiscated; some difficulty arose, and Charles Johnson left with his wife and child for Lon don, where he invested what means he had in the East India Tea Company, then doing a nourishing business, lie also act ed as a shipping merchant for some time. Having acquired considerable means, he decided to leave his native land, .and come to America, in the meantime his wife had died, leaving him with one son. Edenton being the metropolis and a principal port, he determined to locate here, and settled at Strawberry Hill, still a pretty suburban villa. The exact date of his emigration is not known, but it was just prior to the Revolution. Soon after arriving here, he fell in love with Miss Elizabeth Earl, the beautiful second daughter of the Rev. Daniel Earl, D. D., residing at Bandon, and rector of St. Paul's Church Edenton. Tra dition says that she did not at first smile upon Mr. Johnson, many years her senior, but, through the influence of her r father, who esteemed him very highly, she finally married linn and moved to Strawberry Hill, but did not live more than four or five years, leaving a Httle son Charles Earl Johnson just three years old. Her death was the re sult of an accident, while out driving with her step-son Thomas the horses became frightened and threw her from the vehicle, ultimately causing her death, she was buried in a vault at Strawberry Hill. This step-son Thomas lived at Straw berry Hill until his father's death, when he became a lawyer, moved near Plymouth and died a bachelor. Mr. Johnscn lived at Strawberry Hill untill the death of "Parson Earl in 1789, when he moved to Bandon. Mr. Johnson was a distinguish ed soldierly looking gentleman, rather above medium height, de cidedly Scotch, with yellowish brown hair and blue eyes, a cast of features still to be found in the family, and was in every way a most accomplished gentleman. He could speak fluently French, German, and Italian, and would often act as an interpreter for foreigners, the knowledge of those languages he acquired while a refugee on the continent of Europe. He was a very reti cent man. At the very begin nine: of the Revolution he be came an ardent advocate for the liberty of the colonies, and though too old to enlist in the army, like the venerable Nestor he lent his eloquence and wis dom to the cause. He took an active part in national and state affairs, and in everything which tended to the advancement of his country. He was a member of the state senate 1781-84, and again 1788 92,when he was elect ed the president. While Vice President of the Convention he wrote Judge Iredell, whose friendship he greatly esteemed, informing him of lhe ratification of the constitution, and also of the death ofGenl. Caswell. In 1789 he was mentioned as a prominent caucidate for Gover nor. He was elected to the sev enth Congress from this district in 1801, but resigned on account of infirmity and died in 1802. He was the first President of the first Board of Trustees of the State University. His crest was a flying spur, and his motto "Nunquam non a rat us, "identical with the Hayes Johnstons. He was buried at Strawberry Hill, and his son Charles Earl Johnson then became sole heir of Bandon, and of large estates in Chowan including many slaves; While inheriting the wealth of his father, he also inherited his vir tues and abilities. He married Miss Nancy Taylor of Granville County. No man in the state ever stood higher, like his father he also represented his county several times in the Senate. He was exceedingly kind, magnan imous, and charitable, and would often supply the poor of his neighborhood with fish from his fishery, which his grandfather "Parson Earl" had inaugurated.. "Parson Earl was such a unique character, that I feel that this sketch would be incomplete without some allusion to him. He was the much beloved parson of all this country, baptizing all the children, ministering at all the death beds and marriges. h thus became the welcome guest of every fireside; He was in strik ing contrast to some of the early ministers here, who cared but intie ior tneir parisnoners, ex cept so far as they contributed to to their selfish desires.. Parson Earl was full of energy, public spirit and enterprise and estab lished an advanced school at Ban don for boys in which he was assisted by his daughter Nancy. They instructed in Latin, Greek and Mathematics. He also made improvements in the cultivation of flax m tins county and taught the people of his section, the proper method of preparing it for the loom and- the maimer of weaving toweling, tablecloths, etc., an industry still in vogue in that section. Some, following the beaien track of predecessors, have claimed that he was a tory, because he received his stipend regularly during the Revolution, from the Society for the Propaga tion of the Lrospel, this society, as its very name indicates, was a religious organization, and in no sense a political one, organized about the beginning of that cen tury through the indefatigable efforts of Dr. Thomas Bray for the dissemination of the Gospel in foreign lands, it took no cognis ance of political differences; as an illustration of the non politi cal character of this institution, when the "Church Act" was pass ed in South Carolina through the chicanery of Sir Nathanial John ston, the society finding out that it was for his political advantage and not for the good of the Church, held a special meeting in London, and resolved to send no more missionaries until it was repealed; And then too it is hardly rational to suppose, that he would have espoused the British cause for the sake of the paltry stipend, when he owned large landed and fishing interests here exposen to the revolution ists, and it is not probable either that he should have antagonized himself to his dear ones, his daughter and grandson, respect ively the wife and son of Charles Johnson an early apostle of lib erty, and Mr. Johnson would hardly have been so intimate with a family, whose feelings were so inimical to his in a day, when political differences were almost as closely drawn as the color line now. Some stress must also be laid upon tratition, and local history, "Parson Earl's" memory is still held in great re spect throughout all this section, and but a few years have passed since there were many old people living in this county who could remember his last days and death, and who bore testimony to his patriotism and virtues; the life of a tory in this liberty-loving section could hardly have had such a glorious sunset. He pre sided over a revolutionary meet ing of the freeholders, and other citizens of Chowan County and Edenton at the Court-house Aug ust 23rd i774.among whom were such patriots as Joseph Hewes, Samuel Johnson, and Thomas Benbury, and who passed reso lutions condemning the Boston Port Act, and the unjust imposi tion of taxes upon the colonies. He was also unjustly accused of being a tory because he did not sever all connection with the Church of Englaud, and establish an independent Church, but he held that the Church was 01 Di vine origin, that he was a simple priest, and that the Bishop of London, the head of the Church, alone had that power. On ac count of his fealty to the Ameri can cause he was also deprived of preaching in his church in Edenton during the revolution. "Parson Earl" came to this section in 1757 to acf as curate for the aged and venerable Mr. Hall, then rector of St. Paul's and in feeble health, and upon his death in 1760 became full rector. Soon after moving here he set tled on the Chowan, just below Wingfield the home of the Browuriggs, a small creek separ ating the two estates, Parson Earl also established a fishery there, and was therefore one of the pioneers in the herring fish ing in this country, being styled the herring-catching parson from an incident I have mentioned elsewhere.. He named his estate, containing several thousand aces, Bandon after his native town Bandon. in the province of Munster. Ireland. The house, which he built on the river near the mouth of the creek, was large and commoaious, considering comfort more than beauty of ex terior, "i-'uilt in the old colonial clay, When ineu lived in .a grander way, With ampler hospitality. This old manse stood until about i860, though it had been for niany years untenable. Upon the acquisition of Mr. C. E. Johnson to his grandfather's es tates, he selected a cite about hajf a mile clown the river, and built a beautiful residence, an illus tration of which appears with this issue. It is the the shape of the letter "T,"the stem point ing down the river.in the angles thus formed ate breezy porticos, there is an extension wing on either end of the main body of the house; a small porch in front leads to a hall into which the rooms open. It is said that Mr. T 1 A ' jonnson spent nine years 111 se lecting thg lumber for this house. It stands in the midst gf a grove of beautiful oaks, about seventy five acres in extent, the silvery river forming the western boundary. The dark green trees, laden with long gray Spanish moss, which sweeps the white sand underneath, makes the place extremely picturesque, weird and beautiful, and when the breeze from the river stirs among the trees, and swings the long festoons of moss to and fro, il suggests an assemblage of hoary and venerable Druids performing ttieir mystical rites, 111 adoration of the "all-healing mistletoe." In wandering through the beautiful aisles and vislas of this grove, there is n feeling experienced akin to inspiration; it looks to have been the home of some dis tinguished poet, rather than that of a private citizen. This place was evidently the cite of the old village gf the Chowanoke In dians, the map made by James Wimble in 1729, by order of the Lords Broprietors, locates it at about this point. Along the river bank there is a mound five or six hundred yards long, sixty yards wide and about five feet deep, and covered with about one foot of soil; it is composed of shells, exclusiuely mussel taken from the river, pieces of pottery, ashes, arrowheads, and occasionally hu man bones, tnis must have been the dumping-grounds so to speak of the village. The Christmas of 1845 was one of unusual gaiety and happiness at jiauaou. it was the occasion r r 1 1 01 a iamny reunion, winch, as was little thought then amid those festive scenes, proved to be the last gathering of the clan within those ancestral halls. The family, which was large, had again gathered around the hearthstone as in childhood days, among those present were Dr Daniel Johnson, Lucius j. John- son, Dr. James Johnson, their sisters, Misses Nannie and Corne lia, and the three Misses Hender son, the daughters of a deceased sister, the wife of Dr. Alexander Henders3ii. There were hunt ing parties of every description, rambles among the tauglewood along the beautiful river bank, boating parties, and every species .of indoor amusement, the great fires frem the Yule logs roared up the tall chimnies, the table was heaped with viands, and "all that mote to luxury invite." At night the mansion was ablaze with light, and alive with merriment and music. But there was one who never smiled in all those joyous days; there was a gloom over him which nothing could dispel. Dr. Daniel Johnson must have had a presentment of his fate, his sadness was attributed to temporary indisposition; they little dreamed he would so soon leave his father's halls forever, for so the Fates had decreed. Probably the most romantic and tragic affair, ever associated with this section, was that ill-fated duel fought by Dr, Daniel John son and PIon. Thomas P. Jones, of Hertford, on the old dueling ground near Bladensburg, Md., the first week in February, 1846. It was doubly sad on account of the high character and social po sition of the combatants, and the unfortunate circumstance which led to the affair. The cause was a point of honor, which grew out of the alleged infidelity of Jones' wife. As Johnson was the chaU lenged party, he had under the Code the choice of weapons.time and place. He selected pistols, and as Jones was near-sigh ted, and had never shot one, his second requested that he might be allowed to practice until the duel came off, which was readily assented to. fie practiced by holding his pistol toward the ground, then raising it on a level aim iinng; tins ne am until lie could cut a tape at ten paces. Dr. Joh nson selected as his second his brother-in-law Dr. Alexander Henderson, and as his surgeon Dr. William B. Gibson, of Phila delphia,- while Jones' second was Nixon White, a young lawyer in Hertford, and his surgeon Dr. Francis N. Mullen, of South Mills, now the only survivor. Thd party met in Washington by agreement, and Jones' second in formed Johnson's second that they were there according to ap pointment, and requested a post ponement for several days, but upon consultation it was decided that the duel should come off at Bladeusburg,Md., the next morn ing at sunrise, but it was delayed bp some trouble in loading the pistols. When they arrived 011 the field, they immediately took their respective positions, Jones stood holding his pistol clown, and facing in full his antagonist, while Dr. Johnson stood with his right side towards his antagonist, and his pistol pointing JJ".'! djculariy upward, in order to pre sent as little exposure as possible. It is said that Dr. Johnson then remarked to his second that he intended to give his opponent one fire, by discharging his wea pon in the air, which he did. When the question was asked if they were ai ready. thev resooud- ed'yes;" then came the awful denouement, the numerals weie called at the interval of a second one two three fire ! It was agreed that they should not shoot before the word one, nor after the word fire was pronounced. At the first fire Dr. Johnson made a spasmodic movement, and fell to the ground mortally wounded. The surgeons had agreed, that, in event of emergency, to render mutual assistance; when Jones was asked if he was hurt he an swered "No," but the ball from his. pjstQl had entered Dr. John son s ngut teinpie, penetrating the entire skull, and lodging in his fur cap on the opposite side of his head. The haemorrhage was very profuse, and it soon be came evident that surgical inter ference was useless. The entire party then attempted to make their escape to a neighboring tnicKet, out some cluldren, who were passing to school at the time of the duel, reported what they had seen, and soon about one hundred mounted men were on the scene, arrested the party. and carried them to Bladensbrrp- tney also carried Dr. Johnsons body to town in a buggy. When they arrived' they were taken be fore three magistrates, in the meantime the Judge of the Su perior Court was sent for, and after some trouble Tones wnc placed under bonds to appear at the next term of the court his bondsmen being the Hons. D.M. Barriner, and James C. Dobbin, then North Carolina Congress men in Washington. Before court convened Jones was assured however, that if he appeared his case would not be tried, he did so, and a nol pros was issued by the request of the Go vernor. The people 111 and around Bladens burg were much incensed with Jones and his party at first, but as soon as they fully understood the nature of the affair, became deeply sympathetic, Mr. Jones made a thrilling and forcible statement before the court. At the time of the duel Jones was almost blind. Dr. Johnson was a little over six feet, weighed about 1S5 lbs., and was nearly forty years old. He was hand some, chivalrous, and gay almost to a fault, possessed of fine con versational powers, and attract ive manners, he made himself universally popular, a character istic of the family wherever found. He was also a man of attainments and promise in his profession. Johnson was a splendid shot, and could snuff a candle at ten paces. Jones was a distinguished law yer, of small statue, and peculiar 1 . appearance, about thirty eight years old, 5 feet-eight inches high, and weighed about 140 lbs. Of unblemished character and undaunted courage, he thereby won the entire confidence of all who knew him, his full round voice added to his native genius made him a powerful advocate at the bar. Jones died in April 1857 in the 49th year of his age. Mrs. Jones was placed in an asylum; through earnest solicita tions, and the assurance of future fidelity, and for the sake of small children, Mrs. Jones was finally taken back-, but she was permit ted in the house in the function of house-keeper only, a position she occupied but a short time and left. At first Jones had the sympathy of the entire commun ity, but this circumstance, though under the advice of influential friends, caused a considerable re vulsion of feeling against him. The family at Bandon had no intimation of the affair, until one afternoon when, the steamboat lauded as usual at the Avharf, a funeral procession wound slowly through the long avenue of moss laden oaks, and stopped at the front gate, then the terrible news was announced. Mr. Johnson was paralysed from shock and grief, and died Feb. 16th 1850 in the 64 year of his age, and was soon followed by his devoted wife. After this the place was abandoned to bats and owls, and soon passed into other hands, and not a single descend ant of that distinguished family remains in all this section. "All are scatter'd now and fled. Some are married, some arc dead, And when I ask. with throbs of pain. Ah wjien shall they all meet again. As in the days long since gone b-, An ancient timepiece makes reply Forever never! Never forever! This section is particularly rich in romance. There is an other interesting episode, which en passant I will mention here, not that it has any bearing upon this family, but simply on ac count of its beauty and truth, and because it happened in that immediate neighborhood. About sixty years ago there appeared suddenly a young man calling himself j. E. Spencer, and settled among the humblest peopjt- of that section, evidences of gentle blood peered through poverty and disgruise. He wandered from house to house, his genial man- 1 X V A J i A. VA V LA .V1 4tW4 M il 4 A A V- A. hJVV V. A A A soon won him many friends. Re duced to almost abject want he was induced to open a little school at Centre Hill, where many of the people still residing in that section received their on ly education. He soon fell in love with a pretty country lass, the daughter of a poor but honest blacksmith named Asjiley, and married her. In order to further complete his disguise he lived in the humblest manner, thorough ly adapting himself to his sur roundings: with the aid of his little school he obtained a fair competency. After awhile there appeared in many of the papers of the country an advertisement from a gentleman enquiring about a lost son. Spencer saw the advertisement, and recogniz ed it as from his father. A cor respondence was at once opened, and the history of the mysterious young man became known. Spencer turned out to be the son of ail aristocratic Charleston gen tleman named Carew, Voting Carew was at Yale College, auc became involved in a difficulty with a classmate; 111 the heat of voung blood he dealt his comrade what seemed to be a fatal blow; through the intervention of friends he made his escape, and in his wanderings drifted to this section pennyless, hungry and debauched. His father wrote him that his classmate did not die, and threw open the doors of his house to the prodigal. Carew, who had become much involved by debt the neighborhood from dissipation, and a want of busi ness tact arising from a reckless college career, left with his wife and children by night, in order to evade the law. He was receiv Jtj C, p i) V3 (ijf Let the People rejoice. Fair 16, IT, 18, An Exhibition of the People, and by the People. p -p3ih.. Tt.,r ed with open arms by his friends at home and was again at liberty to take his true name of J. K. Carew. His wife could not write her name at the time of their marriage, but was remarkably beautiful and refined for her sta tion in life; the very best talent of the city was at once employed to teach her music, fine arts, and and all the modern accomplish ments, and an old friend of form er days, who called on them in their metamorphosis, stated that she was one of the most cultured ladies of that city. Carew never forgot the friends of his dark days, and soon sent money back to pay off all his old debts, nor did his wife frown upon her poor and humble relatives, but paid them several visits, and assisted them in every way she could. Carew also paid this country one visit, and would grow indignant if any of his old friends called him anything but "Mr.Spencer." Mr. Carew became a prominent lawyer in Charleston, and was subsequently made a judge. Whenever a stranger spends ' a night in this neighborhood even now he is invariably entertained with the story of Judge Carew. The religious votaries of the Maldivean Isles at certain times commit to the mercy of the wind and waves a little boat, lad-u with rich hued flowers, delicate perfumes, and sweet-scented woods of their native isles.hoping to receive in return rich rewards for the sacrifice; though I have no flowers of rhetoric to offer, no measured lines, no burning in- ceusilrom tne .Muses snnne, ris thus I consign this bit of native? history to the tide, trusting some friendly wave may bear it safely on. Richard Diij.ard. Edenton, N. C. 5", UK, IBSlVjCa-j The Tinner. Manufacturer and Repairer of Ware. Roofing and Guttering a Specialty, All work attended to promptly. Satisfaction guaranteed. Only first class shop in Edenton. A SIMPLE INQUIRY MAY DOLLARS. SAVE YOU Write for prices before p!ac ing orders for gravestones or cemetery work. Designs sent free. COUPER'S MARBLE WORK, .-I, 113 & 115 Bank St., Norfolk Ya. Hard Times- To meet to pres&t Hard ruiif-M on Vnrnttfpra. Ffirtilirfirs s&flst.fE. will sail to farrpenj direct, fof T w rricen. per torn, ttst OortL Ootton and Peanota. a 813.50 ' JScki?'LC"op" ""JPqtMoe. 14.50 Alo Muriate of Potash, Kainit, Sulphate Potajli. Bona BiacK. Aitrate Boaa, tn Jars and imaU quantities. Send J Fertiliser Mannfactorera. Baltimore Uli. ,- . r time is at hand. the masses, and ing v-'vlsppir " ''ri' Exhibitions, Games 19, 94. Invent, and make these for the People 9 The only strictly Hardware Dealers in nsxDEnsrarozsr. j: Largest Stock and best quality of Goods at Lower Prices than ever before offered for cash. I j j j Our Stock consists of: II G?l?W?? Builders Supplies, S 11. A MHO AT A XI) JIILL s JIM Stoves and Stove Ware, Tinware, Carriage and Wagon Material, Paints, Oils, Varnishes, Glass and Putty. Chinese Bristle Brushes, Artists Tools. OARS, ROW LOCKS. Boat Scrapers, ANCHORS. SHIP i Housekeepers Goods. Ice Cream Freezers, Ice Picks and Shaves. Hammocks, Hammock Hooka, Canopies, Screen Doors and Windows. Sporting Goods and Fishing Tackle Farming Implements of all kinds. Agents for Billups Plows, Walter A. Wood's Mowers and Rakp Cutaway Co's Disk Harrows, Barbed wire, eto, All of which we Will offer low for CumIi. We shall do no credit from this date May lsV94. bom v i ! Portraits Made to Order and given away at our store. Being desirous of showing our customers that we highly appreciate their trade, will offer for a short time to make you a crayon portrait from any picture you desire when you have purchased from time to time worth of goods. Thesr. portraits are made by artists of world witfe reputation and they guarantee a correct likeness of the picture you bring us There is no family but possesses pictures which are highly treasured, and which they want copied but cannot alwavs afford to have the work done, We have contracted for fmmf; 111 iJntiriT-nti-.-i ... hhhvuuh ni ivmg traits, and can sell vou one at a Call at once and get a Cash premium ticket before they are all gone. Our prices on goods are as low as the lowest, and we want your !trade. Don't forget, you can get them only of New York Clothing Store, IV. X$lfoi Proprlotpr, Broud St EDENTON, N- G -o--- ..... u,.. - ' 1 -1 if I. I lli.r J8.r. I, . TEue Prog'jr&ima For the coming Fair will be Fresh, Novel and Exciting; Exhilerating. Comprehensive ami Pop ular. Not seusatioual and startling merely, mr a show for the amusement of the vulgar, but" ' n (Exhibition to Educate stimulate them to liiob. r 1 h" "'iii .iini nobler i-librts. Each year we ami to eng.ige and produce as many as possible of instructive, elevat ana Amuse ments. j kindred to the scope and purposes of a fair, and all the available rare, striking and promotive novel ties that the genius of the times has been able to discover and i to Enliven, Enrich, occasions enticing and eniovablc and have power to educate, amuse and enlighten the people, consistant with the character of the fair, thus assuring An Unusually Attractive ami Elaborate Program mo of everything conspicuous that can lend a charm or fascination, or make the fair grand, diffusive, alluring and pre eminent in features of instruction' and entertainment. CHANDLERY. $ ROPK, Tackle Blocks, A Caulking Cotton, J OAKUM. a large number of handsome 1 r.. uwuy u muuuer 01 tnese verv low nrice pDr-