-. Only Newspaper
An Advertising »Ti ^ Published In
Medium of I I I Bl i F Transylvania
Exceptional A 11U «ral!
_Mel'“ I A Newspaper Devoted to the Best Interest of the People of Transylvania County....
VOL 41 • NO. 38. BREVARD. NORTH CAROLINA. THURSDAY, SEPTEMBER 24.1936. $1.00 PER YEAR IN TRANSYLVANIA COUNTY
SCHOOLS CROWDED
IN TRANSYLVANIA
Effort Being Made To Secure
Additional Teachers For
The County System
With an Increased average attend
ance of 300 pupils in Transylvania
schools over that of last year, the need
of extra teachers is being badly felt,
and effort is being made by County
Superintendent J. It. Jones to secure
teachers for several of the schools.
Average attendance in the 1935-36
school year for all schools of the county
, was 2060. while the average attendance
for the first two weeks of school this
year was 2360. according to figures In
the superintendent’s office.
Old Toxaway and Quebec schools,
in the ltosman district, each had per
fect attendance for the first two weeks,
with I'isgah Forest, Selica, Cedar
Mountain. Rnon and Montvale running
close in perfect attendance.
Comparative figures given out by the
county superintendent shows the fol
lowing:
1936 1936 1935
School Knrl Att Att
Brevard high . 369 348 328
Brevard elementary .... 553 526 471
Cedar Mountain . 31 29 23
Connestee . 66 47 49
Kaon . 90 87 61
Little River . 96 94 64
Pisgah Forest . 155 150 155
Selica . 84 82 59
Bosnian high . 154 149 142
Bosnian elementary .... 386 370 297
Balsam drove . 83 76 54
Lake Toxaway . 83 81 74
Montvale . 31 29 11
Old Toxaway . to 10 10
Quebec . 60 60 62
Silversteen . 64 60 52
Brevard (colored) . 129 121 146
(Hade Creek (colored) .. 42 38 37
Total . 2186 2360 2060
Mr. .Jones said that much needed re
pair work is being donp at various
schools of the county through the Na
tional Youth movement, and that with
tin co-operation which the county is
aide to give the NYA students anl
workers, most all buildings would soon
b< in much better condition.
Now I.uses have been added to the
system during the last year and at the
In ginning of ttie present term, and this
is also adding materially to the in
creased attendance.
Lyday Hospital Served
Many Charity Patients
Charts on display at “Hospital Day.”
revealed many interesting facts con
cerning the statistical record compiled
since the incorporation of l.yday Me
morial hospital from May 1933. to
August 1936. I
It was shown that S66 patients had
been admitted during this period. Of
tliis number of patients, there Were
3.610 full-pay days. 678 part-pay days
and 2.211 free days. The free-day pa
tients are confined exclusively to char
ity cases, a part of which expense is
met by the Duke Foundation fund, al
lowing $ 1.00 a day for each charity pa
tient. The minimum hospital expense
for charity cases is $2.66 per day for
each patient, and the allowance of $1.00
a day from the Duke fund for free pa
tients. leaves a deficit to the hospital of
$1.66 per day for each charity patient
admitted. The total number of patient
days'during the stated period was 6,499.
The charts also brought out that of
the SO6 patients admitted to the hospital
during the period that 201 of this num
ber were surgical patients; 340 medical
cases; S6 maternity cases: and 1S2
tonsil operations, this number not being
included in the surgical report. An Im
portant fact revealed l>y the chart re
port is that there were no deaths
among the 132 tonsil cases.
The medical staff of the hospital in
cludes: Dr. Charles L. Newland and
Dr. Harold J. Bradley, with Miss Myr
ti. e M. Dillard. It. N.. superintendent
of the hospital.
Members of the board of trustees
an : Ball'll It. Ramsey. Jr.. Mrs. S. P.
Verner. T. A. Berg. Rev. Paul Hartsell.
Mrs .A. H. Harris. F. Brown Carr, and
\Y. M. Hunt.
Commercial Classes
at Rosman Hi School
ROSMAN Sept. 23.—Night school
for persons wishing to take commercial
v irk will start October 5 at Rosman
high school. Classes will tie held three
nights weekly. The subjects to be offer
ed are typing, shorthand, and book
keeping.
Persons interested in beginning this
work are advised to communicate with
Miss Alicia Winn. Rosman. so that
arrangements may be made about
books.
Professor Andrew To
Speak To Kiwanians
Professor Runyan Andrew, dean of
men and history Instructor at Brevard
''allege. wtU be guest speaker at (he
meeting cf Brevard Klwanls Club to be
held Thursday at noon at the Kriglanvl
Home. Professor Andrew will discuss
the "American Constitution.” a planned
program of all Kiwanir olulis through
out the nation.
Directors of the club met last Thurs
dnv evening at the home of Rev. and
Mrs. Paul Hartsel! Following a delici
ous dinner served by Mrs. Hartsell, the
I ustness meeting was held. Those pre
sent included Dr. C. T.. Newland. W D.
Cash. Ralph Ramsey, Harry Sellers,
F Brown Carr. C. M. Douglas. J. B.
Jones Harry Patton, and Mr. Hartseli.
I ■ & .t^u
Republican Rally To
Be Held Here Friday
Republicans of Transylvania county
will meet In Brevard, Friday night of
this week for a rally and public speak
ing, according to announcement made
by Republican headquarters here Wed
nesday.
Yonno I.. Gudger, Asheville attorney
and prominent Republican leader of
this section of the state, is scheduled
to make the main address of the eve
ning. Other short talks will be made
by local people.
Music by string bands will be pro
vided as an extra feature of the meet- |
ins. which is called for 8 o’clock in the |
court house.
Transportation will be furnished to
Brevard by the executive committee!
| from the various sections of the conn- I
ty. it is announced.
—--—■
Mrs. Davis Elected
Head Rosman P.T.A.
ROSMAN. Sept. 23.—Organization of
a parent-teacher association was per
fected here last Friday, when a large
rumber of parents and school patrons
teach- 1
ers at the school. Mrs. Oliver H. Orr,
of Brevard, assisted in the organization, j
Mrs. E. A. Davis was elected presl- j
dent; Mrs. D. H. Winchester, vice pres- i
blent: Mrs. Arthur Whitmire, secreta-I
ry; and Mrs. Jack Fisher, treasurer, j
Committees will be appointed at the
next meeting of the organization to !
be held on October 12.
Mr. Henderson's grade had the high
est percentage of parents present at |
the meeting, and received the attend- |
ance prize, which will be presented at i
the chapel exercises Friday morning.
ICOLLEGE ASSUMES I
! REGULAR PROGRAM
j Business Courses Of Highest
Rating Offered—Rat
Week In Progress
- |
Life at Brevard College is now as- j
smiling tlie complexion that would be j
found at any college in the beginning of j
the year. Students are becoming ac
quainted with faculty members and
with one .another. Young men are mak
ling dates with young women. Teachers
are careful, however, to see that too
many dates are not made and that the
attention of students is directed toward
the serious business of mastering as
signments.
j Beginning with the reception that the I
j Sophomores tendered to the Freshmen
■Saturday night, the cost of which was
borne by the new-comers, the formal
opening of "Hat Week" was inaugurat
ed. Under faculty regulations passed a
year ago, the various activities planned
for initiation were concluded Wednes
day night.
Buying chapel tickets, wearing eve
ning dresses to breakfast, decorating
the faces, and making a "honking"
j sound when passing an '4Pper classman
lure a few of tlie grotesque directions to
1 Freshmen.
j Otis G. Daniel, of Asheville is a new |
j addition to the faculty. Mr. Daniel will '
tench, accounting, business law. busi- j
ness mathematics, and other phases of |
work in business education. In addition |
to graduation from Wofford College, j
Mr. Daniel holds a special certificate in '
business education from Cedi’s Busi- !
ness College. For several years Mr.
Daniel worked in the office of the pa- i
cific Mills in South Carolina. More ro- |
eently he has held positions in the
.Spartanburg high school, the Lee Ed
wards high school In Asheville, and
Cecil's Business College. Mr. Cecil rec
ommended Mr. Daniel as one of the
most efficient teachers in business sub- j
ieets of his acquaintance. Mr. Daniel j
takes the place of Miss Gladys Fewell :
who resigned about a month ago. She is
U"w b aching in West Virginia.
The coming of Mr. Daniel as a spe
■da! teacher in the department of inis- |
iness education is in line with the pur
pose of the college administration, in
! an effort to place courses in this field
on a level with other types of college
instruction, a course covering two full
years has been developed, completion of i
whidi will lead to a special certificate |
and a college diploma, also. At the j
present time registration in this de- I
partment is fifty-five.
Tuesday night the various clubs held I
their meetings. At the present time the |
following clubs have been organized: [
Archives, Ballads and Folklore, Dra- |
unities. Fireside. International Rela- |
tions. Journalism, Ministerial Band,
Photo-nature. Pre-medical, Romance
Languages. Scientific Farmers, Travel,
:.u-i Debating.
Hard Winter Is Ahead
Says Prognosticator
"Dig yqur potatoes early, and
lied 'em down deep.’’ is the warn
ing issued by Columbus Siniard,
one of the older residents of Bre
vard.
Mr. Siniard says he is basing
his belief that the coming winter
will be a hard one from the signs
he finds on every hand. Of es
pecial note, Mr. Siniard points
out. is the fact that corn has an
extra heavy shuck for the ear
covering, which is one sign that
seldom If ever fails.
Last year, Mr. Siniard says, he
foretold a hard winter with much
bad weather, and a number of his
friends heeded his warning and j
wore prepared.
POLITICAL COLUMN TO START IN
NEXT WEEK’S ISSUE OF THE TIMES
--
Beginning next week, The Times will carry all
political news in one column, and request is made
that leaders of the two parties in Transylvania county
co-operate with the paper in making the column
worthwhile insofar as announcements of meetings and
speakings are concerned.
Meetings by party groups will be announced through
the “Political Column” as well as brief summaries of
speeches given by national leaders. Items for the
column should be in The Times office not later than
Tuesday afternoon of each week in order to be includ
ed in Wednesday afternoon’s paper.
The column will be printed each week as a matter
of information, and any items of general interest will
be solicited. Political matter other than what the man
agement of The Times deems as strictly news will be
carried in the advertising columns, when and if it
is paid for IN ADVANCE.
....,l,liiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiHiiiiiiiitiMiiiiiiiiiiiiiii"i"|"ii,""ii"im*i'i"
Road Refund Matter
To Be Taken Up By
Commission Thursday
Transylvania county's claim to a ro
und from the State of North Carolina
n the sum of $1,015,000 for roads built
ind turned over to the state highway
jystein, will be presented at a hearing
if the commission to lie held in Ashe
rille on Thursday of this week.
Figures and data coneerning the |
amount which Transylvania claims
ivere compiled by County Attorney
lireese and County Accountant bydav
some few weeks past, and a copy mailed
to the Raleigh office of the commission.
The 1S35 legislature set up a commis
sion tn study the much mooted question
,f refunds to counties for roads built
before the entire state's highway sys
h'tn was taken over by the state, and
this commission is scheduled to tnako
recommendations to the next meeting
of the general assembly. Claims are
being presented by counties, ranging in
sums from a couple of million down io
i few thousand dollars.
Baptist Young Folk
To Meet at Calvert
Baptist young people of the upper
district will meet Sunday afternoon it
Mt. Moriah Calvert church, with all
Baptist churches in the upper end of
the county expected to send delegates
to the meeting.
The program will start at 2:30 o'clock
with several unions taking part.
Teachers To Gather
In Brevard Saturday
All teachers and principals of the
county school system are called to meet
at Brevard high school on Saturday
morning, September 26, according to of
ficial call issued by Professor J. B.
Jones, county superintendent.
Principals will meet at 10:30 o'clock,
and the joint meeting of principals and
teachers will be held at 11 o'clock. Dr.
A. W. Parker, member of the faculty
of Western Carolina Teachers College
will deliver an address to the joint meet
ing, and extension work will be discuss
ed.
Following this meeting, the Transyl
vania unit of the North Carolina Educa
tion Association will convene for a brief
meet.
At Lyday Hospital
Patients reported at Lyday Memorial
hospital on Wednesday were: Mrs. Til
den Holden. Mrs. Oliver Owen. Mrs.
Sam Bryson and little Noah C. Miller.
Dr. Jenkins Enters
Business in Walhalla
Dr. and Mrs. C. M. Jenkins left the
first of the week for their new home
in Walhalla, S. C., after spending the
past two years in Brevard, where Dr.
Jenkins was connected with the Macfie
Drug store.
Dr. Jenkins has purchased a phar
macy in Walhalla. and will take over
his new business there this week. The
Jenkins have made numerous friends
during their stay in Brevard.
F-O-O-T-B-A-L-L
Marshall Hi vs. Brevard Hi
Friday Afternoon, 3:30
Brevard High School Field
i
Rrevard high school’s first football i
game of the season will be played here
Friday afternoon, with the hard-hitting
Marshall high school eleven.
Coach Tilson is counting on triple
attacks for his ground gaining, with
the boys being drilled in running, aerial,
and line plays. While a practically new
lineup will be on the field for the local
school this year, the boys have been
showing up well during the past two
weeks of practice, and a good game is
looked forward to.
Last year the two teams played on
the Marshall field in a game that ended
in a tied score.
Probable starting lineup will be:
Ends, Teague and C. Moore; tackles,
Mull and Mackey; guards, Dickson and
Norton: center. Walden; halfbacks,
Allison and Nelson; fullback, Duck
worth; quarter, C. Loftts.
Ollier players who will see action in
Friday's game are Shuford. C. Pickel
simer and James McJunkin in the
backfield. and Carter. Nicholson. Bry
son. Morris. Poole, M. Loftis, and Tins
ley, in the line.
Ralph Waldrop Given
Commission In Army
Ralph Lov Waldrop has been com
missioned second lieutenant In the
chemical warfare reserve corps, and
bus been stationed at Atlanta, Ga„
temporarily, before boincr piven a post
of service.
Lieutenant Waldrop is a son of Mr.
and Mrs. ,T. L. Waldrop, of the Cherry
field section, and has ' iir.tr "hem
ieal work for the C Army
for several months.
Improvements Noted
At U. D C. Library
A change in librat fiKoilrs at ti e U. D.
0. library goes into ■ t *iii ••• oak. ac
centing to an an :■ ‘ ■ r e n t «f Miss
Della Shore, head librarian.
The library will V- o. n every after
noon, from 1 to ii ■ locn. disc :iti tilling
the morning hour as horelatore. Two
nf the Brevard C 'liege ••tudents are in
charge—Miss Trer.e Par.-on* and Miss
Elizabeth Jenkins.
It is pointed on- thatSpe library is
free to the reading publlE since Its
management has • en assumed by the
college authorities \ varied assortment
af books has recently h- n received from
the North Carol'a . l.::wnr\ mmission,
which are now s edved ">r use of inter
ested readers
County Fair Will Be
Outstanding Event In
Countv, October 9-10
* '_
| Officers of The Transylvania Fair
I Association report that from present
I outlook the county fair which will he
h«*M here on October 9 and 10. will be
larger than any previous like exhi
bition in the county.
\rransrements are being1 made to pro
vide adequate space for display of field
crops. vegetable/. fruits. livestock,
; poultry, flowers, canned goods, pantry
iand dairy supplies, school exhibits, and
| other items of interest.
The fair will be held in the old Har
rir, building oi, West Main street. Book
lets, giving classifications and other
information pertaining to the fair will
be off the press within the next few
days.
Home Coming Day at
Cedar Mtn. Church
'■e.iar Mountain homo coming day
will lie obserpd at the Cedar Moun
tain church next Sunday, beginning at
10 o'clock in the morning and continu
ing through the day. An interesting
program has been prepared, and all are
requested to bring well-filled lunch
backets for the picnic dinner to be
served on the grounds., ' ~ .
llBfnfKaaK
Young Democrats To
Organize In County
Transylvania Young Democrat
was organized at a meeting held in the
court house last Friday evening, at
which time Dilll Cocke, of Asheville,
was speaker.
Jess A. Galloway, register of deeds,
was elected president of the party or
ganization; Miss Jackie Clayton was
elected vice chairman; Wallace Short,
secretary, and Edwin Morgan, treas
urer.
I’recinct organization will be set up
in each of the county voting districts,
according to plans of the county group,
with meetings to tie scheduled at once
throughout the county. President Gal
loway said.
At Quebec, on Tuesday night, the
club elected Leltov McCall as chair
man j Mrs. Essie Fisher, vice chairman;
and Mrs. Beulah Keid Bagwell, as sec
retary.
Debt Settlement Is
Discussed at Meet
By Local Officials
Conference of county and town of
j ficials and members of the state local'
government commission was held in i
Baleigh, Wednesday, in an effort to
iron out some of the difficulties of a|
debt settlement for the two local gov- |
ernmenta! units.
Ralph W. Lyday, W. E. Creese, and ]
Jess A. Galloway represented the coun- I
•y at the meeting with the state offl- !
cials, while Mayor A. H. Harris and
iRalpii H. Ramsey, Jr., represented
the town of Brevard.
Details of the plans discussed at the
I meeting had not been received here
[ Wednesday afternoon.
I “Highway Holdup”
Proves To Be
i End Of Drink Party
"IIol(l-up!”
I "Highway robbers!”
Quite a stir was created in the up
town section early Monday night when
. Ed King reported that he had been
knocked in the head and his truck tak
en away from him and Bill Wilson by
two incn whom they had stopped to
pick up on the Greenville highway.
King's story' had earmarks of ringing
true. His face was badly bruised, with
a deep gash in the bridge of his nose,
and a severe cut on the forehead. He
was carried to the office of Dr. E. S.
English and given treatment.
King said that he and Bill Wilson
had stopped their truck to give two
men a lift, and immediately they were
set upon by the fellows they had stop
ped to befriend, and severely beaten.
The truck was wrecked, King said, and
he feared that his companion, Bill Wil
son. was suffering a bad fate at the
hands of the highwaymen.
King said that he had managed to
roll and crawl to a nearby house, where
he secured transporation to Brevard.
Sheriff Tom Wood went to Mill Hill,
the supposed scene of the crime, and
returned shortly with three men whom
he placed in jail, and after questioning
them, he also placed Ed King in Jail.
At a hearing before Justice of the
Peace Fred Shuford. Tuesday, It was
brought out that whiskey, fists, and
other articles that come in at a free
for-all fight had been used, and each of
the participants went away from the
court house minus cash for fines and
costs, and wiser in the ways of conduct
on tlie highway, and the highway rob
bery story vanished in thin air.
Members of the party aside from
King were Homer Gravely, Bill Wilson
and Roy Wilson.
Four-Family Reunion
Set For September 26
Annual reunion of the Owen, Parker,
i Galloway, Reid families will be held at
| Lake Toxaway Baptist church, Satur
day, September 26. in an all-day gath
I ering which will convene at 10 o'clock
| in the morning.
The following announcement of the
day's program has been made by the
program committee:
Song. "Lend Kindly Light.'' by eon
jgregation; devotional. Rev. Clyde S.
I McCall: address of welcome. Avery P*.
!Galloway; song, by Riverside Quartet
I report on last year’s meeting, .1. Colo
jman Owen; election of officers for the
‘ensuing year ami selection of time and
j place for next year's reunion.
Discussion of the traits, peculiarities
(and accomplishments of the Owen fam
ily, by Dr. .1. ('. Owen and others; song,
jhy quartet: discussion of the traits, pe
jeuliarities and accomplishments of the
(Parker family, bv Oscar Parker and
others; song by quartet: collection for
expenses incurred: adjourn for dinner.
Afternoon session: Discussion of the
value and purpose of the "Family Re
union." led by C. S. McCall; discussion
of the traits, peculiarities and nccom
pitshments of the Galloway family, by
t. Coleman Galloway and others; seng,
"How Firm A Foundation." by congre
gation; discussion cf the traits, peeuii
jarities and accomplishments of the Reid
family, by Pi. .1 I!. Owen an ! others.
| Short talks, by anybody, relative to
I any phase of the "Family Reunion" as
I such, the several clans embraced in this
j reunion, or any special member or mem
bers of any of these clans; report on
numb-r of deaths since last mooting:
song. “God Be With You Till We Meet
Again." by congregation; dismissal, ben
ediction by Rev. D. Owen.
All members of the families repre
sented in this reunion are especially re
quested 'o attend this meeting and the !
friends of these families are also cor
dially Invited. It is also hoped that none
f us will forget to bring something with
which to ‘fill in” between sesslonn, viz;
"A big basket of good eats."
TRUCK COLLISION IS
FATAL TO J. S. ORR
Glade Creek Man Die* From
Injuries—Earl Hall It
Bound To Court
Jerry S. Orr, 29-year-ol<l fanner of the
Olade Creek section, was almost In
stantly killed Sunday night about 8:80
o’clock, when his truck and a bus loaded
with Brevard baseball players crashed,
on the Boylston road, just a short dis
tance from the Orr home.
Evidence given at the coroner’s In
quest held Monday afternoon before
Coroner C. S. Osborne, was to the effect
that Mr. Orr and several members of his
family and friends, twelve In all, had
been to the Clarence Orr home for the
Sunday night community singing, and
were enroute to their home when the
crash occurred, Just a few yards from
the road that leads from the Boylston
highway Into the Orr place. Mr. Orr
was driving.
The bus was driven by Earl Hall, of
Brevard, and was loaded with Brevard
baseball players who had been to Ashe
ville to play Enka In the Industrial
League series In the afternoon.
When the bus and truck crashed. Orr
was fatally Injured about the body an I
head. He was carried immediately to
the Lyday Memorial hospital in Bre
vard >y Hubert Taylor, but died about
the time of arrival at the hospital.
Four other persona. Perry M. Orr,
father; Mrs. T. K. Holden, Misses Ada
and Emma Orr. were given treatment
at the hospital for Bevere bruises and
cuts, but their condition was not seri
ous, the hospital attaches said. No one
In the baseball bus was injured.
Funeral services for the deceased
were held Tuesday morning at 11 o’clock
from l’isgah Forest Baptist church, with
the Rev. C. E. Blythe, pastor, In charge.
Interment was made in the Davidson
River cemetery. Funeral arrangements
were by Kilpatrick Funeral Home, of
Brevard.
At the coroner's inquest Monday aft
ernoon, the Jury', after hearing a num
ber of witnesses rendered the following
verdict—"We. the undersigned coroner's
Jury, after hearing the evidence, find
that Jerry Orr came to his death from
an auto accident and we recommen I
that Earl Hall be held for grand jury
Investigation at the next term of Supe
rior Court, under a *200 bond." The
(Continued on Back Page)
Belk Store Here To
Hold Formal Opening
Announcement Is being made in this
[issue of The Times by Bela's Depart -
I merit store of their formal opening and
sale which starts on Friday of this
week.
The Brevard store is one of nearly
150 in North and South Carolina. Vir
ginia. Georgia and Florida, and is under
' the management of J. E. Simth, who
les been with the Belk store in Green
ville for the past several years. Mr
Smith is making his home at the Sledge
House in Brevard. Local people are em
ployed in the store as clerks.
The first Belk store was started In
Monroe in 1888 by W. H. Belk, who.
now resides in Charlotte, and the com
pany has been expanding during the/
years since.
Davidson River Day
To Be Held Sunday
—
Annual Davidson River Day will be
observed at the old Davidson River
Presbyterian church next Sunday
morning, hy the Presbyterian church
and friends and interested ones. The
usual old time service, with picnic din
ner on the grounds will bn featured.
The principal sp> aker will he Rev. J. H.
Gruver. superintendent of the Moun
tain Orphan.ur* at Black Mountain.
With him will be i . up of children
from the orphanage, wii! sing.
College Football On
Upgrade Says Ranson
I Coach Arthur Ranson at Brevard
College, is well pleased with the sho»
I ing his squad is making, an l stated
[Wednesday that he believed Brevard
fans would be pleased with the slu -
ing the college grid will make tills
year.
True, the coach said, some of the men
are a little bit Inexperienced, but this
Is offset with a willingness to get out
and hustle, and an aptitude for team
work.
So far no places have been definitely
made by any member of tlie squad, the
coach said, as Improvements shown by
some of the hoys make all positions on
the first string vulnerable.
First game of the season will bo
played on the college field on October
3rd, with Wofford Frosh as opponents.
Lunch Room Here In
Need Of Donations
Donations in cash and supplies for
the school lunch room for underprivil
eged children were received last week
from Mrs. J. T. MCCetiee and Lem
Brool.3 sufficient to provide lunches
during the entire week for the nearly
100 children fed at the Brevard ele
mentary school every day.
Miss Jackie Clayton, WPA supervisor
for (Ms work In the county, invites -
trons of the school and Interested
friends to visit the lufich rooms when
the children are being fed at 12:15,
find out what the needs are In the na
ture of food supplies and dishes, and
to make donations toward this cause,
all of which will be greatly appreciated.