REV. DR. TALMAGE. THE NOTED DIVINE'S BUN. DAY DISCOURSE. .An, Eloquent DlMrtatlon on th Sin of Gambling-. in Inldiou Vlee Which ' Xainher IU Virtimt by the Thau- sands-oiay be Saved bj Grace of God. 7?ext: "'Woe unto them that sin, as it were Wttp a cartrope."-Isa!a!i v., 19. :. ijhere are some iniquities that onlv nibble :at the heart. After a lifetime of their work the man still stands upright, respected and honorel. These vermin have not strength enough to gnaw through a man's character. Bat there are other transgressions that lift themselves to gigantic, proportions and nii7A hold of a man and bind him. with thongs forever. There Rre some iniquities that have sue'a reat emphasis of evil that he who commits them may be said to sin as with a cart-, rope, I suppose yon know how they snake a great rope. The stuff out -of which it. Is fashioned is nothing but tow which you pull apart without any exertion of yonr finders. This is spun into threads, any of which you could easily snap, but a great many of these threads are inter wound then you have a rope i strong enough to bind an ox or hold a ship in a -tempest. , I speak to you of the sin of gambling. A cart rope in strength la that sin, and yet I wish more especially to draw your atten tion to the fimall threads of influence out of which that mitrhtv inianitv la twlatnri This crime is on thu advance, so that it is well not oiilv that f i kthers and brothers and i such a discussion, but jthers and sisters and lest their present home was be Interested ii that wires and m daughters look out be sacrificed blasted. No or their intended home be man. no woman, can stand aloof from such a subject as this and say, "It has no practical bearing uponmy life," fortheremay .be in a short time in your history an experience in which i you will find that the discussion involved three worlds earth, heaven, hell. There are gambling establishments by the thousands. There are about 5300 professional gamb lers. Out of all the gambling establish ments how many of them do you suppose profess to be honest? Ten these ten pro fessing to be honest because they are merely the antechamber to those that are acknowl edged fraudulent. There are first-class es tablishments. You step a little way out of Broadway, New York. You go up the mar ble stairs J You ring the bell. Ths liveried servant introduces you. The walls are lav ender tinted. The mantels are of Yerinont marble. The pictures are "Jephthah's Daughter" and D ore's "Dante" and Virgil "Frozen Reglonof Hell," a most appro priate selection, this last, for the place. There is the roulette table, the finest, cost liest, most exquisite piece of furniture in the United States. There Is the banquet ing room, where, free , of charge to the guests, you may find the plate and viands and wines and cigars sumptuous beyond parallel. Then you oome to the second class gambling establishment. To it you are introduced by a card through some -roper In." Having entered, you , must either gamble or fight. .Sanded cards, dice loaded with quicksilver; poor drinks mixed with m6re poor drinks will soon help you to get rid of all your money to a tune in short meter with staccato passages. You wanted to see. You saw. The low villains of that place watch you as you "come In. Does not the panther, squat in the grass, knowa calf when she sees it? Wrangle not for your rights in that place, or your body will be thrown bloody into the street or dead into the river. You go along a little farther and find the policy establishment. In that place you bet on numbers. Betting on two numbers is called a "saddle;" betting on three num bers is called a "gig;" betting on four numbers is called a "horse," and there are thousands of our, young men leaping into that "saddle" and mounting ' that "gig" and behind that "horse" riding to perdi tion. There is always one kind of sign on the door, "Exchange," a most appropriate title for the door, for there in that room a man exchanges health, . peace and heaven for loss of health, loss of home, loss of fam ily, lo33 Of immortal soul. Exchange sure enough and infinite enough. Now you acknowledge that is a cart rope of evil, but you want to know what are the small threads out of which it is made. There is in. many a disposition to hazard. They feel' a delight in walking near a precipice because of the sense of. danger.- There are people who go upon Jungfrau, not for the largeness of the pros pect, but for the feeling that they have of thinking, v What would happen if I should fall off?" There are persons who have their blood filliped and accelerated by skating very near an airhole. There are men who find a positive delight in driving within" two inches of the edge of a bridge. It is this disposition to hazard that finds development in gaming practices. Here are ?500. I may stake them. If I stake them, I may lose them, but I may win $3000. Whichever way it turns I have the excitement. Shuffle the cads. Lost! Heart thumps. Head dizzy. At It again just to gratify this desire lor hazard. , - Then there are others who go into this sin through sheer desire for gain. It is es pecially so with professional -gamblers. They always keep cool. They never drink enough toun balance their judgment. They do not see the dice so much as they see the dollar bevond the dice, and for that they watch as'tbe spider in the web, looking as if dead until the fly passes. Thousands of young men in tbe hope of gain go into . . ... mi t 1 : these practices, xney say: "weu, mj sw arvisnot enough to allow this luxury. I don't get enough from my store, office or chop. I ought to have finer apartments. I ought to have better wines. I ought to have more richly flavored cigars. I ougbt to be able to entertain my friends more ex- fensively. I wci-'t stand this any longer, can with ona brilliant stroke make a for tune. Now. here eoes. principle or no rrinciple. heaven or hell. Who cares?" When a ycung man makes up his mind to live beyond his income, sat an has bought him out and out. and it is only a question of time when the goods are to be delivered The thing is done. You may plant in the way sui tne batteries ot tmtn ana rtgnt- eousness: but man is bound to go on. When u man makes -1000 a year and spends $1200, when a young man makes $1500 and spends $1700. all the harpies of darkness cry out, "Ha! ta! we have him And they have. How to get the extra S500 or the extra 000 is the question., He says: "Here is rav friend who started out the other day with but little moner, and in one night, so great was his iuck, ne roiiea up hundreds and thousands of dollars. If he got it, why not I? It is such dull work. this adding up of long lines ot figures in the counting bouse, tnts pulling down ot hundred yards of goods and selling a rem nant. this aJwavs waiting upon somebody else when I could put $100 on the ace and pick up lo6o. This sin works very insidiously. Other Ins sound the drum, and flaunt the flag. and gather their recruits, with 'wild huxxa, but this marches its procession of pale tic tims in dead ot sight, in silence, and when thev drop into the grave there is not so much sound as the click of dice. ' Oh. how many have gone down under ltj Look at those men who were once highly pros pered. Now their forehead U lickea by a tongue ot came that will never go out. In their souls are , plunged tbe beaks which wCl never be lifted. Swing open the door of that man's heart and you see a coil of ad ders wriggling their indescribable horror until you tarn away and hide your face and ask God to help you to forget it. Tbe most of this evil is unadvectised. The community does hot hear of it. Men de frauded in gambling establishments re- not . fools enough to tell ot it. Once in awhile, however, tp.ere is an exposure, as when in Boston the police swooped upon a gaming establishment and found in it the representatives of all classes of citizens, from the , first merchants on State street to the low Ann street gambler: as when Bullock, the cashier of the Central Kailroad of Georgia, was found to have stolen $103,000 for the purpose of carrying on gambling practices, as when a young man in one of the savings banks of Brook lyn many years ago was found to have stolen $40,000 to carry on gaming oractices: as when a man connected with a Wall street Insurance company was found ' to have stolen $108,000 to carry on his gaming prac tices. But that is exceptional. Generally the money leaks silently from the merchant's till into the gamester' wal let. I believe that one of the main pipes leading to this sewer of iniquity is the ex citement of business life. Is it not a sig nificant fact that the majority of the day gambling houses in New York are in prox imity to Wall street? Men go into the ex citement of stock gamblincr. and from that they plunge into the gambling houses, as, when men are intoxicated, they go into a liquor saloon to get more drink. The agi tation that is witnessed in the stock market when the chair announced the word "Northwestern," or "Fort Wayne," or "Bock Island," or "New York Central," and the rat, tat, tat, of the auctioneer's hammer, and the excitement of making "corners," and getting up "pools," and "carrying stock," and a"break" from eighty to seventy, and the excitement of rushing around in curbstone brokerage, and the sudden cries of "Buyer threel" Buyer ten!" Take 'eml' "How many?" and the making or losing of $10,000 by one opera tion, unfits 5 a man to go home, and so he goes up the flight of stairs, amid business offices, to the darkly curtained, wooden shuttered room, gayly, furnished inside, and takes his place at the roulette or the faro table. But I cannot tell all the pro cess by which men get into this evil. A man, went to New York. He was a Western merchant. He went into a gaming house on Tark place. Before morning he bad lost all his money save $1. and he moved around about with that dollar in his band, and after awhile, caught still mora powerfully under the infernal infatuation. he came up and put down the dollar and cried out until they heard him through the saloon, "One thousand miles from home, and my last dollar on the gaming table." Many years ago for sermonic purposes and in company with the chief of police of New York I visited one of the most brilliant gambling houses in that city. It was night, and as we came up in front all seemed dark. The blinds were down, the door was guarded, but after a whispering ot the officer with the guard at the door we were admitted into the hall, and thence into the parlors, around one table finding eight or ten men in midlife, well dressed all the work going on in silence, save the noise of ( the rattling "chips" on the gaming table in one parlor and the revolving ball of the roulette table In the other parlor. Some of these men, we were told, had served terms in prison, some were shipwrecked bankers and brokers and money dealers, and some were going their first rounds of vice but all intent upon the table, as large or small fortunes moved up and down before them. Oh, there was something awfully solemn in the silence the intense gaze, the sup pressed emotions of the players. No one looked up. They all had money in the rapids, and I have no doubt some saw, as they sat there, horses ana car riages, and houses and lands. and home and family rustling down Into the vortex. A man's life would not have.been worth a farthing in that pres ence had he net been accompanied by the police if he had been supposed to be on a Christian errand of, observation. Some or these mem went by private key. some went In by careful introduction, some were taken in by the patrons, of the establish ment. Tie officer ol tne law tola me. "None gets In here except by police man date or bv some letter ot a patron." 1 While we were there a young man came in, put his money down on the roulette table and lost; put more money down on the roulette table and lo3t; put more money down on the roulette table and lost; then feeling in his pockets for more money finding none, in severe silence he turned his back upon the scene and passed out. While we stood there men lost their property and lost their souls. Oh, merciless place! Not once in all the history of that gaming house has there been one word ot sympathy uttered for the losers at the game. Sir Horace Walpole said that a man. dropped dead in one of the clubhousos of London. His body was carried into the clubhouse, and the members of the club began immediately to bet as to whether he was dead or alive, and when it was pro posed to test the matter by bleeding him. it was only hindered by the suggestion that it would be unfair to some or the players. In these gaming houses of our cities men have their property wrung away from them, and then they go out. some of them to drown their grief In strong drink, some to ply the counterfeiter's pen, and so restore their fortunes, some resort to the suicide's revolver, but all going down, and that work proceeds day by day and night by night. That cart-rope," says some young man. "has never been wound around my soul." But have not some threads of that cart- rope been twisted? I arraign" before God the gift enterprises of our cities, which have a tendency to make this a nation of gamblers. What ever you get, young man, in such a place as that, without giving a proper equiva lent, is a robbery of your own soul and a robbery of the community. Yet how we are appalled to see men who have failed in other enterprises go into gift concerts, where the chief attraction is not music, but the prizes distributed among the au dience, or to sell books where the chief attraction 19 not the book, but the package that goes with the book. Tobacco dealers advertise that on a certain day they will put money Into their papers, so that the purchaser of this tobacco in Cin cinnati or New York may unexpect edly come upon a magnificent gratuity. Boys hawking through the can packages containing nobody knows what, until you open them and find they contain nothing. Christian men wiih pictures on their wall gotten in a lottery, and the brain of community- taxed to a find, out some new way of getting tnings without paying for them. Ohj'Oung men, these are threads that make the cart rope, and when a young man con sents to these practices b is being bound hand and foot by a habit which has already destroyed "a great multitude that no man can number. Sometimes these gift enterprises are ear- lied on in the name ot charity, and some of you remember at the dose of our civil war how many gift enterprises were oa foot. the nroeeeds to eo to the orphans and widows of tbe soldiers and sallow. - What did the men who had charge of those gift enterprises care for the orphans and widows? Why, they) would ix&ve allowed them to freeze to death upon their steps; I have no faith in aieharity which for the sake of relieving present suffering opens a gaping jaw that nasi swallowed down so much of the virtue and good principle of the community. Young man, have nothing to do with these things - They only sharpen your appetite for games of chance. Do one of two things be honest or die. I have accomplished my object if I put Wou on the lookout; It is a great deal easier to fall than jit is to get up again. The trouble is that when men. begin to go astray from the path of duty they are apt "Thr-. nn iiiu,nf mv'trdmr to tret I back. I've sacrificed my respectability, I can't return." And; they go on until they are utterly destroyed. I tell you,! my friends, that God j this moment, by His Holy Spirit, can change your entire nature so that you will sk a different man in a minute. Your great want whit is it? More salary? Higher social position? No, no. I will tell you the great-want of every man if he has not already obtained it. It is the grace of God. Are there any who have fallen victims to the sin that I have been reprehending?! You are in a prison. You rush against the wall f this prison and try to get out! and you fail, and you turn around and dash against the other s wall until there is blood on the grates and blood on your soul. You will never get out in this wav. There is only one way of getting out. There is a key that can un lock that prison house. It is the key of the house of David. It is the-key that Christ wears at His j girdle. If you will allow him to put that key to the lock, the bolt will shoot back, and the door will swing open, and you will be a free man in Christ Jesus. Oh, prodigal, what a busi ness this Is for you', feeding swine, when your father stands in the front door, strain ing his eyesight to catch the nrst glimpse of your return, and it he calf is as fat as it will be, 'and the harps of heaven are all strung, and the feet free. There are converted gamblers in heaven. The light of eternity flashed upon the green baize of their billiard saloon. In the laver of God's forgiveness they washed off all their sins. They quit trying for earthly stakes. They tried for heaven and won it. There stretches a hand from heaven toward the head of the worst' offender. It is a hand, not clinched as if to smite, but outsDread as if to droD a benediction, siiora and may be Sea Of "God'S love- Inner seas nave a fathomed, but the eternity has bottom, and no plummet to strlJce tne immensity no lronbound shore to confine it. Its tides are lifted by the heart of infinite compassion. Its waves are the hosahnas of theTedeemed. The argosies that sail on it drop anchor at last amid the thundering salvo of eter nal victory. But alas for that man who sits down to the final; game of life and puts his immortal soul on the ace, whHe the aigelsof God keep the tally board, and af ter king3 and queens, s and ' knaves, and spades are "shumedM- and "cut," -and the game, is ended, hovering and impending worlds discover that jhe has lost it, the faro bank of eternal darkness clutching down into its wallet all the; blood stained wagers. JOHN P. L0VELL, DEAD. Pounder of Famous Company Sac : cumbs to iParalysis. j The venerable John! P. Lovell, founder of the arms company bearing his name, a com-' pany known all over the TWwld, has just" died at his summer homelCottag? City. Mass. He suffered a paralyti? shook from which it was hoped for, a time he would re cover, but a vigorous j constitution was not a match lor the encroachments of advanc ing years. ! John Prince Lovell was born in East Braintree on July 22, 1820, and was therefore in bis 78th year. He was an instance- of a rolling stone gath ering no moss, for he tried several trades- before finally settling down to gunsmithing, at which he became one of, the most expert and finished workmen in the world. He apprenticed himself to A.B. Fair banks, a Boston gunsmith, who in 1840 gave mi LATI J0H3 P. L0VZLL. Mr. Lovell a half Interest in the business. Mr. Fairbanks died the following year. Mr. T v-Ail rvl- snA.t'VftAr rvartriAr hnf 4 i u m s bought out the lattery He later added sport- ing goods of all descriptions to his stock,and the company has steadiy grown to Its present mammoth proportions, Mr. Lovell success fully weathered every panic, never failed and never was sued. As his sons became o age to enter business they were taken Into the firm. Mr. lLovell was connected with numberless Secret and charitable organizations. He was the first man to boy a ticket on the South Shore (later the Old Colony) railroad when it was built, and had been a continuous; ticket holder ever since. He has long been the only survivor of the original ticket holders. Mr. Lovell at the completion of his 50 years in business, was given a golden business jubilee anniversary wbich was one of the notable events, of East Weymouth where he has lived for more than half a century. Mr. LovelL leaves a widow and five sons, throe of ; whom are members ot the company. hobe latitude for hucker, rim Will Be Allowed t Xama a Fart of .. Hi JTavc A Wa.Oiin srton ' special says : Inter nal Bevenue CkUector Backer, f Geor- gia, will not go home empty handed He will not leave; until next week, and in the meantime ihe president will is- I Few cases in. Floyd county haTe at sue an order taking from the classified I tracted as much attention or developed service all outside internal revenue deputies. j At the treasrry the commissioner re fared to say whether the order would remove all the deputies in the service or not. "The deputies will know soon .augbf he said. 3L4BCBED TTITIT BRASS BAXDS. Miners Swoop Dan CTion DaArmltt Armed with WalUnr Stick. Oak Hill, in the vicinity of Turtle Creek, Plum Creek and Sand Creek; of DeArmitt, was invaded after mid night Wednesday by an army of strik ers who were on Land to attend the great mass meeting held near t he mines Thursday morning. It is estimated that by daybreak mere were several mousand miners encamDed UDOQ the hills snrronniW , ToA rWM,i VwT r3 tne JNew xotk ana islevelana lias Coal I company's property. They came from very-: direction, headed by brass bands, and nearly all of themJ carried heavy walking sticks, and Borne were armed. ,: . There were no threats of violence, however, and no indications of drink- J mg, juanywere ssppiiea wnn 100a enough to last two days. - Immediately upon reaching Oak Hill the strikers prepared for camp. In the valley leading up from Turtle Creek to one of the New York and Cleveland mines the company had a powerful searchlight. It was kept shifting about in hopes of flanking any movement of the strikers to creep within reach of the mine unknown- to the deputies, who guarded every approach. Long before daylight the strikers were up, and after eating their frugal meal, prepared for the day's work. The intention was to see "as many of De Armitt's men .before they got into the pits as possible. About 4 o'clock 1,500 strikers as sembled at Turtle Creek and headed by three brass bands, with flags and banners flying, marched by the houses occupied by De Armitt's men. The strikers hooted and yelled and then marched to the mines, where they planted themselves before the pit, thus compelling DeArmitt's men to run the gauntlet to get to work. A short time later, Sheriff , Uowry who had been wired to for assistance, arrived from Pittsburg with fifty depu ties, armed with ' Winchesters.' The strikers quietly withdrew and, the new deputies were placed on guard. When the meeting ,was called to order at 10 bclock Thursday morning i V V AAA '- mere were d,uuu strtkmg miners in attendance, and before it was well un der way there were 5,000 people in the vicinity. The demonstration had no efiect upon the men at Plum Creek, and all went to work. J i The strikers used all their powers of pcrsausion upon the diggers, but none were molested and no threats were made. President Dolan was made chairman of the meeting,4 and in a short speech he accused De Armitt of insincerity. He said if Do Armitt's men; did not come out, there would be a sympathy strike all over the United States. M. P. Carrick was next introduced, and he said that workingmen all over the United States were interested in this strike, because it will have a ten dency to raise wajres everywhere. "If you men of the DeArmitt mines will not come out now, we will march 60,000 men here and compel you to come out, not by force, but by shame." "When Eusene Y. Debs was intro- w duced there was great enthusiasm. He said in part: "I am here not to encourage passion but to appeal to reason. You are in the midst af the greatest contest the world has ever known. Whether you" succeed or fail depends upon your selves. In order to win, you must re mam absolutely sober until this con test is over. "Whisky clouds the brain, robs you of your money and makes vou brutal, and also makes you do iust what vour enemies want you to do." After the meeting the Sandy Creek miners returned to work, and - the strikers went into camp and had lunch. PENSION RULES REVISED. Chan-res Will Sfake Many ModlQcatlons In Fretcnt Practices. A thorough revision of the rules gov erning the adjudication of pension claims under the second section ox tne act of June 27, 1890,, has been made . t- Wrotrr of the Interior Webster Davis at Washington, and sweeping modifications in the present practices are the result The changes are embodied in in structions to the commissioners of pensions, it is stated that representa tions were made that the present rules render the administration of the law dincult and embarrassing. The new code, it is said, will fur nish a safe, speedy and uniform sys tem of adjusting this class of cases. riYE 1FJLRS FOR BRIDGES. Ex-County ' &ehol - Commissioner Cwa- The Bridges embezzlement trial which had been in progress at Some, Craw, for several days was given to the jury late Saturday afternoon. I The jury returned a verdict of guilty I and Judge Henry passed sentence of I five years in the penitentiary. I as many sensational features as this. I It has been in the courts for nearly I two years, and it has been of enormous I expense to the county and from ther I present ; outlook the drain on the I county treasury from this source is not likely to stop soon. SOUTHERN PRO CRESS, Xtmrm Xadwtric KteUlMd la lb Somtla During the Past Weak. Reports received during the past week from correspondents in all sec tions of the south continue to be en- couraging, and an actual increase in the lolume of business, an nnvnl tendency in prices and better collec tions are now to toe notvl. Hepues to a sncckl i Aarf3wv .. m - "ir:""," V u" i" 15 Ppecw anu ia outlook for fall tr&d khnv. -- iau traue snows that .,f generally are now enjoying increased business; that the volume of trade for the first half of this year compares favorably with that ot 1896 (in manr cases exceeding it); that cotton is well advanced; that the corn rron will i unusually large, while the toboorr n1 wheat crop will be below the average, ' but better prices will more than offset tne shortage. The general verdict is that the situ ation is most encouraging, and that the future holds promise of Varlv and substantial improvement, not on ly in the volume of trade, but prices realized. In all lines of business preparations are now be- ing made for an active fall trade, and this, in connection with the ex pansion brought about by splendid crops, is effecting all channels of busi- oess and advancing an era of general prosperity. Among the most important new in dustries for the past week are the fol lowing: The Mason,. Hoge & King Construction company, capital 850,- 000, Charleston, W. Va.; the Queen City Compress company, capital $50, - 000, Columbus, Miss., and another compress at Jackson, Tenn. ; the Dal las City Land company, eapital $lo- 000, Dallas, Ter.; the Ashepoo Fer tilizer company, capital 8100,000, Charleston, S. C; .the Martin Gold Mining and Milling coinpwy, capital $30,000, Gainesville, Ga., and the Compressed Coal company, maximum capital $500,000, Norfolk, Va. ' Tele phone supply works will be erected at Knoxville, Tenn. ; a $20,000 oil mill at Pelzer, S. C, and others at Gads den, Ala., and Gretna, La. ; a bleach ing and dye 'house at Tarboro, N. C; a tobacco factory at Danville, Va., and woodworking plants at Alexandria, La.,- Charlotte, N. C, Walterboro, S. C.i and Chattanooga, Tenn. Trades man (Chattanooga, Tenn.) ASK FOR ItECOXSIDERATIOX. Instructors' at Ili-own ' University Want President Andrews To Remain. A remonstrance has been issued by the professors at Brown university at Providence, IL L, and . .sent to the members of the Corporation. It protests against the action of the latter body with reference to President Andrews, and asks for a reconsidera tion of the whole matter. The docu ment lays stress on the importance of freedom of speech, especially in a uni versity where there should be no sucx thing as political prejudice. The fact is emphasized that there has been a remarkable increase in the number of students since Dr. Andrews became president. The remonstrance is.signeu by a majority of professors. COFLAURATIOXS IN OTTAWA. Fireproof Company and Grata Elevator Destroyed Kntalllnc Heavy loasea. The Pioneer Fireproof Construc tion Company's plant, at Ottawa, III., the largest of its kind in the world, was partially destroyed by fire Sunday afternoon, entailing a loss of SI 00,000. There was only a partial insurance. The fire was of incendiary origin. The large grain elevator of J. 8. Shuler was burned to the ground Sun- 1 T AAA. : -.. - aay morning, uoss, oo.wu, insur ance, 3,000. It is now thought this building was also set on fire. Had there been any breeze at the time of either fire the city of Ottawa would have been al most wiped out, as both buildings were situated close to the business -center. " V--. ; ; - :- LIQUOR DEALERS QUIT BUSINESS. J Illinois Town Kefae to Itedure the; Saloon Licence Tax. Every one of the forty saloons in Danville, HL, are closed and the thirsty citizens must go to German town or to the road houses for a drink. The Liquor Dealers Association petitioned the city council recently to lower the license from $$00 to $600, and threatened to close their places on refusal. The council refused and Monday morning every saloon in the city was found closed. LOOKS BAD FOR BRIDGES. Former School Commlaleners Sands Former SchoolComtaissionr Bridges, of Floyd county, Ga.," has been placed in jail at Rome es the result of G. J. BrianVs withdrawing from bis bond. Bridges will make an effort to procure inothzr bondsman. In the trial of the Bridges case Wed nesday the state introduced a receipt for $2,800 from to J. J. Black, tax col lector, for the poll tax for 1894. This amount had never-been entered on Bridges books or accounted for in any way. The receipt was a great sur prise to the defense and they seem discouraged; This makes the total shortage over S7, 000.