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) 7 W . : ' : .. . . . . ' - THK CAUCASIAN. ii Vol. XVIII. EALEIGH. NORTH CAROLINA, JUNE 21, 1900. No. 29. The Fraudnd Force Candidate. Rioters Hade Rulers. 1 " i . - S 'THERE ARK TIIKEE WAYS IN WHICH WE MAY RULE; BY FORCE, BY FRAUD, OR BY LAW WE HAVE RULED BY FOtiCE; WE CAN RULE BY FRAUD, BUT WE WANT TO RULE BY LAW." Hon. C. B. Aycock, Democratic candidate for Governor, in his Snow Hill speech, March 1, 1900, as reported in K.tleieh Post. The Caucasian Ask for I be Denial. From Thb Caucasian of March 22ad, iu reference to Mr. Aycock's speech, we quote the following: "This report of Mr. Aycock's speech was published in a leading Democratic daily. Three weeks have passed; Mr- Aycock has not yet de nied that he used the language. Is it possible that he said ilf" Arain, from the issue of this pa per of March 2'Jth we quote the fol lowing "Hon. C. B. Aycock has not yet. denied bis boast that he has deter mined to be Governor, by lawful means, if possible, but by force and fraud, if necessary. This statement was reported by the Raleigh Post, a Dr)m"crfttic paper. If Mr. Avcock was misrepresented, The Caucasian will gladly make the correction." The Ntwi and Obaerrer'a Denial. In a recent issue of the News and Observer we make the following ex tract from its ediforial: "This is a simple, plain, unvar nished lie nut of the whole cloth. nial of this report from Mr. Avcock, if he did not use the language as re ported by the Post. The News and Observer waited nearly three months before it denied the report as to Mr. Aycock's speech. If it were untrue why was that pa per so loiig silent about it? In last Sunday's News and Obser ver Mr- Aycock, having felt the gen eral indignation of the people be cause of his speech, t was forced to publish A Denial Which Doi Mot Deny. Mr. Aycock to the News and Ob server Writes : Your correspondent in reporting my speech at Snow Hill, in the hur ry of getting bis lr:ter off, inadver tently made me say what I did not say. I did not use the language that "we have ruled by force, we can rule by friud, but we want to rule by law." Ia doling with the ques tion of eliminating the negro vote I did say that T. knew of but three ways in which a minority of whites could rnle a majority of negroes by force, of errors will creep Into reports of speeches and I cannot undertake to correct all that may come out, bu since several Republica n papers have seized upon the reported speech as a basis for inflamatcry articles, I deem it due to myself and the State to say exactly what I did say, to correct the error to the end that there may be no misconception in the matter. Very ti-uly yours, C. B. Aycock. THE WILMINGTON RIOT BY ONE OF THE RIOTERS HIKSILF. Ruling By Fraud and Force. Seeing Red Blood and Bnacllloc it Hot Damning Cape Fear BlTr Wllh Dead 9iKToea" "Kale or Grave yard" Rula by "Jrtre and Blood. Union Republican, June 7. Quite an Interesting article ap peared in last Sunday's issue of the News and Observer concerning the Wilmington Revolution." And although the writer, Mr. Metres, states that this was nothing concern ing politics, this article, covering I more than one entire ptge, and con ceived in the mind of the writer and written nearly two years after the "trouble," stands as a welcome and timely contribution on the front page of this hot political sheet, the News and Observer, in the midst ot another heattd political nam taiga. Or course this article was intended to smooth over this terrible and nu cal'ed for riot and bloodshed acd acain place the perpetrators of such crime and lawlessness iu a plausible light; before the people in order to again gat their sapport in the com in g election and to make themselves agtin appear as peaceable and law abiMng citizens. But as the history of this affair, if truly given, does not work a bri effect in determining the votes of the people we do not deem it out ( f place to give a brief synopsis of thi. hffir from Mr. Means' own wurdp, thonph real zmg the fact that tbe ot j-ct of the article was to easema ters off, and believing that the ac count is given in as mild a form as human ingenuity can construct. After stating under the he d of Organization Eff acted" that al ready and, before any organization, men had commenced to bny fir arms for the protection of then homes,'' and that "at a cost of $1, 200 the citizens purchased, (quipped and manned a rapid fie gun,'' (ibis of course right on the eve of the election,) the writer goes on and gives in the following paragraphs the following quotations, which give? the pith of Mr. Meares' story of the awful affair: "WBITR Man's DETERMINATION." j Jus preceding the iitua An 4K v,i I '" bey," (the Kepu Mr. Aycock never s"id this. He did i by fraud or by law. I then added not say it at Sqow Hill nor anywhere J that our opponents have heretofore else at any time, to any audiei.ee, or to any individual. If this be a "plain, tjnvarnishid LII OTJT OF THB Wf OLE CLOTH," then we stgg-st that the News and Obser ver direct its severe adjectives in condemnation of the Raleigu Post, for it was the Post that hr-t gave charged us with carrying elections by force and fraud. If this be true, I said it is high time, it being conceded by Republicans and Popu lists, as well as asserted by Demo crat, that the white men will rulf, that tne people of the S ate Should 8" amend their Constitutian a to make it possible to rule by law. This is what I fniii nnd by tnis I abides. 1 o reulation to Mr. Aycock's sketch. , jid DOt eorrcot the report at the time H.wvr, wp w..n'd hk o rtf- hfcm I am nwto iht thpsi'!s J. be jnows ana uoserver in eom- mentirg on the above, eases itself out of it by saying: "That settles this campaign lie and settles it effectually with al honest men of all parties." But Mr. Aycock and the Observer' explanations are not eonclnsive. The reporter of the Post is an honorable man, one who would not misrepre sent an opponent, much less a col league, and yet he has not ad mitted nor will he do It that he misquoted Mr. Aycock. But to substantiate what the Post reporter sa-'d, we find the Caarlott Observer of last Sunday, in report tog Mr. Aycock s speech In btates ville on last Saturday, even, reports Mr. Aycock in saying the very thing in subotanoe as follows: "But we do not want to use vio lence and force. We want no pistols, orrifl-8 or strife. There has beet nugh bloodshed. We want you to corns to our rescue with the power ot the b-Hnt. If we cannot prkvent THAT BT THE BALLOT W WILL PRE VJCNT IT BY FOROB." header, take the case. so often the case, one or two of them killed who were not dirtctly concerned in the trouble," On the following day those ne groes acd politicians who had been imprisoned were removed from the city under this military escort and carried to the train where a special car was provided ; and this wa done, not only - for the purpose of expelling them, but aw well to pro tect them from danger in remain ing here. The mayor, chief f po lice. Deputy Sheriff French, United States Commissioners, the negro lawyers, and others received their passports and will not be permit ted to return by an indignant com muD ty.' Now this picture of the scene Is snappy and graphic. It will be observed that while endeavoring to mf t,c If appear that the Demo cratswere on the defensive in this tragic affair that the writer does not shew that a tdngle necro or oth r pert on had a single gun, pis tol, or other"implement of warfare' or mat a single hand was raised la his own defee after he was at tacked and some of them ruthless ly shot and murdered. The wri er aUo shows (and tries thereby to score a point in their favor) that The Republican officials acknowl edged their "utter Incapacity to maintain order " Well, who was it that was disorderly who was shooting and burning houses and who made it Impossible for tb authorities -'to maintain order?' The writer goes on to say that later in the day when the new mayor and board of aldermen went Into office, the commander of the "mili tary forces" su bard In ei his con trol to the civil authorities, recog nizing its power to control ihe situation. Yes there is. When theircrowd went In they were wil ling to " ecoguize th- authorities " They here stand condemn, d in the lightof th ir own showing. The. ver a confessed lot of men who woul t not recosjnize civil nuthori iesand made it impossible for the aith rides to 6top them In their dastardly work of carnage and bloodshed. The writer also undertskes to score a point in tte r favor by saying that the white Republicans did not line up against them Seeing their unmanly aggressive position, and feeling the self consciousness of guilt, they became tantalized over the fact that the white Republicans recognized law and rder and the authorities and were noi guilty of like crimes which they had commit ted. Writer says they "cowed before them." 'I hey were sorry that the Re publicans proved themselves to be such respectable and worthy citizen and at tended to their business on that occa sion The writer also says, as pertaining to the election, that "the negro was per mtted to vote," and that he did vote "his usual strength." In the sentence writer says that blicans) "did not run a county ticket." Now the aues- men of this city to control its af tion is who did these negroes vote for fairs had reached in the fall of that T7in th,eir "U5U1 strength? Why were . 'hey fit subjects and permitted to vote year such a state of absolute unity on this occasion? and stern resolution cowered be- Well, after everything had gone their fnrA It ThPv did not run a nntr and there wa9 no opposition offer- rore it. iney dm not run a county ed in the el.ction how did tn t it into their minds to arm themselves and V,J5.? H 'ill1 , ticket. The negroes, however, on the day of election, voted their full strength. The election in the city passed off quietly. The negro was permitted to vote. shoot the negroes in the back and kill a number of them? This is the excuse that the writer gives : " A f ter the election there was a strong ieenng pervading this community that the negro, having voted, did not real- ze that the recent movements in this community meant that the white man would control the community and that "After the election there was a strong feeling pervading this com munity that the negro, having vo- IC was intended by the demonstration did not. rpali7 tht rwfint lD" IU, owea ie tne great mas aid not reanza tnat recent f ie.norant npB.ril Vnt.,.r ?ii th in this community deep-seated purpose of the white man ted, movements meant that the white man would control the community. It was intended bv the demonstration that followed to make the great mass of Ignorant negro voters real izo the deep seated purpose of the white man to control in the to control in the future." Now isn't this an excuse? A general slaughter and a burn'ng-not becaune tney were attacked not because the opposing party had beaten them In the election or that they were in danger out merely to "demonstrate" what was their "purpose" as to the future! Of course, the writer says, that a few were kild who he himself think? had Thay Can't Meet the People's Party Candidates In Joint DebatB. Rotten Eggs Thtlr Only Argument Left THE WHOLE TRUTH. Put la m Nat-Shall gg Arm At m Prrml- Our Home. The Democrats opened their cam paign at Shelby Saturday by rotten edging a Populist speaker who they said "abused" their party. Populit-t speakers should be careful how they "abu-ie" a party that grants license to all the liquor shops of the State and furnishes more goods box whi tilers and ruffians than any other party. hese local politicians of leisure and liquor just simply will not permit their party to be abused, and Populist speakers should take warning and be careful how they "abuse" the dear old party, espe cially when any of its guardians and protectors are around. In the mean time merchants and others who have any rotten eggs that they can't fell would do well to write to the Simmon macnine headquarters or just send the eggs C. O. D. 'I hey need them to pro tect their party with. In this age of progress, education and civilization they find thetn to be the most effective argument th t ran be produced in fa vor of the Democracy. Rotten eggs sent Marion Butler to , ... , .ul c.. I this timo you ever hav some poor, drunken cuss to hell, the bosses christian bosses who are re sponsible for it may be thankful. L'. Open Letter to Mr. Simmons. A Democrat Tells Simmons That He is tying to Fasten an Undemocratic Measure on the People. future. We know he had made the not done the slightest harm - but what Daily Record his idol. He had sustained it and endorsed it. It was intended thtt the paper should cease publication, its press and printing outfit should be removed from the city, aud Us editor ban ished once and for all." Mr. H fuiu iCxi'l.. Ml Position. MiCEoRY, N.U., Jute II, 1000. "E litor Cttui;nn : 1 read an articlw in your inroeof the 7th ii'ttant, headed ' Simmon Deceive LI in self in which I nute the follow- "When Senator bigmon, of Cstswba, in 1803, wa writing artichs on the raoie line and was trjing to sbuw that if the negro we eliminated from poli tics it would help the R-publicaa par tj.n From the above quotation it seems that you, like many of tbw Democratic editor, entirely misunderstood the purpose of the several articles I wrote and published, bearing on the negro in politics. Nowher can it be shown that I ever advocattd th elimination of the negro from p li.ios to the extent of depriving him of his right to vote. On the contrary, I especially emphasized the conviction that he should be a vo ter and be allowed to exercise that privilege as a citizen. The main pur pose of my articles was to show that the negro had been given too much promiceLce in our political conven tlons ard allowed too much voice in shaping our party politics. That his appointment or elevation to offices and positions of trust and profit, wa-t a great mistake that bad worked much detriment to the Republican party. I specially alvocate the policy of cir cumscribing him in bis political sphere allowing him to vote as a citizen but to have nothing to do with conven tions, shaping party politics, or the holding of office. I stated vrry positively that snch a policy would build up a strong Repub lican party In the State, by bringing to its support many of the best busi ness men who.bave hitherto affiliated with the Democratic party, contrary to their own business viewa, aud sim ply on account of tne odium attached to thj negru'tf prominence in the Re publican party. I note wi h mnch pride and satisfao tion the lact. that the ver idaa that I heo advanced, have been adi p'ed by our party leaders all over th State, 'and the negroes have been kept in the background at our conventions, and very fw, if any, have been nominated tor office. A. Y. SlGMOH. WHAT BELLAMY WANTS. Colored Aria' - aid Wblt Aristocra cy aud Fuur Whit felavaa. Union Republican. Iu discubsli g "political aflalrs" Representative John D. Bellamy is quoted in the Charlotte Ooserveras 3vJ?g5 "Notwithstanding an me cry which is set up, there is a large number of the bttter class of ne groes who Will vote for the amend ment. They will do so knowing that the provision aa to suffrage does not disfranchise any negro who is able to read and write, and it makes of them a colored aristocra cy and separates them from the low and Ignorant members of their race. And thus we have it again. The negro is not objectionable In poll tics so long as he votes the Demo cratic ticket. And a little further on Mr. Bella my says: , "North Carolina will no longer be freaky in her political status, but will run hereafter completely in the Democratic harness." So the Idea is that there shall be a 'Colored Aristocracy" which shall join the ' White Aristocracy" and forever rule in North Carolina. The poor white man and the uneduca- t d white man must then bow to the dictates of tho "Colored Aris tocracy'' aud te White Aristocrt cy " Heretofore no one has been so bold astosiy that the o ject of the amendment wis to so much as build up a "White Aristocracy tnough this could be clearly seen but .vir. Btliamy frankly sayB that it is the object of the negro in vot ing for t he amendment to build up a ''Colored aristocracy;" certainly then it is the object of the whtte man in voting for ihe amendment to build up a "White Aristocracy." The "upper ten" of both races are to make thein a nest in the adoption of the amendment and the great mases of our good and honest citi zens are to abide by the conse quences and forever be powerless to help tnemelvej. The struggle of the ages has been between th "Aristocrat, and the laboring man. But we are now in vited to adopt a measure in North Carolina which will forever put the Aristocrats on top atistocrats ot both races and to make it possible for other disfranchising measures to be adopted even more far reach ing and terrible in their conse quences. So thorough Is this work to be done that, as Mr. Bellamy says, "North Carolina will no longer be freaky iu her political status." "Then on the morning of No vember 10, a large body of citizens of this community, consisting of a thousand or m re, marched to thH right in the eyes of jlvceut and law-abi R cord office In broad day light, umgpeopm j ... j ... In order to "demonstrate." the wri ter pays that the white .Mayor, Deputy did this amount to in the matter of the demonstration ! So unlawful and mean a thing as bur ling a building a thing that can com mit no offence the writer .tries to fhirk and says it was not dune "inten tionally." But in the very next breath the writer sayt " I he motive which In- nired this burning of the building wa not an unrighteous one. ' IJere again they stand sell-C'tidemned, having commuted a aatardly deed, a high crime in the law and nn uncivilized act they condemn themselves by their own testimony in trying to set themelve and destroyed it." herifi and t'ommisHoner were driven ut of town and not allowed to return Driv n out, though they had '-owed" as the writer ays, and did not so much hs put op an opposing ticket. It ha; ever been shown tnat ihe:-e men had ever committed any otfenov, but, on the contrary tney are well known some of them especially - to be men of prow erty and nign-toned gentleman in every respect. Was this not au awful troke f high-handed dsviltryf Well might Mr Meares undertake to write the mat lrnnwlcdffvd their utiar Inennacitv au . r' iuaa ii appear u mi Knowieaga tneir utter incapacnj pJausaDle jJght M possible before the to maii.tHin order." I i ...r . ... .i . ruptc ui uur oiairo lur iucjt juujr rrai "When the pn ss was destroyed hough it was not intended, th building was alo burned. The mo tive whu h inspired the burning ot this building was not an unright eous one." "Early io the day the committee of twenty-five demanded of th. mayor, hlderman and the chief of police that th-y resign They ac- to maintain order. ize the awful seudraent that is against i hem on accouut of this awful and rio tous conduct Our people have lear ad to prize human life and human liberty i too highly for man to be slaughtered and driven about by men wto have no "TAKE HEED WILL SURELY SPEED." Be sure to heed the first symptoms of indigestion, nervousness and im pure blood, and thus avoid chronic dyspepsia, nervous prostration and all the evils produced by bad blood. Hoods Sarsapardia is your safeguard. It quickly sets the stomach right, stren- glbeutf and quiets the nerve, purifies, enriches ana vital zes tne uiooa ana keeps up the health tone. "At four o'clock In the afternoon at the agreed hour, the aldermen assembled in meeting and one by one tendered their resignation A a AO n k Tucfff nrl Vi n vl. f I CkA Q . . other nrtiTt; in sndittnirsTiiTit.tn"d. successor whos name naa Deeii I "".iT:.. .I0 v- Y " furnisied by the comm twenty-nve ana tne newiy eieciea ruie' ni it y,u be a Ion z time before member immediately assumed his this set of leaders, who commit or ap- seat When all the aldermen had prove of such conduct, is forgotten or been thus changed, the mayor and forgiven chief of police tendered their res ignations; ana lmmeaiateiy me synonym For rrat. board eh cted the new mayor ana phiuf nf nrtlipo ' s . ri .1 T A "tAtwr in the da v. when the new 1 Messrs Hayes and .London were mayor and board of aldermen went I nominated over taeir earnest protest. into omce, tne commanaer oi tne 0f course, since both of them know recognizing its power to control the haying Deen twice aereatea wnen ne situation, with the support of the did cot have to advocate disfran- local State Quara." chuine the Door and illiterate voters in the fune of his own two-thirds "A number of the negn who . . . 1BQq j m, tmam XV tra, K3 vvuuuucu auu wcv v-' . -i on? i - ja were killed by the military au- n i00 8 e"y BnMK,u thorities in attempting their arrest large Pemocrstiic m: jority to a and in the suppression or lawless-1 defeat both of them knowing how ness. All together there was not J generhlly concedtd it is in Chatham ovtr eight or ten of tnem Kiuea." that the name London i a synonym "There were, as Is unfortunately for defeat. REGISTRRS MUST WIN THE CONTEST Omoratl Paper UItm Oat the Tratb Bad ud How Toa Liko Iu The L&nrinbnrg Exchange in its its issue of June 13th, says : "The election law will aid no little n the adoption of the amendment I f the registrars do thir foil duty, a re-at per cent, of the negro vote wil surely be eliminated. And by th v.ty, the registrats is invented wi:b nusual power. Th-y bae the SUn in their builds Tnat'c ja.t abou avaat it amounts to. Notwi'.hstandio II our cam pa gning and speech m in, bon fires, torch light prices -i qk, o , yet the rg strara are tb. a en upon wbm the advocates o rod government depend on this eon e?t.M Now, reader, you can ree from t e bove that we have been telling yoi. rnth about this matter. It istm tr.e writer uses the words OOD OVt MtVT. but Democrats say that mean be Demccr-tia party. What tb-y propose to do for the Eefro, tht-y will do for whites whtre it will tak it to win i his "contest," Watch th. registrars. Makethmd hoxtst. law It Wu KepS. Hsvirg been a member of the House Committee I am familiar wl;h tb? luioiona of the members on the tab jrct. and am converaant with tba bt 'orv of tbe work resulting in the sub mission to the people of tb- proposed ameudment which will be voted on in August,1900. ItafTectsali alike, and there are cegros who can vote under section 5,- and there are those who are not negroes wbo cannot vote under it. it is the incapacity to vote wisely which is legislated again t E. J. Justice, Democratic Represent ative from McDowell County, id a cir cular iMued by Chairman 8immona, ia October, 1S Buhlixotox, N. C, Juno 4, 1'JUO. Hon. F. M. Simmons: Dear Sir Having received your circular letter some time since, asking m, a a Democrat, to work to ge-t a full vote for the amend ment In my township, I have this to say in reply: That It will take a great deal more than you are probably aware of to carry your disfranchising schem In Ala mance I am a Democrat never been anything else but you ar at tempting to fasten the most un democratic measure on the people It U had enough for you to come b fore the pople at all. In view of the lies and false promises which our party went into power on two yearn ago, to say nothing of the methods you have adopted this time. How, in the name of fJod.arw yon going to make tbe people bJlce you are telling the truth? Are y n any better than you wer two years ago? You will have a hard time makkg tbem believe you sr- not a great deal worse. I mean tbegoxl honest Democrats, for the 11- publi cans did not b-li've you two year ago, and you calli th-m liar and toAi and everything 1-e that was mean ; and we, po;r fool, believed every word of it. Now, I am ju-t as white a any. body, a.ul your priy Halms that a white man wtiooppoe- th-jameod- mnt should g to the negro wb he belongs, and In calling your county convention, only those who faor jour schemes are allowed to participate. The are some of the reaoua which are driving hundreds and thontin 1 f the best Deiuocrts from tbe party. I mean thot who are not acetlng office. Take Aycoci's utterances at boow Hill three ways bv which their party could rule: FORC, FRAUD acd by law. and he admits the Qnt two are In operation. Who U respouaible for a great dal ol thl.t I answer: THE HEAD OF THE i'ABTY. Yon cannot escape your responsibility. But you say we have to do this to get rid of the negro. Now I am one of the Dcm- simply bosh, and you have fooled them your lat time. Why dM you leave tbe educated negro In the amendment? I will tell you. So that In future cam paigns you could abuse him for wanting to be above a certain class of white and unlearned negroes, or in other words you will say: "White men, let us rise in defense of our home, our mothers and slaters, and put down this negro aristocracy a creature of your own creating, according to yoar own amendment. NjMr. Simmons, It la us1m for you to attempt to carry yoar dtujnabltt scheme through. The white uuun of North Carolina will defeat It, not tbe negro. Your vil. , unjuat, on-lded and fraud a Knt election law will disfranchise nearly all the negroes and yoa say the white men will all vote. If i hey do. and they all vote aa they will do In Alamance, yoa had bt ter, at your meeting In Jane, not omy amend a part, but repeal tbe whole Krbeme, nact a Just election Uw wherein every man stands an equal chance, and thus save yoar party from diegrace and ruin. Bat I kLowyoa will not do this, te ctum ni one knows butter than yourself, that it would destroy for eerour bopa ol evr carry lag the State. Yur press and candi dal s have Lt rldtd it from the uiuuutalos to tie sea, that In order to aecurw g od government, we tiould vott for the amendment. Now tut the legislator to amend, m dify or change a alagl clans ia it, iup y uieaaa you have lied to ih people again. If yoa have any respect for the par y tbat bas plcd yon at th head of Its organ lzatl nlo thU8tt you will do IU inator Jo Black ourn of Kentucky did mak clean bret of th whole thing and ak th legislator to rpal tbe wholw thing and nact la IU p'ace what heakd th Kentucky legU'ature to do It will defeat you this time, bat it will probably bold yoar organization together nntU another campaign. You ask me to Invttlg ate th ocraU whom you cannot make be-1 situation In my township. I hav Tfaa PromUr. The Democrats will never submit an) proposition to tbe people to take from a man bis right to vote. , There is not a Democratic Corvention that would not spit upon mast who MIGHT MAKI SUCH A PROPOSITION There ia nS a Democrat in raii'Jidai n f 0-e WBO WOULD NOT PLKOOK HIMSELF MOST. SOLKMSLT AOAISST IT aUt.le uieiit ti Deinor.ralio Hanobjok, Pub lisbed by tbe North Caroliua Drmo- cra'lo Executive Cemmittee, October 1.18iW, lieve you are honest in wantirg thmgro out of politics. If yoa Lake him out, where, In the name of high Heaven, would your party You know as well as I, and better, that to take him out the Demo cratic party would cease to cxlat in North Carolina, You have worked on the prejip dices and passions of the people I 1.1 I th aa wv Mr,v " - - i r was . aa w jrw rm negro's back for twenty-Hire year?, and now, to attempt to make the people believe yoa want to stop, is done so and I find that seven oat of tin will vote against th amend ment and every man who Is 1 fa vor of it. and It is a useless expen diture of omebodys money for yoa to svnd speakers or liuratar now. I wish, for the sake of tbe old Democratic party to which I al ways belonged, that its leader had wed the good old adage, "Hoo ts the best policy. anl all dissatisfaction and trouble d have been avoided. Yours truly, TilOrJ. H. FOWLXK. . r 4 i r i i i i il 1 I ft h il - r?. ' j A ( in V I-
