THE HICKORY DEMOCRAT
Established 1899
The Sand Clay
Road's Value.
Engineer Langiois Discussed it
at Albemarle Fair.
Mr. Henry J. Langlois. U. S
highway engineer, wno has been
in Hickory for several wee .is
past directing the building of
the smd clay road from hire t»
Bro)kford, discussed the real
problem at the Albemarle fa r on
Nov. 23 as follows:
There aro t'iraa t'\ing3 w'.i'.-'i
maKe a country great, an.l p
perojs: namely a fertlile so;!.*> ny
work-shops, and good ru L.
They go hand in hand. Tne 1- sin
bility better roads in this da aa .
place needs no extended i. la
ment, It is conceded thr r.
p-ood '•oad enhance* the val . >
abutting land ten per cent, i' u
far o»r can go to town easier,
ami oaul more produce at all
with less w n - a id tear on
vehicles. New York stat
statistics shoAr toat ne.* 1400J
miles of good roads have decreas
ed tle renair and up-keep ex
pense on tne 85000 autom Voiles
in tn it state 30 per cent.
Neirly every state in the
Unio i has adapted the principle
of state aid and supervision, or
are considering a reform of
their old road 1 a ws, and it is on y a
q j ;J uon of seven! years when
we shall have universal good
roads.
Tne Office of Public Roads,
United States Department of
Agriculture since its origin in
1001 has steadily increased, un
til today there are one hundred
employees, of which one-third
ar j engineers on field work,
T >o^o P consists in co
operation with lo:a' a h >rities in
t ii- ot »oject lesson
roads, of experimental roads, la
boratory and field exoerunents
for the purpose of testing va
rious road materials and methods
of applying them, intro iuction of
th° roa l drag and distribution of
information concerning its con
struction and use; inspection of
ru-al delivery routes; traction
tests, on various type i of roads
and grades; tne rouune testing
and analyses of road materials
to determine th_ir physical
properties and mineral compo
sition; the training of Engineer
ing students, the training of ad
vice and instruction concerning
specific problems in road work;
cooperations with States and
counties in bringing about a
general improvement in admin
istrative systems, and methods of
construction and maintenance;
in bridge designs for rural traffic;
and the making of surveys,
plans, estimates and specifica
tions.
In addition to this, 4 exhibi
tion trains, in cooperation with
the railroads, have b?en sent
throughout the country. One
car contains a model of the dif
ferent types of roads, and the
other is used for illustrated
lecture work on road construc
tion.
Nearly 100 object lesson roads
were built last year, 50 model
systems laid out, 500 expert ad
vice assignments made, 1000
lectures delivered, and in the
laooratories over 2000 samples of
road material consisting of
bituminous binders, dust pre
ventives, cement and rock were
tested. Nevertheless the num
ber of letters asking for advice
and cooperation far exceed the
possibility of the present force.
Every public spirited citizen
Wants ueiter roads. Good roads
mean good farms, better schools
and better living.
So much has been written
about highways construction,
some articles are almost ridic
ulously amusing, coming as they
do from learned and conscien
tious men. Furthermore these
men would not know how to di
recta construction gang, Again,
we find too many of the road
*yemen who have been plod
"ln*» along for years using the
sam#» oj methods of filling in a
cHu( k h-^ e Wl th brush and logs,
or leaving ■* ridge between the
travelled roaiVvay and tne ditch.
If we can get former clown
from nis etherial fights, and the
latter up to common sense road
building, we have ndeeJ made;
a real oegmning, Road educa
tion is what is needed, and every
couh y s lould have a competent
highway engineer to superintend
and advist- on all road work in
each district or town. Nearly •ll
dirt roads todav could be great y
benefited by the intelligent use
toe »oad drag.
There are three essential
points to consider regard in i
r oad improvement and raising
°f a bond issue. They are; Ist.
The requirements of traffic; 2nd.
the amount of money available
for the improvement; and 3rd.
the accessibility of desirable
road material.
Local conditions control the
type of road. It would be foolish
for a community to construct a
a diit roau where heavy traffic
exists, arri it would be equally
ibsird to i navt o»* hvii cr
stone at a groat ex j • .-e to sn
t'ace a road where is only
ligar, traffic. A country must
imorovg its roHs t>
its means; that
macainm or otbe'' are
jjiit u-'O*! a gradediirt ro-tdwav;
and thU this grading can be
utilized in the future if it be
co.nes necessary to im
prove .
Tne pctml ■ict'^" 1 of
country roa Is ar mim lerid
ndir t.iese heails; an I
G a lest O rain age. ana Surfacing.
A cnaiu is in sToogm* ld in its
: ,! esr link. An I the r >al
fr ;'ie farm t> :n ir\et is linnt
e.o ..c steepest gra Je anJ ieep
est chuck hole.
Tests show that a hjr •
which cm pull 1000 lbs. on a
level road, can pull 810 lbs. on H
continuous 2 per cent grade; 64')
1 bs. on a 3 1-3 per cent grade;
540 lbs. on a 4 per cent gra ie;
400 IDS. on a 5 per cent grade;
and but 250 lbs, on a 10 per cent
grade. Although it has been
demonstrated that a team can
exert 4 times as much tractive
prver going up a short hill as its
average pull on a level gra.ie,
the advantage and necessity of
mini num grade is obvious and
acknowledged.
There is no set rule for width
of roadway between ditches,
crown, nor of the surfacing, but
for a road with ordinary traffic,
a 24 foot width with a 16 foot
surfacing is commendable, Tnii
will give ample surfacing for
two teams to pass, and sufficient
roadway to turn abound.
The question of drainage is of
the utmost importance in road
construction and maintenance
Water is the natural enemy of a
road. Drainage may subdivided
into three parts: Drainage; bet
ter drainage, and more drainage.
Too m ich cannot be said on
the road drainage priposition.
It will be well for the engineer
and the construction man to bear
this in mind. K*ep tie water
out of the road of the road, an 1
away from the road It sounds
simple, but a great deal can be
be gained thereby. .Proper drain
age, side-ditches; and under
drams In forming the surface
of a road, care should ba taken
to keep it well crownei, so that
the water will run off quickly t*
the sides. Too much crown will
cause vehicles to keep in the cen
ter, the road will be worn hollow,
and surface water retained.
Too much crow i vvil! make it
difficult for teams to turn out in
passing. A desirable section is
one that has a 1 to 1 1-8 crown
to the foot for tne 16 fo »t surfac
ing, with an 18 inch ditch depth
for the 24 foot width. After aIJ,
local conditions determine the
type of construction. The side
ditches should be so formed that
nearly all the rough work can be
done with a road machine. The ,
ditches should be dug to a un- ;
iform grade, and continued to
some outlet. Water should not be
left standing in the ditches to
evaporate, nor it is desirable to ;
carry water for a long distance
along the road, as damage from
wash and scouring is absolutely i
certain. !
A road, should be crowned j
more on a steep grade that on a j
level one, as the water tends to
run down the center, deepening
the wheel tracks; washing out.
and soon destroying the shape
of the road.
I will pass over the different
types of bituminous and water
bonded macadam surfacings and
consider briefly the general con
struction of gravel and sand clay
roads.
Any road surfacing material
should be of uniform quality, so
that the road may wear evenly
and smoothly, free from holes.
Never under any circumstances
placed on the travelled surface o?
the road, sod, roots, any organic
matter or worn .»ut material
scraped from the ditches or sides.
Throw this from the road using
only the best material avail
able.
Gravel should be the best that
can be obtained in the vicinity of
the road. The fragments of
stone should be tough and dura
ble, and the pieces larger than
112 inches should be raked out
and placed in the foundation.
There should be just sufficient
binding material to fill the voids
in the stone. This binder usually
is a clay or sandy loam, and should
not form more than 15 to 20 per
cent of the total aggregate. Ex
cess of binder is detrimental to
HICKORY, N. C., THURSDAY, DECEMBER 21, 1911.
'To Increase
! Creamery Stock
Committee Making Effort To
Raise to $5,000.
About 75 farmers who are
tfockholders in, or contributors
to, the Catawba County Cream
ery. met at the Chamber of Com
merce Saturday after dinner and
considered plans for increasing
the capital stock of the Cream
ery to $5,000, in order to increase
toe facilities for doing ousiness
tn an enlarged and better way.
A committee, consisting of
M «"*»•». John W. Robinson, D
M. McComb. W. P. Bumgarner
tod 11. P. Lutz, was appointed
*o solicit subscriptions, and about
sl2*>o was raised on the spot,
.vlr. itobinson presided over the
•n eeiing and Mr. Shuford was
s"cr-»tiry.
T ie farmers who send their
and eggs to the Creamery
are getting anywhere from $25.
to S3O. a month in the aggregate,
there is a strong demand for
Ceamerv products. The Cream
el y it,elf is in elegant condition
unHp- thp efficient management
of Butter-maker Whitelaw.
Tli" subscription committee will
report next Saturday a week at a
meeting of the Creamery patrons.
Take the Confederate Veteran
The Confederate Veteran,
Nashville. Tenn., requests notice
in every Southern Newspaper.
It disseminates information about
; soldiers of the war on both sides;
it ha* long represented officially
every general Confederate organ
ize >\ vnd is enthusiastically
supported by the men and wom
en who are familiar with it.
While ardently loyal' as its name
indicates, it is so dignified in tone
and so patriotic that it maintains
not only the respect but the good
will of 4, the other side."
The Neteran is doing an im
portant work in helping to estab
lish records for dependent men
who wore the gray and the wid
ows of such who seek pensions.
Besides, it secures inter-com
munication between friends o f
the long ayro whose inquiries an
printed gratiously
The Veteran is printed on fin«.
paper and is illustrated with
high-class engravings. It is one
of the most creditable magazines
in the country (price, SI.OO a
year,) and the editor prides him
self in the assertion that in the
distribution of over four millions
of coDies he has not heard of
fourteen complaints.
When you have a cold get a bottle
of Chamberlain's Cough Remedy, It
will soon fix you up all right and will
ward off any tendency towards pneu
monia. This remedy contains no opium
or other narcotic and may be given as
confidently to a baby as to an adult.
Sold by all dealers.
the road, and should be screened
out.
After the gravel has been
spread to the proper width,
depth and shape, it should be
rolled with a steam or horse roll
er, if available; and if too dry,
sprinkle or left for a rain to com
plete compacting.
Great care should be used to
spread the surfacing material
equally so that no spot will show
an excess of either gravel or bin
der, If left to traffic to compact, a
road drag, such as described in
our Farmer bulletin No 22, should
be used, levelling and smoothing
the ruts that form during the
process of construction.
A sand clay road consists of a
surfacing of sand with just suffi
cient clay to fill the voids be
tween the grains of sand to form
a durable, impervious and resil
ient road surface.
In many localities the top soil
is a natural sand-clay mixture.
The methods of applying this is
the same as for gravel roads.
Finish with this coat of sand.
If the road is of a clay sub
soil, clean sharp sand should be
placed thereon, after the surface
has been ploughed and harrowed
to a depth of about 4 inches and
about 16 feet in width. The sand
to be spread to a thickness of 6
inches, or as is sometimes done,
spread in 2 applications of about
3 inches each. It should then be
ploughed and otherwise mixed
with a disc and spiked to the har
rwW, and afterwards shapad with
! a road machine or drag.
The final mixing and puddling
is absolutely essential to succes
ful sand-clay surfacing. This is
done after a rain, and consists in
plowing and harrowing until the
entire mass is thoroughly stirred
and mixed. If a roller is not a
vailable, it will be necessary to
re-shape with a road drag after
f IN
1 CIRCLES. J
The Round Dozen Book Club
met Dec. 13th. with Mrs. R. A.
Grimes* with a round dozen in
attendance. Comments on the
books, special criticisms of "The
Winning of Barbara Worth" to
gether with a sketch of the au
thor, Harold Bell Wright, and an
interesting story read by the hos
tess was much enjoyed. After
current news the doors leading
into the dining room were open
ed, the members found their
places at the beautiful appointed
table where a most delicious sup
per was served. Holly, candles,
a minature Christmas tree in the
center of the table, and Christ
mas cards as place cards were
all suggestive of the near ap
proach of the holiday season, as
were also the stockings filled
with candy and small toys which
were given as souvenirs. The
next meeting. Jan. 4th. will be
be with Mrs. C. C. Bost. ,
The Embroidery Club had a
verv pleasant meeting Thursday
afternoon with Mrs. D. W. Boyd.
While the members were busy
with fancy work, Mrs. L. R.
Whitener read one of Elis Parker
Butler's inimitable stories, "Pat
Ceronin and the Foretelling La
dy."
Delicious cake, ice cream and
coffey were served, the hostess
being assisted bv Mrs. Alice Har
din and Miss Maud Ardwell.
The next meeting, Jan. 11th. will
be with Mrs. A. S. Abernethy.
Mrs. W. J. Shuford entertain
ed the Wednesday afternoon
Book Club on Dec. 13th. "Thr
Br«ad Highway" by Jeffrey Fa--
nol was the book for discussion,
and Mrs. Shuford read an inter
esting account of the young
auther and his popular book.
After a delicious luncheon the
club adjourned for the day.
The 5 W's club met with
Miss Lucile Little Monday even
ine, Dec. 18, This being the
'ast meeting before the holidays,
ill work was put aside and busi
ness matters were discussed.
Dainty refreshments closed the
meeting.
Seaboard Air Line hristmas
Holiday Rates
The Seaboard Air Line Ry. will
sell Christmas rates to all points
in their territory at greatly re
duced rates, tickets on sale Dec.
15-16-17-20-21-22-23-24-25-30-31 -
and Jan. Ist, good to return until
Jan. 8, 1912. For further infor
mation call on vour nearest agent
or write the undersigned.
James Ker. Jr., T. P. A.
Charlotte, N. C.
M. S. Leard, D. P. A.
Raleigh, N. C.
each rain for the first few weeks
until a firm smooth surface is ob
tained, and the road is resistant
to traffic.
A thin coating of sand should
then be spread over the top. If
a certain portion shows a ten
dency to become muddy after a
rain, the mixing has not been
thorough, or there is a lack of
sand. The remedy is obvious.
The selection of material has a
great deal to do with the result,
but in many sections there is no
choice of either clay or sand, and
naturally some sand clay roads
are better than others.
The process is not so difficult
but what the average road man
can carry on the work after he
has seen an object lesson road
built.
But if the proper mix is not
obtained the first time, he should
not give up like the Irishman
who lost his balance and fell
from the top of a high building.
As he passed the second story, he
reached out and grasped a tele
phone wire, hung on for a mo
ment, uucertain, then dropped to
the pavement. When his friend
called on him at the hospital, and
was given the particulars, he
asked, "Why did you let go the
wire," Pat replied—"Sure an'
Oi thought the dom thing would
break."
In sand clay construction, per
severance and continual study
are absolutely essential for suc
cess, and results are porportional
to the energy exerted.
Sand clay roads have passed
the experimental stage in the
South, and has become one of the
most popular types of construct
ion, by reason of its cheapness of
construction and maintainance.
It is admirably suited for light
traffic, and is a stepping stone
toward the higher types of road
surfacing.
Night Work to
Stop At Ivey.
Hill Orders Enjn#i New Ma
chinery to Ran Day.ijid Only
Correspondence of the Democrat.
West Hickory. Dec. 18.—The
Ivey mill Co. have ordered new
machiery enough to fill the new
'part of the mill built some time
ago. When the new department
is filled with cards, spinning
frames, etc, the capacity of the
spinning department will be
double what it is at present.
And night work at the mill will
then stop. Ever since the last
200 looms have been put in, the
mill and spinning department
had to run day and night to fur
nish material sufficient to keep
the looms going. Bm; when the
capacity is doubled then material
can be furnished by running
only at daylight. So the hands
will all have day work then,
which is much better.
The Sunday schools of West
Hickory are all preparing to have
a nice time Christmas. The
children are practicing reguiary.
The programs will consist of
songs and recitations by by the
children and each school will
give their scholars a nice treat.
The new Lutherans church
being built in West Hickory is
neariy completed. The congre
gation hopes to be ready to hold
service in it by Jan. the Ist.
Mrs. E. Paxton and family,
who have been working in the
mill here for several weeks,
moved back to Brookford last
week.
Tom Marshall was very sick
several days last week but is
some better at present.
Jason Yoder from Brookord
has bean here several dayi
working in the mill. He is
ooarding with Jetf Holler.
J. P. Burns, D. S, was in
West Hickory one da> last week
on business.
I noticed that all our merchants
here have a nice lot of Christ
mas goods and are getting a
ready sale for them.
As this is tie last item I can
send in before Christmas, T will
close by wishing the editor a
happy Christmas. IOTA.
The quicker a cold is gotten rid of
the less the danger from pneumonia
and other serious diseases. Mr. B, W.
L. Hall, of Waverly, Va., says, "I firm
ly believe Chamberlain's Remedy to
be absolutely the best preparation on
the market for colds. I have recom
mended it to my friends and they all
agree with me.'' For sale by all dealers.
Christmas at the Reformed
Church.
The first service distinctively in
harmony with the great Festival
will be a sermon next Sunday
morning by the pastor. The
great doctrine of the Incarna
tion will be emphasized in this
discourse.
At night on Sunday, the child
ren of the Sunday school will ren
der a service consisting of read
ing, recitations and music. The
selections of reading and music
bear on the subject ot Christ's
birth.
At six o'clock Christmas morn
ing the usual service will beheld.
For about 25 years, this service
has bten held regularly every
Christmas morning at 6 o'clock.
It is one of the gr at services of
the year and is a suitable prepa
ration for a profitable enjoyment
of the day. The program for
this year promises to be one of
the be3tever rendered, on a simi
lar occasion. Not one wants to
miss this service.
Christmas afternoon, the 5
Sunday schools will have a
Christmas tree on which will be
presents for the children in the
pr imary department, The pub
lic will receive a hearty welcome
to all of these services.
"My wife would have been in
her grave today," writes O. H.
Brown, of Muscadine, Ala., "if
it had not been for Dr. King's
New Discovery. She was down
in her bed, not able to get up
without help. She had a severe
bronchial trouble and a dreadful
cough. I got her a bottle of Dr.
King's New Discovery, and she
soon began to mend, and was
well in a short time." Infallible
for cousrhs and colds, its the mos
liable remedy on earth for des
erate lung trouble, hemorrha
ges, lagrippe, asthma, hay fever,
croup and whooping cough. 50c,
SI.OO. Trial bottle free. Guar
anteed by C. M. Shuford, Moser
& Lutz and Grimes Drug Co,
Democrat and Press, Consolidated 19C5
I COMMENT. |
ft (P
RAISE PECANS.
An extremely valuable bulletin
of tie Sute Agricultural Depait
ment is t hat of Stat 1 Horticultur
ist VV. N. Huct in wnich he gives
tie rosuh of th * North Carolina
test farm expe.iment* :n prcan
tree growing. There will be gooJ
money some day in black wa'nuta
and pecans. Farmers, plant
them all around the edges of your
fields or put them out in orchards.
The idea is disappearing that pe
cans are low-country plants.
They thrive best on well drained
soils, such as we have in this sec
tion, and there are hardy varie
ties. Send for che bulletin, which
is handsomely illustrated. Tnis
extract will give a fore-taste:
Until recently it was considered
that the pecan was especia-ly a
lowland tree that could not be
grown sucessfully above 500 feet
altitude. From our experience at
Statesville, at an altitude of 1,000
feet, we find that a few varieties,
notably Stuart, Mantura, and
Appomatox, grow very well. At
High Point, at an altitude of 950
feet, there is a seedling orchard,
many trees of which have borne
fine crops of nuts.
In regard to hardiness, the his
tory of the pecan tree is very
closely paralellingthat of the corn
plant. In the early days of corn
growing, corn was considered a
southern plant that could not be
grown suMfis fully in the North
and West. Corn breeders set to
work to produce a quick-growing,
eariy-maturing. and therefore
hardy variety of corn. This end
was attained an I a variety pro
duced that could make its entire
growth and ripen its grain in
ninety days from the planting
of the seed. This "Ninety-day
Corn," as the variety was call
ed, produced a revolution in the
corn-growing world. Corn grow
ing went north by leaps and
bounds unti' corn is now grown
away north in Cana-
It now looks as if the history
of pecan growing will be analo
gous to that of corn production.
Scarcely a decade ago it was be
lieved that pecans could not be
grown anywhere out of the Gulf
States; but through adapted va
rities the march of successfui pe
can production has been steadily
northward. In South Carolina
many orchards are now coming
into bearing. In that State have
been set a few of the largest or
chards anywhere in the country.
At Charleston there is an orchard
of 16,000 pecan trees from which
the owner sells several car-loads
of nuts annually.
In North Carolina we have not
been idle in this matter. All
over the eastern part of the State
thousands of seedling trees have
been successfully fruited. Or
chards of budded trees have
naturally followed. Ten com
mercial peach orchards of named'
varieties have been set in this
State in the last four years.
Several large orchards are to be
set this coming winter, and more
will follow next season.
The name of Lawyer Brandeis
was twice spelled "Brandies" in
the editorial columns of the Char
lotte Observer Mondav. That's
the way it is spelled in the adver
tising columns of the Observer
and the Major must have failed
to quarantine his editorial.
All honor to Cleveland county
farmers for keeping violent
hands off the Ross negroes, un -
der the tremendous provocation
they had in the murder of the
Dixons. Our hats off to Gov.
Kitchin, too, for ordering
speedy trial. Let this ever be
the North Carolina way.
Editor Hemphill hit the bulls
eye twice recently, in his editori
als on the McNamara confessions
and the House pension steal.
Every road overseer and every
farmer who ever has anything to
do with making roads ought to
cut out and paste in his scrao
book the article in this issup of
the Democrat by U, S. Highwav
Engineer Langlois on. how to
build roads. It is plain and
thorough, and a wayfaring man
I though a fool need not err there
in.
Ax Kills Parents
tut Spares Baby.
Negroes Murder Cleveland Far
mer ail Wili lor Spite.
As-beD besides its murdered
mother, witn her hlooJ staining
Its little "nightie," a pretty 12-
months old baby girl was dis
covered in the home of Mr. and
Mrs. John Dixon, 10 milas fron
She'.by on t.ie Fahscon-Lnwnda'e"
road, Wednesday morning, De.;.
13. Mrs. Dixon had an
stroke in her forehead. Outvie
near the barn, her husband,
John Dixon, 30 old, hy
dead with an axe bio v in his rig it
temple. They were among u.e
finest farming people of Cleve
land county
Suspicion points t > Hack and
John Ross, brothers, and Will
Rois, their cousin, negroes who
live near-by. Dixon had a mort
gage on Hack's hog, and the ne
gr  had been heard to say that
somebody would be missi ig from
the neighborhood if they took
his meat. When he was arres
ted, away from home next morn
ing, there was a bl jodstain on his
overalls, which he said came
from skinning a muskrat.
John Ross and MHJ' >r Stroud,
colored, tell of seeing two strange
white men near the Dixon house
the morning of the murder but
their story is not believed.
The next morning farmers
flocked to Shelby by hundreds
but were not a 1 lowed to attend
the inquest. They then repaired
to the jail but were recalled by
the sheriff ringing the court
house bell. Judge Webh and oth
ers plead for letting t ie law take
its course. Gov. Kitchin has
promised an extra term for trial
of the case and ordered the pris
oners taken to Charlotte for safe
keeping.
Later John and Will Ross
were removed to Gastonia jail,
leaving Hack in Cnarlotte jail,
The horriole fact has develop
et that John, finding Mrs. Dixon
still alive as he repassed the
house, wert back and completed
the awful work.
Bert G:-tfiner, colored, heVl
as a witness having overheard
Will and John plan the murder
at a cornshucking. Will Ross'
house was a perfect arsenal of
guns and axes when officers ar
rested him and his son, "Pig."
Corbett Alexander's Corn
Yield in Buncombe
Correspondence of the Democrat.
Asheville, Dec. 20. —That the
mountains of Western North
Carolina, and Buncombe councy
in particular, one oc tne best co-'n
growing sections in the country
is evidi.ice by the fact that a
sixteen year old lad, Corbett Al
exander, of Farm Scnool, near
Asheville, has just harvested 156
bushels and 2 pounds of shelled
corn from a measured acre of
land. This was S.
dept. of agriculture rules.
The soil is of black loam, about
two feet in depth, with clay sub
soil and has been farme 1 for a
bout a hundred vears and during
1910 was planted to potatoes.
The land was broken for the
1911 crop in December, 1910, 14
to 16 inches deep with a No. 40
Oliver Chilled Plow and four
mules, and disc harrowed three
times. The corn was planted 12
inches to 18 inches, apart in the
row, the rows being four feet
apart. There was used on this
acre 1100 10s. of commercial
fertilizer andls tons of stable ma
nure. The c r op was harrowed
and cultivated five times, using
the ordinary cultivator with four
feet.
The former average yield un
der old methods, was 40 to 5o
bushels.
All the North Carolina Cong
ressmen except Gudger either
voted or were paired against the
pension steal Gudger.
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