us
Vol. viii.
LINCObNTON, N. C, FRIDAY, JUNE. 22, 1894.
NO. 9
f IT fi$M& ua
i
if
t .
, . f t-
f n nil II
!. I !IU.v I II
ESPAIG
Don't give up. There's a sail
fS- ?lUAmiSCry- YU ve verything-medk nes your
fi hav "Amended, eminent physicians and I spedaU
1 of cnc and climate; but you have not tried
?tektbSS,Sl-h N,ow come, don't be bigoted. Don't
f fovou P'ice, Be generous
15 others have been.
tvV;. !.." w -wrepoise.
ATLANTIC ELECTROPOISE
BELWOOD INSTITUTE
""fe Sopomoni Ola College' and
at Uiveiiaboro Female
College. Excellent advantages in the
study of vocal aftd instrumental
, MUrflC.
Tboifoogh Iustiuctiou. i.a, ;,....-....
Comaiaiolal Aiitbmati.
ot)fcQnAua 2 P.,. naui.;n
...... .u...uu iu iiki.kii coutee f 7.(jt
" """,,ui Kug
UaUlogue, giving lull u
F.TATE
Professional Cards.
J. W.SAINfM.D.,
dai located at Lutcuiutou aud ot
lira hu 8er?icB as physiciau to the
citueug of Liacolutou aud surrouud
ipg couutiy.
Will btitouad at uigut at tbe Lin
colutou Hotfel.
li
DENTAL NOTICE
Dr. A. W. A exauder will le ar
his office at Linco'&tOD, Juue, Au
east, October, Decetubir, Feb
ruary and April. Will be m 'At.
Uolly, July, Septemb r, November,
January, March and May.
Patroi-age solicited. Trmscah
and moderate.
E. M. ANDREWS
GO AND OHOANO.
Oak Bedroom suits
ot ten pieces, from $20 00 to $150 00.
Parlor
luits j
of iU piece, fiom 822 50, to 200.00.
SIDEBOARDS
troa 10.00 to $75.00
EXTENSIONS TABLES
Ho sa $4.00 to $40.00.
China Closets
$16 00 to $45.00.
entrr at!
91.00 to $5.00.
Easels and Pictured
$3 00 to $20 00.
COUCHES and LOUNGES
$7.50 to $45.00,
ilusio racks and Cabinet, $1.50
to $12.00. Revolving Book Cases
aud Eoli Top Desks aud cffl-e
Cbairs. S5 00 to $40 00. Orgaun,
$5000 to $150.00. Piauos $225 00
to $800.00.
This is a great sale and you
make a great mistake if you
fail to take advantage of it.
-ALL tatters promptly answer
ed. rite at once fur particu
lars. B. M. ANDREWS,
' 16 and 18 Wtt Trads St,
CHARLOTTE, JV- C
Jan- 26, 1894.
BQQQnra r t ?
TiJ
k : 5
m
' Cutm when all eU falls."
in sivht u
You will be cured
CO., Washington. D. C
.7 ! " " '". . .
i..i .... . .
. 'r "nw. tall
ceim
! ui I ibfoiiuatii
9 MflSASMAPKfl
The Old Friend
And the best friend, that neyer
fails you, is Simmons Liver Begu
lator, (the Eed Z) that's what
you hear at the mention of this
excellent Liver medicine, and
people should not be persuaded
that anything else will do.
It is the King of Liver Medi
cines; is better than pills, and
takes the place of Quinine and
Calomel. It acts directly on the
Liver, Kidneys and Boweb and
gives'new life to the whole sys
tem. This is the medicine you
want. Sold by all Druggists in
Liquid, or in Powder to be taken
dry or made into a tea.
" -EVERY PACKAGE-
the K Stamp In on wnonn.
K. ZEIL1X & CO., PLiWlelphU,Tt.
r Caveats, and Trade-Marks obtained, ad all Pat
ent business conducted for moocratIt fee.
YOur Office is Opposite U. S- Patent Orrtctt
and we can secure patent in less umc wan uen
remet from Washington.
Cnt mnM rlranrinir rr nhota with HpVtJtu r
tlon. We advise. If patenublo or cot, fre oil
Scbarse. Our fee not due till patent is secured. 1
A Pamphlet. "How to Obtain Patents," with J
J cost of same in the U. S. and torelgacouatritax
sent nee. aaress.
C.A.SNOW&CO.
Opp. Patent Office, Washington. O. C.
Day
After
Day,
Week after week, year afi
yeaT, j-ou plod a beaten at
from your home to your wo
and back again. No hop& t
the future, nothing ahead b
work, work, work, and a ,$t
darker prospect for your faitii
should you d!, A 20-ye
Tontine Policy in the
Equitable Life
will give you something to
for ; a bright star to look akej
to; an end to toil when
are no longer able to follow tk
beaten path of drudgery; a
assurance that your wife n
children will be provided foe
your deatu. Isn't it worth coi
sidering? For facts aud figur
address
W. J. RODDEY, rianagrt
Department of the Carolbias,
ROCK HILL, 5. C.
nglieh .Spavin Liniment remove all
trd,solt or calloused lumps and blemish
es from horses, blood spavins, curbs, tplinta
Sweeney, rina-fxn, stifles, grains, all
swollen throats, coughs etc. Save $51 by
ut of one 1-ottle Warranted the most
wonderful blemUh cure ever known. Sold
byJ.M La wing DruggistLincolntoo N C
Itch on human and borges and all act
mals cared in 30 miLUtes by Woolfords
Sanitary Lotion. This never fails. Sole bj
M. La wing Druggist Lincolnton, 2) C.
r3
hi
irl
3 i'""in"MMi fit
muockixui niamkm: civ
TOMS.
Tbe lilujr Orteu Leave? m.
Meu Chained Together
lor Yearn.
Paris. May 30: A distinguished
traveler recently returned from
Siam gays that it is not an un
common occurence for the Kin'
to sentence two men to he cIimiikmI
together, who are then compel. ,!
to go about, perhaps fur yeais,
yoked in thig manner, as no one
dare releagn them without the
King'g permiggion, and, of course,
he eoon forgets the circumstance.
An instance of this character
occurred not very long ago, when
one of the prisoners died, and the
other unfortunate wretch was seen
dragging the body of his late com
panion about beside him, unable
to escape from this horrible yoke.
The European consuls in the city,
shocked by the eight, endeavored
to obtain his immediate release ;
but, during the delay occasioned I
by the absence of the King, the
poor tellow became insane and
soon afterward died
When the King goes abroad
through the city or appears at anv
public function, extreme care is
tiken by ids officerm that no per
son whatsoever is in any way on
t'ie same level or above him ; for
U , - I i i
tuts purpose ne is piaceu on a
raised dais when inside a bui:dinr
and when prccieding thiough the
gtreets all peasons are warned to
refrain from looking from balco
nies or windowes while his Majes
ty id passing.
Executions are of frequent oc
curence, and the folic wii g in
stance will serv to show the char
acter of the people and f he su
preme indiftrence in which human
life and sutfering are held by
them.
In this case the victim was a
price -a itle not uncommon
among the population of Bangkok
the capital city who, for some
breach of the law, was condemned
to death.
The method of execution is in
teresting, although revolting in
detail. The locality mostlv used
for this purpose is situated in a
valley a short distance outside the
city. The morning, is the time
generally adoptt,hen crowds of
natives may be seen moving to
ward the spot, arrayed in their
gayest colors, and one would im
agine that some pleasant and en
joyable fete was about to be held,
instead of the most melancholy of
all spectacles the taking of hu
man life.
The assembled concourse, some
times many thousands, arrived at
the scene of action, are to be ob
served laughing and chatting mer
rily, betting among themselves as
tD whether the executioner will be
successful in cutting his man's
head off in one blow, or that he
may have to strike twice.
The executioner now approach
es, dressed in red rags, and armed
with a large ''dah" or sword. The
condemned man is then led up by
an escort conducted by a prince:
who has charge of the entire affair!
and is responsible to the King for
the successful carrying out of his
orders. .The headsman next pro
ceeds to shackle the prisoner's an
kles together, bind his hands be
hind his back, stuff his ears with
clay and baddage his eyes. He
then placed him in a kneeling po
sition, and draws a mark upon his
neck with some colored earth, to
indicate the exact spot to strike
Going to a distance of about tw en
ty paces, he now commences to
leap and caper about, uttering
cries and brandishing his k,d:ih v
all the time advancing tow ard his
victim, until within striking dist
ance, when he raises his sword as
if to givethe fatal blow, but does
not do so.
Again he returns to the same
place as before, and goes through
9 similar performance, which he
repeats for the third time, when,
rushing suddenly forward, with
one sweep of his weapon lie s -ver-the
head from the bodv, amid the
applause of the as.-embled multi
tude, who 'luring 'the proceedings
are engaged laughing and appa
rently greatly enjoying thejn
sehes. Sometimes it happens thatthe
executioner, through lack of skill
in dealing the final blow, misses
ihis aim, and ga.-hes his man in a
; shocking manner. Should this
1 1, . i - . .i
iii ipP' U ii'- is in.-;ani !y seized,
Jotten condemned to death, nn
Hio
an-
i other takes his place, whe pr
ceeds to go through all the fori
oing details, while the iuitortu
nate wretch is meanwhile writhing
in agony ami bleeding to death.
As soon as the condemned is
successfully beheaded, he prince
in charge proceeds to chop off -he
heels. lie then -lip.; !t;e ifo;
lover the f, (-. ;.i,d converv both to
the lviiiir. as a testimony of h iving
perlomied the duty intruded to
him.
IT MAY t AS MICH I'.Ut YOU,
Mr. Kh-.I Miller,.,! Iivm,.-' :. u-no-
tliMt tic ha.l a cvii! Jv'.lir-v tr.-ubU- l'.r
many Y'rs, willi s-v. rp l am-i in Ins t ack
ami n bo t'iiit his Mid.kr wu-- -ic tol. lie
tn-I IIIHUV S( l-.llj.' 1 lii.l-V i-llln I. lit
Willi. -lit any i o .1 i's i',1. A'...; t a
u,' In lr c: -:s? ..f Klrfiri. Cctnf an.l
loun i ivlift Mt otic... Klc tri.; Iiit 'r- is
et iMlly aihij-U-.l t .-nr. ' Ivfli-.-y n I
biVi-r ll llf.Jes HTIil ,,f f-n -V.-S Ml st lll-
ftant relief Oun tri.t1 will rv.j our
Stntein-nt. Pri only f.(lo for hrire hntlle.
ir .1. M. hawing lrnr t-.rt-.
HoUe ;ii Clitun S Ilitl
.Sneakin- of the future growth
of the south, he said I hat much
was to be expected from the immi
gration of home .seekers; much
was to be expected licni the in
vestment of foreign capital in
Southern manufacturing indus
tries; that the people -f the .South
would welcome both and treat both
with perfect fairness. That while
the South would always revere
and honor its dead heroes and
states-men it was as loyal to the
Union as any portion of the Union
and he rejoiced to know that from
lone end of the South to the other
condemnation had come, for the
foolish speeck uttered one week
ago at Richmond. He said that
'people of the South should be,
sectional without animosity, but
sectional in a determination by in
dividual effort and enthusiasm to
make a great section.'" He urged,
"the sectionalism of the broadest
patriotism, the sectionalism of the
deepest love."
Referring t the local agencies
which would develop the section
he said that the immediate work
must be done bv the masses of the
people; that the leaders could only
furnish inspiration and encourage
ment. Their work was to be in
the development, mentally and
morally, of the masses. Therefore
it would not be the lawyers and
the judges who, in person, would
develop the State, nor would it be
the statesmen, for it was utterly
impossible to increase actual valus
bv changing the mode of measur
ing valur-s. You cannot increase
quantity by decreasing the size of
a bushel measure, nor can you in
crease values by depreciating the
worth of the currency through
w hich value is estimated. The di-
i rect agencies of future develop-
incut would lie the teachers m the
school houses, the farmers whose
devices for the utilization of their
soil each tench lessons of thrift
and production b their neighbors.
The manufacturers and machinists
who change the raw material ot
the section into the fabric ready
lor use. The-geologist and miners
who uncover the hidden res.uyees
of untold nriieral wealth. In this
connection h' mentioned that one
mountain in western North Caro
lina hal within it the ore for the
creation of -uilici. nt .steel to equip
the railroads of the world. He
stated that tic mineral resources
were more vaie-a man uiose oi
anv other state in the C nior with
possibly the exception of Colorado.
Ex. "
KU I'Vs.PEPsl.i,
to5I-t-tt'.u, nt.1 ,'tor.iach diirdcrs, use
im:w' iliOV IHTTEICS.
1 11 deulors Keep ir. ? I por bottle. Genuine haa
jade-mixl' -nscd red lin.es oa wrapper-
l-'or'! i iitttit rfiii'.i
'Mondav-eveiiiii'r .Flllle 1 1,
was Chis Xi-ht. Mr. .1
Kobel-stoli of Iredell C'lil l V
orator. He lun.islied th
!u-
fpience l'r tlx- clas.
Mr. Rowland Iie"asley f Mon
roe was class-poet. Hispo.-m was
unique.
Mr. lule K. Yates wai
prophet.,
va reiia-
Ife jiainted our futun
ed Colors.
Mr. I.". V. Havw...
m
1 t.dd
history d' th" class of 1
(Vh'i.iku will be fmni.di
The
with a
- 1 revis,' md annotated edition ot
this history in tin
Class Xight va
near fu tin
i pleasant
IIC-
'ai
Mrs. cess owing esp..-ciallv to tin
quef given t the Senoirs by
Dr. Taylor after class exercise
Address was didivered by Mr. 1
li. Jones; of Win-ton. Subject
Th.' I'.oy o!'t!ie x-, -"u-'. '.
Alb r I he addr. s.; cam.- l!
ni Meeting. After th.-
rollt ilie busiliess SO;ne mio
regard to State Aid for
Alui.
r.",ular i"n in
lligh.-r
lCil iK'.-tt ion came up.
the Xesfor of Nor
Here
h Cat
V. a-;
lin:i
speakers, t he silver -tono-ued. sil
er haired 1 )r. ' 1 1 . I'ritchard. o!
Charlotte. lie earnestly r.;,iies-
ed Haptist. friend.' t d. 'liberate.
He said that In- had not yet fully
made up his mind as to what is
best. He spoke only of i he ,
pediency of State Aid for Hi-Ji-M
Kdueat ion. Then cam.
doubtable John C. Sc;
He m ule a st ron ir so,., -ri
he ie -
,
'l'oiien.
Aud i!
was listened to. Here time v,as
limited to live minute speeches.
.And then the young man. Prof.
Enoch W. Sike:3 of athletic blood
rose with tire Hashing eyes and
swept Wingate Merial Hall where
we we:e sitting with a whirlwind
of eloquent denunciations of the
present system of State Support
for . Higher Education. He wa.i
cheered to the echo. After ap
pointing a Committe&'to diaft re
solutions of Hon. S. 0. Scarboror.gh
a member, the m.teting a;ij-urned
till Wednesday evenimr after the
baccalaureate .-ermcn.
Wednesday Moknino.
Dr. V. C. MeConnell of Lynch-1
burg. Vi., delivered the address to J
the iiradiiatiiuc ci is. Subject:!
Xn Other Man's Hand I'pon Your
(ioal. Mr. MeConnell is one of
the most eloquent men of the!
South, and on this occasion in-J
fully sustained his r.-pu! .tion. He j
treated his subject practically.
It was one of the very best ad-i
dresses I ever heard. It may be
some consolation to know that he
is a young man only live years out j
of school, and better than all, that '
he is a North Carolinian. j
WEDNESDAY .MolIT.
The Baccalaureate sermon was
preached by Key. Ed. M. I'oteat,
of New Haven, Conn. His sub
ject was "Christ the Foundation."
He reached a deep profound and
logical sermon. It was a noble
effort. After the sermon the
Alumni Association re-assernbled
and discussed and passed the fol
lowing resolutions :
has
Whereas, Dr. O. E. Tavlo
published in tin- Diblical
er a series of articles on '
Ought a State
to Undertake toltri"d by jury for retailing, but war
Educate and
Whereas, these articles discus?
questions of great and vital inter
est, and of practical importance to
all our people; therefore be it
Resolved, That in th.- Alumni
Association of Wake Forest Col
lege, these articles are timely, im-i
portant and wise, ai.d in our judge
ment, and principles discussed are j
correct, the positions taken ju-l toi
all and deserve
the support
even' citizen.
Resolved. That in interest
the rights of citizenship we in
it proper thai the subject
brought before the people from
the standpoint of discussion in thejble.
same point of fairness which char-1 Judge Simonton, of South Caro
acterizes these articles. j ;in js f.xpt,ctod jn t Ii city during
You see the e resolutions are the session of Federal curt to
similar to those adopted by the'j;eara motion in regard to the
latest M. C. Methodist Confere'cel Yadkin Valley Railroad receiver
in session. ship, this being a United States
lUI I'.sl'W MfiKMMi.
) The- graduating class ma.c!,ed
up the aisle of Wingate Memorial
' Hall and t ok their seat-
on the
rtrurii. 1 In
I t!ir ng -.l with
great Hall was
brain a nd bra v. n
! and
I Tin salutatory was delivered by
j Mr. W. L. Foiirhee, of Koxboro, X.
Then came the class orators:
M. n. Carpenter, X. C. Sub-ie.-t
: Shifting.
II' I. Freeman. S. C. Subject:
Sou; li ( 'aiolma Dispensary Law.
dub E Vates. X. C. Hubiect :
j
The World's l'.'rlianient ot Kelig-
jion..
b iwland beasley, X. C. Sub
i j'-ct : Wooing Sirens.
.1. D .b'oberston, X. C. Subject:
A I'atriot.
li. F. Haywood, X. C. Vale
dictorian. i li- ..tlier members of the ch ss
ar.!e the-e.S.
Everybody at. the Commence
III Id se. in el to think these e.ei-
cises ot lie I'e f liail Usual excellence.
.Many distinguished orators were
pi-'sent among others. Dr. Win
slon, of I 'liiversity of X. ( , Prof.
( 'has. I). Mciv.-r. of .Normal and
industrial School at (Jreenshoro,
X.C, I ion. John C. Scarborough,
Stale Sup!, of Pub. Instruction.
Then )r. Taylor delivered the
diplomas to t he twenty-eight graduate;--,
and the President of the
jn,ta;tl of the board of Trustees
i
I mad. hi ; ; ,-port The coll, ge has
a spiej.did outlook for the future
espeeiallv for next year.
Thui-ihiy Night youtii and
pleasure met to look l ive to eye.-,
which -poke again till the wdj
hours of nighl .
'l ie i.-ommencnient of lhijl is
passed. 'The class of ') rushes
out into the novel conflict of" the
great and grand worhi.
M. O. C. K! ENTER.
lIPWIFT'S GPECIFIC
"A renovating the
entire system, eliminating
all Poisons from iiie Biood,
"whether tf scrofulous or
malarial origin, this prep
aration has no equal. . .
I' r ctqktt.cn ii"nt,'if Iha t an
cati'ig sore on wy tut'ntir. 1 wes
trcat.J. ly test local .';) ncian:.
I:.! i tinned no r lnf; the sort
j-ruJit.tL'y grnc 7i -ir:c. I finally
S. S. S., aiul Zuis entirety
cured after us.n a feu! lot tics."
C. li. M' l.! M'.HK,
tlU.ron. lex.
pS.Vt" A Diseases mailed free.
vi:5"5rfe7 1 HE iiWIFT bFECIFIC Co.,
&T.irXr' Atlanta. G a.
?-cii'ral Conn I'nicei IIhks.
j The Cnited States Court for this
i d i-thct convened in thiscitv Tues
day morning, Judge Dick (resid
ing. In a very short time every
thing was m working order. Cupi.
T. IJ. Vail, of this city, was made
foreman. of the grand jury. Ir
son Hamriek, of Cleveland county,
was iined .f.",and sent to jail o.ne
month i licit distilljng. I. D. Ed-
i wards was tried for retailing with-
iout a license, lound guilty a!id
fined ..".u. Ed. Dawson was sent
Hecord-l.to jail one month on a fine ot .i0
How Far! for illicit di-tiling. C. FTows was
found not uuilty. Quite a number
of defendants were called but fail
ed to answer, and judgment with
forfeiture of bond was entered
''gainst tin m.
Then- are a large number of
people from the mountain coun
ties lere in attendance, and a
pretty good crowd of laywers. The
court, hoAey.-r, will more than
likely be mild, as there is no mon-
of ey appropriated either to pay wit-jne-ses
or jurors which till guar
ofjanteein most ca-es the j,riitege
.-m of submis-ions and continuances
be in order that tlie men may be on
iex pen
is short a time as jm.ssi-
Court rn
dim Monro, the Colored boy who
broke into tho MaUheWs post of-
I
j tict was found guilty and sen-
fenced to a reformatory, the place
D be decided later by th Attor
ney ( ieiioral.
The man Cioninger, of Stanley
Creek, whose team was captured
in this city, with a lot of I -irrol
with unscralehed stamps, etc., to
be used in blockading, comprom
ised his case by paying a tine of
T-h i ii,. pa vs costs also, am! forfeit-
h;s wagon and team and
whi-kev unless ): , . s I he tax on
it. F. l Khvne ; -; R. Rhick
wo d,both in similar cases, nun.
promised by paving .f;Miand
renect ily.
Calvin Young. tlV mail rider
from Ch -i lotte lo Ximrod, Steid
Creek, L'andleburg and Shopton
back to Charlotte, who was in
dicted in th" United States circuit
court now sitting in this city was
tried i d le-sday morning and was
found guilty and sentenced to Sing
.ing penitentiary p,r two yearn
lor st, aling a registered letter.said
lo contain .f 1 maiied at akland,
I'lorida. lo .Mr. S. M . ( Jarisoii at
Kandleburg, X. C. Times.
llinu 'I'rni;(l3'.
( ' miii-:.( X. J., June I I. A
quintuplet ragdy to night startloil
Crani. r Hill, a suburb of this city
John Kaufman, a bavarian, 50
years of age, cut the throat of his
win-, Losin.i, and Ins three child
ren twin boys aged live years,
ad a month old infant, and then
deliberately hanged himself The
awful crime mut have been com
mitted bet weeirU o'clock u. m.yesj.. .
terday and the sanni hour this
morning, but it was not discovered
by the neighbors until tliu even
ing. Kaufman was a comparative
stranger in Craven Hill, having
moved there from Trenton live
weeks ago. He was i n destitute
circumstances and had beeii out ot
work some tune. He h:- thought
io have committed the deed out. oi'
sheer despondency. Ho rented
one-half of a doulde Irame hous
the other part being unoccupied
Xo sign of life was visiole aboi t
the place alter (I o'clock a. ir.,
when Mrs. Kaufman .went to th
door and received brsad delivere
by a baker. The fact that th
shutters remained closed all yes
terday and today excited the sus
picions of Frank Hartman and h ;
communicated his fears to Jubiic
of t he I'eace Schmidt. The biite
went to the 1 ious this .. evening
and pulling open the shutters s iv
iu the dim evening light the body
of Kaufman hanging by the ice!;
between the double doors on the
first lh'or front room. Further ii
vestigation showed the ' body i
Mrs. Kaufman on a bed in ih.
middle room on th first llo-,r
clasping her dead infant in for
arm-. Upstairs, in another r.c ,11
We r found the bodies of the
year-old twin boys, with ll -r
throats cut from ear lo ear. 'l
hu-band. wile ami three child, i
(inpri-ed the entire family.'
Blood and Skin Diseases
A1wivf
jCured. BB'B-
HOT.tMC I!LOOD ItALI never f;-'1
to cur; all ixiuufjr of Bl-a and Sl:in
e;is.-s. It Is ttif tfv-ikl S..ia hrn buU iU.i'
jii'l purifyinp ! m.-ly, ait.i cures all war.:,
of .-kin a. 11 bS'xxl Jiva- . As a buli-'i-up
tonic it Is without rival, aud abs.lu
beyond eomp-ari-oii wuh u.iy other hUw
reui'-dy ever offered to ti.- public. It i
pinacti for ail ilN ri rtuii.n mm Imi.
blool.oran lin jv-rlshr-j con 11 Hon of
burnan syntfin. A !-uvl: Untie will aiui. -Strata
Its paramount vlrtu
?Send far free book of Wonderful Cu-;.
Price, $1.00 per large bot.ie; $5.00 for i.
fKittles.
Ffr pal" Ir.y druzTist1!: 1? rot send to v.
and niOk'in'; .11 l- st-tt ffti'l.t prtpaiu
cc c'ira of 1 rii-f. A'ldre-is
BLOOD BALM CO., Atlanta, G'.
DEATHS.:.
f)plua, Wh!ky or V t -i'loot
Ire. :y.3 t nee Hi r'' '
nr Woi-jkv tnibitf; $2 fjr-'co-u
tat
Wilson, Fltiu;og,-T x.
May 11 "Ji 1.