wrur nvmv rntTVTV happp PiTHTinnv ri a nQ rr "THE UNION COUNTY PAPER-EVERYBOr;' NEEDS IT." he Monroe Journm PUBLISHED TUESDAYS AND FRIDAYS, VOL.23. No. 45. MONROE, N. C, FRIDAY, JULY 13, 1917. $1.50 PER YEAR CASH. MR. roi'S TALK ON THE WAH Distinguished ljtwyer of Raleigh Was Culled l'Min Wednesday anl Marie a Mowt Illuminating Seerh in Monroe Courthouse Cutting An alysis of tierniaii Iretensi' -. Hon. James H. Pou of Raleigh was one of the lawyers engaged in the Efird, trial. On Wednesday after noon; when it became apparent that no speeches would be made in the cases, some of the audience, know ing that Mr. I'ou bad made a close study of European politics and of the war, requested him to make a talk on that subject. He consented and was introduced by Hon. R. B. Red wine, and for an hour and a half, treated the audience to a most il luminating discussion. The Journal reporter could not be present, but af ter the speech asked Mr. J. J. Parker to make a report of it. Mr. Parker dictated the following excellent re port from memory, and without notes, not having known till after the speech that he would be asked to do so. The words of Mr. Pou are not quoted exactly, but the course of his speech is indicated in broad out line. He said: On the night of September 6, 1914, it seemed that the Kaiser of Germany and the Crown Prince were destined to become the rulers of the world. For years they had made preparation, and in a few brief weeks their march had been irresistible, and on the night of September 6th they were as near Paris as we are to Charlotte, and it seemed that nothing could stop their onward march or prevent their entering Paris within a few days. But on the night of September 6th something happened. The pious Catholic of France believes that the patron Saint of Paris, St. Genevieve, appeared and promised that Paris should be saved. We Protestants be lieve that this is but a pious myth, but certainly it was on the next day the onward sweep of the Germans was checked. The booming of the German guns can still be heard In Paris, but the dream of a world em pire by Germany Is at an end. On September 7th the German armies were defeated, and since tben the Kaiser has never risked his military prestige upon a single battle field. Not Much (tood For Germany. , Germany has been preparing for this war for many years. Since 1848 the German nation has been making preparation, bending its every energy to the conquest of the world. The King, .ot. .Prussia, ha conquered the states of Germany and made them eubservant to Prussia, and having re duced the German States to submis sion and made himself Emperor of Germany, the King of Prussia has sought to conquer Europe with the idea of ultimately conquering the world. This lust for power on ti part of its sovereign has crushed all that has been best in the life of the German people. For the past 50 years Germany has contributed nothing to human happiness or to human thought, except in Industrial efficien cy and and the philosophy of greed and power. German morals have de graded. In 1870, when the Germans captured Paris, they used as an as sembly room the Hall of Victory in the Palace of Versailles. The rooms of this hall were adorned with mag nificent paintings, most of which cel ebrated the vfctory of the Trench over the Germans, and when the Germans left Paris In 1873, not one of these paintings had been defaced or injur ed. In the war now in progress the most splendid monuments of medeval art, which can never be replaced, have been wontonly destroyed by the Germans. In 1870 the Germans took Sedan and for three years they oc cupied it as a conquered town; and during this time there was not a sin gle complaint made by a woman that she had been mistreated by the Ger man troops. But now a woman would be, safer amid a tribe of gorillas In the Congo Valley than In a company of the "kultured" officers of the Ger man armies. In 1870 the soldiers of Germany sang by their camp fires the noble air of the "Watch on the Rhyne," and the beautiful melodies of love of their fatherland and their kindred. Now they sing only hymns of hate, praying that God may stran gle somebody. This is the kind of civilization that Germany seeks to force upon the world In order that It may gratify the lust for power of its rulers. The civ ilization which it seeks to destioy Is exemplified in the government of France. We believe that the United States of America is the greatest country In the world, and it is. But every country has Its distinctive fea tures, and the distinctive character istic of the French people Is their humanity. Our Supreme Court has held that the constitution does not follow the Hag. In our Island posses sions, rights which we regard as the birth-right of the American citizen, exist, If they.exlst at all, by virtue of Federal statute. In some of the possessions of the United States the fundamental rights of trial by jury and the writ of habeas corpus do not exist at all. This is not true of France. Wherever the Trl-color of France flies. French Institutions ex ist jurt as they exist in France. France has possessions on five of the continents of the world and the Frenchman In Afilca, in Asia or in South America, is Just as much a Frenchman, lives under the same laws and Institutions "and enjoys the same rights as the Frenchman of Par Is. In fact. It has been truthfully said that no people have ever been governed by the French for as much as thirty years who have ever been willing to relinquish the government of France; and no people have ever been governed by the French for thir ty years who do not look back to tne period of French rule with pride and affection. The government of France is the highest exemplification of democra cy, and it is this government which the government of Germany seeks to destroy in order that the Kaiser and the line of the Hohenzollerns may be come masters of the world. Three1 INosihle Terminations. There are thiea possible termina tions of this war. In the first place Germany may conquer. If that should happen. 1 would not care to live in the world any more. It would mean the destruction of the rights of the people. There was a time when we Tought with muzzle-loading shot guns and swords. Then it was possible for the people to achieve their freedom by revolution against the government. But it will be forever impossible for an unarmed people to achieve their freedom if they are once brought to subjection to an armed state, such as Germany is. Another possible solu tion is that neither side shall win, but all the nations be restored to the po sition which they occupied before the war. This would mean a perpet uation of the infamous spy system; and all of our brightest and smartest young men would be reared to be come the most detestable of human creatures, a spy. We would live in peprpetual fear, in an atmosphere of hatred and deceit; and such a state of affairs would be intolerable. The third solution is a victory by the al lies, not a victory by points like a base bail game, or an athletic con test, but a complete and sweeping victory, which will completely de stroy the Prussian government. Such a victory will not only mean the safety of popular government, but it will mean the end of all wars forever. We some times think that this is not our war, but the truth Is that the future of our country will be deter mined on the battle fields of Europe. We do not see the death and the deso lation that the French people see, but everything that America holds dear trembles in the balance and de pends upon the outcome of the Euro pean conflict. ' We came into the war not a minute too soon. We waited as long as we could. I think that we waited too long. Like the little prophet Samuel, God had to call us three times be fore we answered and we only an swered when we did because we saw that the allies, who were fighting for the civilization which Is our civiliza tion, were op the verge of defeat and that we could 'no longer stay out. France was bleeding to death, Eng land whs bleeding to death, Russia had retired from the conflict, and un less we should enter it would seem that the battle for civilization was lost. Democracy Is Slow Hut Kure. A democracy like ours, when it enters a war, is always inefficient. It can never fight much at first, but un less It is defeated at the outset of the war, it gatthers strength and be comes more powerful as the war pro ceeds. That is the difference between despotism and democracy. Despot ism grows weaker as the war pro ceeds and democracy grows stronger. We entered this war weak and ill prepared, but the French and British and the Atlantic Ocean will make it Impossible for the enemy to destroy us and within a lew months, and certainly within a few years, from our hundred of millions of people we will develop the most powerful fighting machine that the world has ever seen. In a few months our boys will be going from the town, from the farm and from the factory to fight the 'battle of civilization on the fields of France, and I want to tell you that the boys who go are the boys who will run this country after the war is over. When the soldiers of the confederacy came home defeated to a poverty-stricken people they took charge of the country and ran it ; but when our soldiers return from Europe they will return as victors to the richest people that the sun ever shown upon. They will take the lead in political and industrial life of a united and a grateful people. While they are fighting in the trenches of Europe, .we ought to sec that they are properly cared for. The government Is going to pay them the highest wage that has ever been paid to a soldier. The government will care for them with all the necessities and comforts which they may re quire. You may ask, then, what is the need of the Red Cross. I an swer, have you ever seen a man tak en sick in a strange town? He Is taken to a hospital, put under the care of doctors and nurses, and has all that human ingenuity and money ran purchase for him; but he is mis erable until In a day or two some of the folks from home come to see him; then he is filled with hope, and the whole world wears a different as pect. Th's is the work of the Red Cross, to carry to our soldier boys in the trenches not only physical com forts In their distress, but the touch of their kindred, for whom they are fightln?. Another work that we' ought to see carried on properly is the work of the Citizens' Committee to trans act the business of the soldiers Rt the front. The soldiers will be unable to communicate with their people; and a committee, composed of one lawyer, a business man, a farmer, and probably others, ought to take it upon Itself to see that the business of those at the front Is properly car ed for. No soldier's life insurance ought to be allowed to lapse, and no man's home ought to be sold under mortgage when he Is fighting for the honor and civilization of his country. Let us aid In the great organized work of the Red Croes Society, which HOPEFUL VIEW OK KUSSIAX ACTIVITY. The (icneral Who Would Not Move Till He Had Plenty of Shells I Now On the (iO ami Things liiMik Different. For days now the news from Rus sia has been good, and the offensive which started the first of July is now headed for the town of Lf niberg which has been fought over so much before. Late dispatches say that the Rus sians have captured Halicz, the key to Lemberg, the Capital of Galicla. and they are sweeping forward with such momentum that a large section of the Austro-German line is in dan ger, says the Charlotte Observer. The capture of Halicz makes the fall of Lemberg, the scene of violent fight ing in earlier days of the war, appear to be Imminent, and the day that news of the fall of the Capital of Ga licla, now confidently expected, is ca bled around the world will be a glad day for the Allied cause. It will not only bring rejoicing to the Allies be cause of the importance of that point, but because it will wipe away the last vestige of doubt that the Russian Army is a rejuvinated, re-spirited or ganization, a force that will be a vital factor in the winning of the war. For obvious reasons, the news of the fall of Lemberg will be as dispir iting to Germany and her Allies as it will be Inspiring to Russia's Allies, and doubtless will have a great weight on the German-Austrian mind. From a country with which Germany and Austria believed they would be able to negotiate a separate peace, the Russians have become a far greater terror to the Teutons than they ever were during the misrule of Nicholas Romanoff, and no longer will it be possible for von Hinden burg and the German General Staff to neglect operations on the east front, withdrawing thousands upon thou sands of troops there to be hurled against the British and French on the west. General Brusiloff is credited with having said that he would not begin this third advance with his army un til he had what his army was woeful ly lacking in during the ill-fated first and second offensive, an amplpe sup ply of shells. From the noise he has been making and from the thousands of prisoners they have been taking, Brusiloff must have been raining a veritable storm of shells against the Austro-Cerman line, and there is the beet of reason to- believe that Brusi lbl'8 Army Is better equipped, better munitioned and better spirited than it ever was before the epoch-making revolution which sent Empercr Nich olas and his German wife into the discard. General Scott, the American Army chief of staff, sends back most en couraging reports of what he saw along the batllefront. He got there In time to see the beginning of the present Slav offensive, and appears to have been most agreeably surprised by the fine spirit the Russian soldiers showed and by the zeal with which they went Into battle, riom what he reports, the Russians are filled witit zeal for their cause, and will stop at no sacrifice to di've back the German Invaders and do their rhare toward winning a peace that will mean eternal liberty rr their land. The able manner In which their op erations are being conducted also proved something of l surprise to the American general. And it must have been a most pleasant sensation he experienced when, not long after t le battle was under way, he saw thousands of tol diers come running his way. The gen eral appears to have believed for the time that the day was tost, and that the Russians had not only been re pulsed but routed. Imagine the relief he felt when he found t'.:at the sup posed Russian rout was nothing more nor less than thousand) of Austrian soldiers rushing into the Russian line to give themselves up. Their eager ness to become prisoners rather than continue fighting in a war they are weary of is not the least significant thing heard from Europe in recent days. With General Prusiloff's army sweeping fonvard with the momen tum it has gained of late, the very excellent news may be expected be fore long that they will Again have ctossed the Carpathian, and ar.j sweeping down on the plains of Hun sary. When that becomes the ;ae, it may be the Austro-Hungarians in stead of the Russians who will be dickering for a separate peace. Heath of a Young Man. Mr. James Baker of Buford town ship died, last Saturday morning at the home of his aunt in Chesterfield county, where he had zone to work for the summer. He was the son or Mr. Emanuel Baker of Mt. Pleasant neighborhood ar-d Is survived by his parents and several brothers and sis ters. He was only 23 years old and engaged to be married soon. The re mains were buried at Liberty Hill and services were held by Rev. M. I). L. Preslar. will beadministered by the best busi ness brain and genius of the coun try; and let us organize in each lo cality to see that those who go out to do battle in our behalf are cared for as they should be. I am glad that we have had this opportunity to take our minds for a while off of a very unpleasant occur rence. Let us not forget that good men sometimes In the heat of passion do things they are sorry for; and when they come up and confess their fault and make restitution, we ought to be charitable enough to forgive and forget. Mori: about registration Not Known When the Lists Will He t omptcted Hut the (iovernmenl May Call lor the Work at Any Time Now Necessarily a ood hile Kelc.ie the Men Will He Called Out Union County's li-oh able (Juota. When the government will call for a completion of the work of the local regi-titttioa boards which have com pile 1 tiie names fr;m the selective dra;t registration ct June 5th is not known. It is stated that the call will pot be made until the reports from every county in the United States have btea received, and only twenty one states have yet made full reports. Cliaivii.ua Redwir.e rtnted to The Journal yt.-terday that the Union county board had completed its work until tarther Ui-ections have been re ceive!, and tatt one list has been sent to the Provost Marshal of the United states at Washington, one to the Adjutant General at Raleigh, and one posted in the lobby cf the post office. This list is simply the num bers which have been attached to the registration cards which were made out on June fiftu. The local board did this work last Friday and Sat urday, as stated in the last issue f The Journal. It is believed that the process of actual drawing will be something like this: When Instructions and direc tions come from Washington the board will take the numbers, running from one to something over 2700, with no names attached, and put them in a box, and have them drawn out one at a time something after the manner of drawing a Jury. When a number is drawn the list already made will be turned to and the name to which the number is attached as certained. This man will then be number one in the list of those lia ble to be called to service. The next one will be number two, and so on through the entire list. Then the board will begin with number one, and so on, in the work of examination. The first thing will be a medical examination. This will be given first by one doctor and then by another, one doctor to be appoint ed by the Governor and one by the board. If the drafted man fails to come up to the medical and physical requirements, he is stood aside and ceases for the present to be consid ered. If he conies up to requirements lni a physical way, then the matter o$ his claims for exemption, if any, tdty rp for consideration. Those claims for exemption which are spe cifically denned, such as engagement in the ministry, civil and military of fice holding, and support of depend ents, will be decided by the local boards. But claims for exemption on the ground that one ia engaged in important industries such as farm ing, railroading, manufacturing, etc., must be passed upon by district boards. Appeals may be taken from the decision of either board, and rules for making the same will be furnished in time. When the list is completed it will show those who may be called by the government for military service, and each will be no tified. He will then go about his usual business until the government notifies him to report at a designated place for service. How Many Will Be Called. Late dispatches from Washington say that the number called for the first army will be based upon actual population of States, counties and cities. The number will be two-thirds of one per cent of the total popula tion. This would make about two hundred and twenty-five men de manded from Union county for the first draft. But the number enrolled in the Bickett Battery may be sub tracted from this and thus cut it down considerably. Now, the pre sumpption is that this number will be selected by numerical order from the list of available men, beginning at number one and going up to the number required. Then the drawing will cease until the second call u made, when the number will start where the first dfart left off. This, however, has not been covered by in structinos. It only seems to be the logical order, and Is a matter of no consequence. The simple object will be to seee that the drawing is impar tial and that all take the same chance. It now seems probable that men who are as small as five feet one and weigh one hundred and ten pounds, may be taken in, if otherwise sound and fit. Military Instruction at Oak Ridge Institute. Oak Ridge. July 12. During the coming year military Instruction will be offered at Oak Ridge Institue to all students desiring it. To this end a teacher who has had army train ing has been employed. Military in struction, however, will not be com pulsory. The only uniform required will be the regulation khikl outfit, viz: hat, shirt, legslns, pants. This departure is In response to the- re quest of many parents for military training for their sons. There will be no extra charge for it. The crops in this immediate ", tien have never looked better. The wheat and oat crops were harvested wilhout mishap. Vegetables are grow ing in greatest abundance for years. For some years now interest in tannine: has been Increasing In this neighborhood. Quite a numhr of the farmers are raising registered cattle. Prof. T. E. Whitaker I mak ing a specialty of Holstein and Prof. E. P. Holt of Jerseys. If when people are charged witi' thi-ir faults they were credited with their virtues, there would be more good neighbors in the world. Latest War News. Anotbtr step in the outflanking of the Austro-German armies protecting Lemberg on the east has been achiev ed by the Russians, who bve crossed the river Lomnica and captured Kal usz. Beyond the Lomnica and south of the Dniester, west of Halicz, Gen eral Koinilon's advance continues. When the Russians occupied Kal- usz after forcing a passage of the Lomnica they had advanced twenty miles northwestward from Stanislau in live days. In the same time, the eighth Russian army took Halicz and crossed the Danic-ter there and be gan an advance between Stanislau and Bohorodozany. A great wedg? has been torn in the Austro- German line south of the Dniester and the army headquatters in that region was occupied in the taking of Kalusz. The taking of Halicz Tuesday was a threat against the Austro-German line northward through Brezany along the Ziota Lipa and the crossing ot the Lomnica and an advance be yond is a blew to the security of the line protecting Lemberg. Should the Russian advance west of Stanislau continueunchecked. and should large Russian forces be thrown across the Dniester in the region of Halicz, the ZIota Lipa line, unbroken by the Rus sian onslaught of July 1, w ill be turn ed, making a general retirement in evitable. On the southern end of the Stanis lau front, which is in the foothills of the Carpathians, the Russians are not advancing as rapidly as on the northern end. The enemy is u advantage of the hilly country and has checked momentarily attacks west of Bohordozany. In France, the British have driven off German raiding parties near the Belgian coast and west of Queant, southeast of Arras. The aerial ac tivity on this part of the front has been more pronounced and ten Ger man airplanes were driven down, six out of control, by British airmen, three of whom failed to return to their base. Behind the German line near the coast of Flanders, British airmen have attacked military ob jects, causing fires and explosions. Dr. von Bethmann-Hollweg. the Imperial German chancellor, reports in German newspapers say, has re signed. The emperor bas not yet acted on the resignation. Other re ports are to the effect that the entire government w ill resign with the chan cellor, and that strong demands are being made that the government de clare its stand concerning peace, and internal reform. The crown council has met again, this time with the Ger man crown prince In attendance, and an Imperial proclamation is looked for in some quarters. Kinsman of Mr. Piatt Decorated Af ter His Itcaih. The New York Times recently car ried the following story about the lute John H. Cathill, a first cousin of Mr. W. J. Pratt: Friends of John H. Cahill, vice president, general counsel, and a di rector of the New York Telephone Company, who died on Thursday in his apartments in the Buckingham Hotel, revealed yesterday for the first time the story of one of his philan thropies born out of love for the French people whereby four women, whose husbands had been killed ;n the service of France, were enabled to live in comfort. At the funeral services held yester day at the home of his sister, Miss Mary J. Cahill, 663 Jefferson Avenue, Pro.. Raphael D'Armour, friend and confident of Mr. Cahill, unfastened from his lapel his own decoration of Officier de 1'Acadeniie and pinned it on the coat of the dead man in recog nition of this philanthropy. Had he lived a day longer Mr. Cahill would have received from President Poin care of France his authorization as an officer of the French Academy. It was through Prof. d'Armour that Mr. Cahill, while studying the French language, became interested in the people of that country. When the wy broke out he told his teacher that he wanted to do something sub stantial to help the citizens of France. Professor d'Armour communicated with M. Rousset, a prominent mer chant of Paris, interested in many charities, and from him obtained the names of the four women who had been widowed by the war. The names were turned over ' " Cahill, who wrote to them that there after they would each receive a check for J 50 every month to defray the cost of their maintenance. That was more than two years ago, and every month since Mr.' Cahill remitted the amount to the four women whom he never saw. When Mr. Cahill during his illness began to realize that his end was near he sent for Professor d'Amour. He told him he wanted to leave a sum of money to French charity. Professor d'Amour suggested that it would a splendid act to leave $10,000 in a trust fund for the benefit of the lour women whom he had been help ing. Mr. Cahill thought a moment and then announced i!at he w leave the four women $50,0(10. to be apportioned among them. Professor d'Amour was so deeply affected by his friend's generous act that he immediately laid the matter before the French Consul and askert thtit Mr. Cahill be given the thanks of the French people. The fact? were cnminunict'tcd to Ambassador -- "and in Washington, who cabled the story to President Poincare. sug gesting that Mr. Cahill be made a member of the French Academ- -President of France took immediate action, and the announcement of Mr. Cahill's election was cabled back to this country, the message arriving shortly after his death. CHARLOTTE GETS THE CAMP Also AI.VTION CAMP WITH 2..-,oo MK Sorietary of War Yesterday Keeoin. mended and the Matter is Settled Means a Monthly Pay K,, f m Million and a Half. Sectetary Baker took final action in the matter of the transfer or the military camp from Favetteville to Charlotte yesterday afternoon, giving lormai approval to General Wood recommendation for reasons already stated. The Charlotte camp will get the fifth division, composed of Maine. Massachusetts. New Hampshire. Rhode Island and Connecticut noons. thirty thousand men in all. In addition, there will be an avia tion camp with 2.500 men and 1.2wt aeroplanes. Twelxe thousand horse? is another item in the Charlotte camp. Conservative estimates place the monthly payroll at $1.225.on(t. The more enthusiastic say $1,500,000. Encampment affairs are now about concluded. North Carolina troops will go to Greenville, along w ith those of bouth Carolina and Tennessee. consisting of the ninth division. The tenth division, composed of Alabama. Georgia and Florida, will go to Macon. The sixteenth. Ohio. West Vir- giania, Indiana and Kentucky, will go to Augusta. The eighth, New Jersey, Deleware, Maryland. District of Columbia and Virginia, goes to Spartanburg. The eighteenth, Arkansas, Louisi ana and Mississippi, goes to Mont gomery. The Observer says: The designation of Charlotte as one of the sixteen points at which the na tional guard will be trained for ser vice on the European battlefields means that an armed city with a population two-thirds that of the city of Charlotte will spring up Just out side the city almost overnight. It has been Indicated that the na tional guard of the New England States will be assigned to the Char lotte camp. They number about thirty thousand, and of course are still re cruiting, so that the number may ex ceed that figure by the time the units I io in New England arrive here. In addition to the infantry, cavalry, ar tillery, engineering and sanitary troops from New England, a cinpatcti to the Observer from Washington last night said that there would be an aviation unit, comp.lsing 2,500 men, with 1.200 aeroplanes. It will be an inspiring sight to North Carolinians to see such a large body of men in training for the service of their coun try, w ith cavalry and artillery at their spectacular drills, in the masses of In fantry marching in heavy columns or deployed in battle formation, and the aviators darting about overhead like so many huge birds. Ordered Out July ii.V When President Wilson issued his call the other day, ordering the na tional guard into the federal service, the date fixed for the New England troops to be called to the colors was July 25, now less than two weeks off., so that it is now but a short time until Charlotte will hear the tramp of the soldiers. Nothing has ever before happened in the history of Charlotte that meant so much to the city as does the locat ing of an army camp here. Looking at it from the business or financial side, it means the bringing of enor mous new trade to the city. The low est paid soldier in Uncle Sam's ser vice receives, under the new amy pay bill, $30 per month, and the av erage per man is not less than $35. This means, for 35.000 men, and not less than that number will be here, their pay will be around $40,000 a day or $1,200,000 per month. This means that something like U million dollars a month lu pay alone will be put in circulation during the months the troops are here. The ad ditional amount that will flow through local trade channels from the buying of food, feed and supplies is not to be estimated by a layman, for he doesn't know where to begin. Of course, trainloads of supplies will be shipped to the troops here, but by no means all of it w ill be sent, in, for a very large part of the food, feed arid supplies will be bought on this market, partlculary fresh vege tables, fruits, etc. There will b something like twelve thousand horses and mules at the camp, and that much stock will consume a con siderable amount of feedstuff. Hard to Realize. A city that has never had a mili tary camp can hardly appreciate Just what a mammoth thing a camp for 35.000 men is, and it w ill not be un til it is actually here that Char lotteans will really appreciate Just how much it means to the city to be designated for a mobilization point. While it has been announced that the national guard will he sheltered by canvas, instead or being placed in the wooden buildings such as are to be built for the men drafted Into the national army, not ail their houses will be or canvas, by any means. In fact, it is said to tie thr? plan of the war department to wall the tent.-', using canvas for roofftiR. and besides, it will be necessary ti erect a lavge number of wooden structures for headquarters, meM halls, supply houses, etc-. The rarnpx are by no means to be Just temporary affairs, it appears from the plans that are said to have been approved ly the war department. It would take seventeen guardian angels and a dozen policemen to ktr some men out of trouble.