mCKOHY NOVEMBER. 7, 1S9o.
6
THE EXPERIMENT cTyriOS
AT RALEIO'f, .VOKTH CAKOLI.VJL
Crop Condition Ruit la Small Grata.
Kipriment station Report C
OpratlT Dairying Trucking;
In the 8oath Ques
tion and Kopli.
Tn Experiment Station Ballotln.
The standing offer is made to send th
bulletin of the station to all in the stat
who really desire to receive them. They
are specially prepared to be serviceable aa
far as possible to the practical farmer.
Thousands of farmers have already taken
advantage of this offer.- Unless you really
want to be benefited please do not apply
for them as we have none to throw away.
If you desire to read them, write on pos
tal card to Dr. H. B. Battle, Director, Ra
leigh, N. C.
Crop Conditions Daring September, 1895
The following is extracted from the
weekly weather crop bulletin of the
state weather service lor Oct. 7, 189.1,
and gives the crop conditions at the
close of the season:
The month of September was favor
able to about the fifteenth; then, how
ever, a severe drought set in, with
probably the most remarkable hot spell
ever recorded in this State for Septem
ber. The maximum temperature re
mained above 90 degrees (except in the
mountain sections) for nine consecu
tive day9, the highest being 103 degrees
in the Central District and exceeding
100 at many points in the Eastern.
These conditions forced a rapid open
ing of cotton; small bolls and leaves
were shed considerably, and the top
crop to a great extent was prematurely
ripened. The corn crop was, however,
beyond the reach of damage. All the
smaller crops, late potatoes, peas, pea
nuts, etc., suffered irom drought. The
conditions were very-favorable for sa
ving hay and fodder, of which large
quantities have been stored. But fail
plowing and planting have been com
pletely interrupted' by the dryness. At
the end of September, streams and
wells were getting very low. .
The drought continued during the
first week of October, and farming
operations are at a standstill except
picking cotton, which has progressed
rapidly, and" gathering of corn Cot
ton has opened so rapidly that the crop
Will probably be gathered early. The
harvest of rice is about completed. On
the first of October frost occurred over
ft considerable portion of the State,
which did some damage to tobacco yet
uncut.
The following table shows the depart
tire inemperature and precipitation for
each month during the season:
, Month.
January
February
March. ........
April .... .
May. , . ..
June.
July
August.........
September . ...
Departure - Departure
in Temp, in Precip.
, 1.9. . . ....'I. .-fl .89
.12.2... ...1.83
.4-0.1. .....40.37
.40.8.. 43.51
.2.8 -j-0.63
, 0J O.bl
. 2.6.... 0.19
. 40.5 0.59
. 44.5. .. ..4.00
Host In Small Grain.
The rust disease of wheat oats, bar
ley and grasses generally, are caused
by one or more of three species of mi
croscopic fungi. The most commoon
rust on grasses in this State is Pucinnia
graminis, generally called "Mildew"
on grasses, and "Black Rust" on
cereals. Oar mast common rust fun
gus on small grain is Pucinnia Rubigo
pera, usually called "Red Rust." Pu
cinnia coronata, also called Red rust is
(the tmrd. The last species it more
common on oats than on any other
and might be properly called oat rust.
All three species belong to the class of
parastie fungi called Ileteroccismal, that
,1s to say, tungi which at different
times in the cycle of their growth live as
parasites upon two or more hosts.
Grass mildew, Pucinnia graminis,
begins its spring growth by at
tacking the young leaves of the Bar
berry,. Mahonia, and possibly other
shrubs. Upon these it produces small
redish patches with elevated margins
called "cluster cups." These cups are
filled with the red Aecidio spores of
the fungus which wafted by the air or
carried by insects, birds or other agent
fall upon the leaves of grasses or cereal
grains and there penetrate the
leaves through the breathing spores.
Once within the leaf the spore sends
forth a net work of root-like tissue called
.Mycelum. Through this, it sucks up the
ap that should go to nourish the seeds
of the plant and these latter shrivel
up. Very soon the fungus bursts
through the epidermis of the leaf and
appears upon the outside as the well
known, elongated, narrow red spots,
popularly called "Red rust." These
axe the uredo spores of the fungus and
are able to reproduce themselves upon
the same or other grass like plants
and subsequently they produce the
last! form in the life cycle, the black,
tele u to spores which form; the narrow
black lines seen on the ; leaves and
stems of cereals and grasses in late
summer and fall. These black spores
are the winter or resting spores and
will under favorable circumstances re
tain their vitality in the straw or even
on the ground for a year or more.
Eventually some of them alight upon
the leaves of their alternate host and
there produce again the cluster cups
and Aecidio spores and these the uredo
and teleuto spores.
The three fungi which attack grasses
and cereals do not all have the same
alternate host. Pucinnia graininit
has for alternate hosts, the barberry,
Ciahonia - and probably other shrubs.
TuShnia coronata, has Tor its alternate
hoats the buck thorns, Rhamut. lanceo
lota, fringul and other species. Pucin
nia Rubigo-vera has for its alternate
hosts the common and disagreeable
weeds Viper's bu glass, Echium vulgare,
and Gromwell, Lithosptrrnum arte use.
Knowing that to complete their cycle
of growth these fnngi require a host
widely different from grasses and
grains if we could extirpate all such
host plants within a half mile or so of a
grain or grass field we could effectually
stop their further development. Yet
we can not hope to exterminate these
pasts in one or two seasons even by
completely destroying tueir alternate
host-plant. Once the "Red rust" or
Uredo spores of the Coronata and Rubigo-vera
species are produced on grains
r cereals, these in our warm climate
jvhere growing glumaceous plants are
found in a green condition all the year
round may go on reproducing
themselves indefinitely as well as pro
ducing at the same time the succeeding
black form, the teleuto spores, which
are then able to stock the ground or iu-'
feet any chance alternate host plant
which negligence or accident may al
low to remain.
As these spores are extremely small
and light and are produced in almost
incredible numbers the few alternate
host plants which may survive even
the most watchful care may supply
Eccidio spores enough to infect hundreds
of acres of grass or grain.
Common and destructive as the rust
fungi are in the United States, in Aus
tralia they are still more so and several
conventions of scientific men and prac
tical farmers have been held there to
devise methods for repressing the pests
but so far without much success.
Practical experience recommends the
following measures:
1. Use dry or well drained land for
small grains.
2. Plant only hard stemmed, hairy,
early maturing varieties of wheat.
3. Plant those varieties which in
your locality resist rust beat the
socalled "Rust proof" wheat andoats.
4. Sow thinly to give plenty of sun
light and air to the plants.
5. Piow the land deeply as soon as
the crop is harvested to destroy volun
teer growth or burn the stubble and
straw on the field. Tha latter plan is
best where grain is grown on a large
scale.
n. Carefully search out and destroy
all alternate host plants found within
one half mile of a wheat or oat field.
7. Rotate crops so that some crop
other than grasses or cereals will oome
on the land each two years out of three.
8. The use of fungicidal sprays on
growing gram has not so far given sat
isfactory results. The best fungicides
for this class of plants are: 1. Simple
solution of Iron Sulphate. 2. Copper
sucrate. Directions: Apply in the
finest possible spray as soon as the
grain begins to flower repeat every
ten days until grain is in the doughV
Then harvest it. . For formulas for pre
paring these fungicides see bulletin No.
84 of this Station Formulas 1 and 3
page 7. Gerald McCarthy, N. C. Ex
periment Station.
Advanced Monthly Summary of Meteoro
logical Keports for North Cro
liuti, ,vepteuibrr, 1895
The North Carolina State Weather
Siriftce, issues the following advanced
summary of the weather for September,
1895, as compared with corresponding
month of previous years: "
Tempkrature. The mean tempera
ture for the mouth was 74 2 degrees,
which is 4.0 degrees above the norma!.
The highest monthly mean was 78 4
at Newbern; lowest monthly mean 62.6
at Linville. The highest temperature
was 104 ou the 22d and 23 1. at Tarboro;
lowest 82 ou the 30th, at Blowing Rocs
and Highlands. The warmest Septem
ber during past twenty-two years was
in 1881, with mean 74 9 degrees, the
next warmest is September, 1895. The
coldest September was in 1875; mean
67.0 degrees.
Precipitation. Average for the
month 1.25 inches, which is 3.40 inches
below the normal. The greatest
amount was at Hatteras; leat
amount 0.05 at Kitty Hawk. The
wettest September occurred in 1877,
with an average of 10. 14 inches. Tms
September of 1895 was the dryest on
record for past twenty-two years.
Wind. Prevailing direction, South
west. The normal direction as de
ducted from many years observations is
northeast. Average hourly velocity,
6. 5 miles. Highest velocity, 43 milos
an hour from the Northeast on the 80th
at Kitty Hawk.
Miscellaneous. Thunderstorms oc
curred at various places on the 1st, 5th,
6th, 8th, 9th. 13th. 16th. 17th, 18th,
19th. . Lunar halos on the 2d, Solar
halos on 2d and 3d. Meteor observed
at Settle on 23d. Frosts appeared in
the western portion of the State on the
29 th and 30 th.
Til North Carolina Agricultural Experi
ment Station During- 1894
The above is a title of a work issued
by the station. In connection with tue
volume, North Carolina Weather Dur
ing 1894." it includes all the finished
work done by the station during 1894.
The volume contains 605 pages, and
a full table of contents and index
make it easy to refer to any part
of the subject matter. An interest
ing portion of the report gives the.
several benefits the station has been to
the farmers of North Carolina. There
are recorded 140 of these, and a more
detailed summary might easily mul
tiply them to a considerable degree.
The report includes all the bulletins
issued during 1894, from Nos 94 to 110
inclusive. With the full index, any
subject treated in these bulletins caa
readily be found. The general subjects
embraced in addition are the operations
of the Fertiliser Control Station and
the State Weather Service, which are
integral parts of the Experiment Sta-
tion. Each of these is described in
detail.
The above report is not sent to the
full mailing lists of the station, "bat is
supplied to those in North Carolina
who apply for them, To others on re
ceipt of 25 cents.
Co-OpratlTo Dairying-.
The station has been ready for some
time to assist farmers in undertaking
some co-operative dairying.
Up to date for over five months one
farmer has furnished some milk to the
Station Dairy at the Experimenc Farm.
As a part of the practice of a special
student, this small milk supply was ex
amined five days and daily tests made
of the per cent of fat. This milk ws
separated by itself and - the skim milk
was tested each day. Then the creu a.
which had been kept by itself w a
churned and the butter milk was testeo.
Subtracting the amount of fat formed
in skim milk and butter milk from
what had been found in the milk lor
five days, left what was incorporated
into the butter or lost in the mechani
cal operations. The total amount thus
found calculated as butter at 85 per
cent fat indicated a yieid of .205 pound
less than was actually made for sale.
This milk was paid for by the Bab
cock test, or rather the fat was paid
for, and the skimmed milk was re
turned to the producer. At 25 cents
per pound for butter fat an average of
$1.27 per 100 pounds was realized for
the milk. This is 11 cents nearly per
gallon. At the dairy, if we count the
butter worth at wholesale price of 25
cents per pound, there were 4 cents per
pound realized lor the making and sell
ing. When the selling price was 27
cents per pound there was realized
0.597 on ten pounds and seven odncos
of butter. This would be 5.7 cents per
poun i which, if it could be carried out
on a sufficiently large scale, would pay
well. It would also pay well to pro
dace milk at 11 cents per gallon for the
butter fat contained in it, and have tne
skim milk returned to feed pigs, calves
and chickens, or possibly lambs. F. E.
Emery. Agriculturist, North Carolina
Experiment Station.
Tracking- In the south.
A bulletiu (No. 112) has been issued
by the North Carolina Agricultural
Experiment Station, describing the
methods deemed advisable for raising
trucking crops especially in North
Carolina These crops are asparagus,
beans, beets, early and late cabbages,
cauliflower and lettuce, cucumbers,
celery, egg plant, muskmeions and
watermelons, onions, peas, Irish and
sweet potatoes, radishes, spinach, to
matoes and turnips. There are 63
pages devoted to this bulletin and the
various subjects are treated in a thor
oughly practical way. An appendix of
14 pages describes the various 'formulas
suggested for the several crops, what
ingredients to use to eive the J desired
percentages for the different crpps, and
how to mix them. ' This bulletin is sent
free to parties in North Carolina re
questing it, and to others on receipt of
10 cents in postage.
Question and Kf piles.
The Station will be glad to extend its
usefulness by answering as far as pos
sible questions on agricultural topics sent
by any one in North Carolina who' may
desin; to ask for i-formation. Address
all questions to the 'orth Carolina Agri
cultural Experiment Station. Raleigh, N.
C. Replies will be written as early as
possible by the member of tbe Station
staff most competent to do so, and when,
of general interest, they will also appear
in these columns. The Station desires in
this way to enlarge its sphere of useful
ness and render immediate assistance to
practical farmers.
Onious for Market.
Which is the best onion to grow for
market in this section? J. S. D. V.,
Brinkland, Bladen Co., X. C.
Answered by W. F. Massey, Horticul
turist N. C. Experiment Station.
It depends upon how you propose to
sell your onions. If you wish an ouion
to sell early as a green bunch onion, I
would advise you to plant in October
sets of t:ie Early Pearl, or of the white
potato onion. If your object is to grow
a mature crop of onions, that will keep,
for late sales, then I would sow in
February see i of the Southport White
Globe, or the Opal (red). Or you may,
if you have some glass sashes, sow
seed of the Prizetaker in a frame under
glass, in January, and transplant the
young plants in March and get a crop
of extra sized onions. But this variety
must be sold as soon as ripe for they
will not keep. The big yellow onions
now seen at the stores are of this va
riety.
Th Darliqila Ba(.
Can you give remedy for the cabbage
beetle that is destroying my cabbages and
turnips? J. R. G., Durham, N. C.
Answered by Gerald McCarthy, En-'
tomologist.
Tne insect you complain of is the
Fenopin or Harlequin Bug. now be
coming the worst pest of the cabbage
family every where throughout the
South. This pest seems proof against
all available poisons. Hand picking is
the only practical remedy for this in
sect. Use a shallow pan with a handle.
About one -fourth fill this with water
and on the water pour a film of kero
sene oil one-fourth inch thick. Place
the pan under or at side of the plants
and shake or jar the plants; the bur
will easily drop into it and be killed by
the oiL Be careful that the oil does
not spatter on the plants as it will
burn them.
Bt for tok Feed.
Will sugar beets be a good feed for
hogs and milch cows? IL V., Newton.
x. c.
Answered by F. E. Emery Agricultur
ist, X. C. Experiment Station.
Yes, they are good but oing to. ex
pense in growing and harvesting they
aro not much used for that purpose.
Sugar beets grow wholly underground
and the leaves spead on the surface.
They are considerably covered with fine
roots which hold much dirt from most
soils and this should be washed off be
fore feeding the roots which is another
expanse.
There are varieties of stock beets
called mangolds or sometimes mangels
which grow mostly above the ground
which are comoaratively free from soil
holding root i. These are more easily
grown and arrested though they do
not contain so much sugar.
Variotj of Tree for Poach Orchard.
"I wish to set a peach orchard so that I
will have three or fdur trees bearing all
the time from June to October. Will yon
please advise me as to what varieties to
et? J. t. IL, Burlington. N. C.
Answered by W. F. Massey. Horticul
turist, N. C. Experimental Station.
I would suggest the following varie
ties: Alexander. Mountain Rose, Early
York. Mary's Choice, Reeve's Favor
ite, Old Mixon Free, Eiberta, Craw
ford's Lau. Beer's Smock, Wilkins'
Heath, Salway, and Chairs' Choice.
Varieties of Trees For Apple Orchard.
I wish to set out an apple orchard.
Would like to have a variety, say two or
three to ripe., each month, from June to
October. Could you offer any suggestions
as to those best suited to this (Richmond)
county? -J. Mc. P., Laurel Hill, N. C.
Answered by W. F. "Massey, Horticul
turist, N. C. Experiment Station.
I think that yon will And the follow
list a good one for your section:
Early Apples Red Astrakan, Caro
lina Red June, Yellow Transparent,
Early Harvest. Fall Apples, Magnum,
Bonum. Maryland Maiden's- Blush,
Fallawalder. "Winter Apples Wine
sap, Limber Twig, Golden Russet t,
Buckingham, Grime' Golden, Juna
luskee, Nickajack, York Imperial.
Co-Operative Creamery Aociatlon.
Too little attention has been , given
to this important form of enterprise
in this State. It is to be hoped more
interest will 6e taken in the near fu
ture and that the men who look into
this industry will take hold of it as
they do of corn or tobacco growing
and make it a success.
Whoever wishes to investigate co
operative dairying can have the active
help of this station. He should price
apparatus and buildings of several
dealers, among whom the following
are old and reliable manufacturers of
dairy supplies:
The Vermont Farm Machine Co.,
Bellows Falls, Vermont; Hosely &
Stoddard, Rutland, Vermont; The
Creamery Mfg. Co., Chicago, Ills; The
De Laval Separator Co., 74 Cortlandt
St., New York City; Cornish, Curtis &
Green, Ft. Atkinson, Wisconsin.
In. general every local association
should build its own house, if it can
not more cheaply adapt some j conven
ient building until it gets covrs and
milk enough to do a good profitable
business.
It is well within bounds to assure
any body of creamery promotors in
North Carolina that they can start "a
creamery on a scale large enough to
handle all the milk, which can be
brought to the factory, for from 1000,
00 to $1500.00.
The sooner some neat little plants
can" be established, the better provided
they can be supplied with milk' with
which to operate. Canvas your
neighborhood and get pledges to de-.
liver a given anlouut of milk daily and
make your business to correspond
with what you can get pledged. Do
not estimate beyond gallons delivered,
and remember to caution your farmer
neighbors not to count over 350 gal
lons of milk per cow per year, each
gallon to weigh 8 pounds.
F. E. Emkhy, Agriculturist,
N. C. Experiment Station.
Orni'tuer Is tbe Beat.
Mr. C. P. McLain,Acworth,Ga.,says:
"SeveVal years ago my wife suffered
from attacks of bilious colic and indi
gestion. She used different medicines
and tried several doctors, but all with
out permanent benefit. She used Roy
al Gennetuer some years ago, and it
has given her more relief than all else,
and she recommends it to the afflict
ed." Write to The Atlanta Chemical
Co., Atlanta, Ga., for 48 page book
giving full information, free. New
package, large bottles, 108 doses, $1.
For sale by O. M. Royster.
First Gold Miaing on Record Was la flcrth
Carolina.
Prof. David T. Day, the famoua
mineral expert and Chief of Division
of Mining Statistics and Technology
of the United States Geological Sur
vey, in a letter to the New York
World, published Sunday before last,
speaks in the highest terms of the
mineral exhibit of North Carolina at
the Atlanta Exposition. According
to Prof. Day the first mining on record
in this country was that of the Indians
in this State, who mined for mica.
The first white mining is also credited
to North Carolina, this being for gold.
Prevention
better than cure. Tutt's Liver
Pills will not only cure, but if
taken in time will prevent
Sick Headache,
dyspepsia, biliousness, malaria,
constipation, jaundice, torpid
liver and kindred diseases.
TUTTS Liver PILLS
ABSOLUTELY CURE.
The Only Om
To Stand the Test.
Rev. William Copp, whose fa-f.
was a physician for over fifty
in New Jersey, and who hj.lt
spent many years preparn- f.t; r t
practice of medicine, but 'suV?
quently entered the minion li'v'
-M. E. Church, -writes: "I !
. -ul
iu"iiiyti,aUhaVe
had analyzi-d ail tl
sarsaparillaprq
tions know ii m x A
trade, but
AYER'S
-is the only one r
" v Hl' recommend as i
blood-purifier. I haTf
given away hundreds of bottles 0f
it, as I copsider it the safest as well
as the best to be had." Wsi. Corp
Pastor M.E. Church, Jacksi.n. Minn!
THE ONLY 'WORLD'S Tiro
Sarsaparilla
When In doubt, ask f or Ayer's Pills
BARS THE "COOCHEE-COOCMEE.
0orta Legislature Down on Midway On
cers. An Atlanta special states that the
Georgia Legislature, which convened
there last week, passed a bill in the
lower house forbiding the ixrfona
ance of "coochee chdocee," or wile
waffgle dances, after the fahion
on the Midway at the World's Fair.
The bill was first introduced two
years ago by a young member of the
Legislature who had just returned
from the big show. It was then th
subject of ridicule and derision, but
since the advent of the Turkish dan
cers on the Midway of the Atlanta Ex
position, the lawmakers, professing to
be shocked, agreed to put the meas
ure through. Only seven voted
against it, and it is thought that it
will go through the Senate and re
ceive the signature of the Governor.
You Can Believe
The testimonials published in behalf
of Hood's Barsaparilla. Thev are writ
ten by honest people, who hav actu
ally found in their own experiece that
Hood's Sarsaparilla purifies th blood,
creates an appetite, strengthen. the
8Vstehi and absolutely and permanent
ly cures all diseases caused b impure
or deficient blood.
Hood's Pills for the liver and bowels
act promptly, easily and effectively.
, Rights of riisinarles.
The New York Sun says: "The mor
mon missionaries have as much risrht
to propagate the religion of Mormon
ism in the State of North Carolsnu
the Presbyterian missionaries in Chioa
. ... i...
nave to propagate tne religion oi rrc
byterianism there. We should like to
know the difference betv een the con
duct of the Chinese mandarins and
Vegetarians who drive out the Chrii
tian missionaries and that of the cler
gymen of North Carolina who ha'i
sent a written warning to the Mormon
missionaries there to "retire from oar
community, and that at onc." Tfc
Chinese have degraded the anti mU
sionaxy Viceroy, and chopped off tbt
heads of a lot of the anti-missionary
Vegetarians. What kind of puniib
inent should be given by somebody to
the Rev. M. D. Bynunxand tbe R.
H. J. Jennett, of New Hill, Wakt
oouuty, N. C.f
The stories told in China agaiast tbe
Christian missionaries are eren orM
than those told in North Carolic
against tho Mormon missionaries'
Good advice: Never leate home on
journey without a bottle of Chawt
iain's Colic, Cholera and piarrbur
Remedy. For sale by O. M. htrr.
Druggist. 4 j 41
None of Hi Bloe-
"It was very embarrassing for cjo
inent," said the salesman. "She
up to the counter and said the nt
to see some materiais for a fancy
costume.
"She described what sh r
and I showed her several pie iis'
ally she said: 'This one will do
iix.r ...t,ii wj-kuM rou like.
nun juuwti .
asked beginning to unroll the Ji.
44 'Oh, about a yard and a half. .
she. I thought I must be umtakec.
o I asked her again and she sai d
am thing a yard and a half.
"Then when she saw that 1 wa
prised she flared up and said:
cot to tell you that I have
yards of the material at home
"But she needn't have told m
waa none of my busine'
On. iMJ I