Revised Criinuia,-Cdde
FURTHEUi EXTRACTS
RrroRMATiOM-Thr end of ho man
punishment U thcprcteniion of crime;
la the codeavOur to utiin this 4,cnd,
three thing are to be'eooiidexed'; the
tnaendmcat of the. offender ; the deter
niie of others bf his example ; rcpjra
ttobto sotiety and the party injured. Of
these objects, the first wttnout oouoi
of the highest imponaxice.''S6cietjr ;
ot be better, secured agpdmt crime?,
than b? eradtcatmc the eyil passions and
aorrupt habits which are the sources of
guilt. The operation of punishment m
a terror to others, is generally considtr
ed as xxiomcnury and, uncertain in its
effects for men are often found so;re
gardlcsv of the future, as 10 perpetrate
crimes-at the instant they are vitnesrig
the most dreadful execution of a crimi
nal for a similar offence, The punish?
ment of death precludes the possibility
of the amendment of the criminal by
any human means. Every hope of re
formatio?!" is at once cut off without a
single effort la accomplish so just and
bcnetolent a purpose. Society and the
injured party are indeed, in the strictest
sense, atenged on the heail of the guil
ty offender. Justice, however, not re
venge, is the true foundation of the right
of punishment. But it Is not the de:
sign of the present work. to discuss the
principles of a code of criminal law, or
to point cut the'errors which hare bten
perpetuated by the passions or ignorance
cf legislators. If society is effectually
secured against future mischief by the
irfprisonment of the offender, it is that
mode of punishment also which affords
the only chance of reclaiming him from
cviU It tv by confinement. to hard le
tour in a penitentiary house, that the
primary anrtltgitinute purpose of hu-;
man punishment is to be effected. The
characters of men are endlessly diversi
fied, and their motives "and actions as
sume a thousand - different hues. In
considering convicts, we may, in general,
dUtinguishihem intothree classes: Men
pown old in habits jof profligacy and vi
clroce, unfeeling and desperate offen
ders, who discover no signs of contri
lion, and iyield Tittle hope of amend
ment : ihos who in' early life have rc
ctlved a morjl arid religious education,
end, though afterwards led by passion
and etil example into the commission
of crimes, still retain some sense of vir
tue : those who, having sustained a fair
reputation,' are arrested for the first pub
lic offence, before they have become .fa
miliar with tice ; who wished, perhaps,
to return to the path of virtue, but had
not energy enough to retrace their steps.
.In forming an opinion of the depravi-
tr of convicts, nothing can te more un-
ju&l than to con touna these dttereni
classes in the same judgment. AH
were once innocent ; but, blinded by pas
sion, allured by present temptation, they
have mistaken their true interest, and
teen gradually led into the depths of
vice and criminality. In designatmg
punishments for various offences, the le
gislator can regard only the teixlency of
acicri'to ie jure society, and distribute
those punishment according to the
cmnparativc degrees of harm soch ac
tons mf produce.:. He cannot foresee
those circumstances in the-moral con
CuwTiofAhe ageot which may justly les
sen ir aggravate his guilt ; and, by the
wise constitution and-jealous policy of
cu: laws, judges are'not vestcd.wilh any
ducretionury: power..to apportion the
punishment according to a greater. or
Irss ctlminaliiy of inUrntion in the offen
der. Ttis in sv penitentiary Konse, that
an opportunity is auvroeo 01 oiuuguiiit
inr the iide ef emit in diffefenfof-
f fenders, and of correcting that error and
1 injustice, m some degTee inseparable
from the. oest system 01 laws, oyy wnicn
persons, whose guilt admitsof different
dcjrrcee are subjected to the same pun-
iihraent.i) It Iv tor yiose to waom tne
suprinterWnce of such an iostitutidn,
is intrusted, to clKci, asiar.as possipie,
the aroeridmcnt'of the derihquent, and
thus to fulfil the highest dutyot numam
iy. And- isiih, no small pleasure
that the; Inspectors, bac observed, that
a number of those whojhaTe' been"dis.
charged from the prison confidcdlothrir
care, hare continued 'in habita.of 'h i
try aad iobrictyijand d vfir.ro bedome
good memberif sVctety. . It would,
no d iibu be interesting to the philan-
thrcpht. to be forced, of the pinica
lar incidems in the lives "of such men,"
and. the circumstances which haYe fur
nished ground to predict tle rectitude of
heir future conducu But this would in
some degree lead'tbe writer beyond hlsf
immediate cject j and 039:1? espf pru
dence and charity oughtVperhapsto in
duce hiai for the pfesenv to forbear sUch
a recital. . ' :i
The mot tffuacioua. means of refor
mation are-to be found in that system of
regular labor and exact temperance by
which habits of industry, and sobriety are
formed, The Inspectors haYc not been
unmindful of other means of amendment
It s immediately connected with thea
tun; of the punishment to which the con
victaare sentenced. By the great atten"
tion paid to cleanlinets, in every part of
the prison, they have shewn their opi
nion bf its importance in aiding refor
mation ' Its benign 'influence on the
physical character, though well under
stood by man',is not duly estimated by
the bulk of mankind. Though its effect
on bodily health be more obvious, its less
striking but equally certain effect on the
mind has been no where more fully ex
perienced than in this prison It is found
to soften the temper,' meHorate the dis
position, and to pruduuee a regard no
temperance, order and industry and by
exciting more agreeable and tranquil
sensations, to render men susceptible of
good impressions, anr thereby 'conduce
to" their future amendment. '
In the winter, those of he convicts
who appear to be roost meritorious are
allowed.withthe approbation cf the kcepi
cr,wto be taught reading, writing . and
arithmetic Teachers arc selected from
such of them as are competent, and-20
are permiiled to meet together daily
with one of the keepers, and ta receive
instruction for about two hour? in the
evening; This is considered aavaTlirivi
Tegt, and conferred on those nnlyrwhoV
by a peaceable, industrious and regular
course of conduct, have shewn a dispo
sition towards reformation. -Iijs a'uri
ther requisite for admission into this
school, that the person should have per
formed labor above his task to the value
of A, a week, which, is to pay for the
implements of writing, .light,, and fuel.
, Care is taken as far as possible to se
parate the less vicious -from the more
hardened and daring offenders. About
twenty -two of tbif most obdarate cri
minals arc kept confined and at wo k in
separate apartments and are not suffer
ed to come out, or to have communica'
tion with :other prisoners, but are con
stantly watched by- keepers day and ;
night.- Experience will evince, that a-
roon? any given number of convicts, one
trnth part may be fairly considered as
desperate and hardened villains, who ap
pear incorrigible ;; and 11 is or impor
tance that such should be carefully se
lected and separated from the rest, as
it is more probable they may, by proper
management, be reformed. v .
.'As another means of re formation, at
Mention is paid to their rtligtous and mo
ral instruction." ! 'V7 ' .
'' A' large roomjn the prison, very
neatly finished, is set apart for. the pur
pose of divine worship. ' This room and
the gallery sound it wiiraccorrjmodate
about six .hundred persons- . "
In this$ace the prisoners are assem
bled on the hrst day ot eacn weea, wneo
one af their number reads a sermon and
prayers, and the rest .join in Ringing
psalms.
Tt is expected tb$t the public preachv
ers of the gospelin the c,ity will cheer
fully devote a small portion of their time
to tbe"ervice of these unhappy. beings,
who have so much need of th.-ir instruc
tion, and of the counsel of,. the truly
good and bene volenti , j
, As no distincttjfo of seqt exists in this
ereat work of charity and bcnvolence,
it is. honrH tharl religious characters, of
evetv Christian - denomination will feel
it their duty to visit tbcm on the day set
apart for divine worship ; since It is ob
vidua that a due attention to this imnof
tant duty, must produce thevmost salu.
tary effects on the minds and conduct cf
the prisooers, rfhd most powerfully pro
mote the great plan of reforroation.t I
Count RvMroaD ( Vd 1. p fre 34.) in his
Essays, 'speaking of the irobd effects produc-
red on Ihe medicants an thai' :seol Indus-
ntry at.;V7rfcA, by cleanlir .ess, kyt that ' vir
tue never dwelt long with filth and.nasfine.ss ;
nor ao 1 Deuevexoereevcr -was a peraoa 'v7.
fmlcu$!y attentive ' ta dtcahnettt hQ VC1
C4msuinaate'villain.'! ' tV-yi v!'.4 "f
f As rjoiiai and immifftal bkinrs"'we
oVe this to -t ben), noAoan aiiy.crinDinAdty'of
wcus jusuiy our .ncrieci xn wu paruvui. ,
Connected with this scheme 01 ptiVi
ntshment Jand reformation, is another
object, which though onnleribririipor j
laucc in a moral view, is yei aeserymg
of jsttention , Thls.is, indempiry to the
community for the expense' of the cpn
Vjctiott and maintenance of the bffender
li is Hfghly probablej that, with due ma
nagemt nt and economy, . the J profit " of
the labour of the convicts may; be reri
dered equal to their support. Such si
result, however, has not been anticipated
by the 2eaIous friends of reform" in pe
nal law in Europe They have, regard
ed it as thejndispensable duty of lcgis.
lators, to meliorate the laws, and correct
the, abuses of prisons, .without counting
the cpst,6f their justice; humanity, ?
In Pennsylvania, we are assured, that
the experiment has been attended with
success? and when the improved sys
tem of the penitentiary house of this
State has had time to, operate fully,,
there can be no doubt of a result equally
favourable It ought to have fair .scope,
and not.be thwarted in its infancy,' by
distrust, or jtbe selfish views of iadividu-jalsjbr-
particular classes of meo A
wise legislature will extend. its concern
to.the whold community, and, regard
less of private interests, steadily pursue
a plan the' best calculated to promote
the general good. f
In the first establishment of the pri
son, the Inspectors have had totneoun
ter hp difficulties of a new experi
ment, with the disadvantage of imper
fect knowledge in many branches of ma
nufacture. A system was to be formed,
by which above two hundred convicts,
many of them hardened, desperate and
refractory, and many ignorant, or inc'a
pacitated through infirmity or disease
might be brought into a regular-course
of productive labour. To find '.suitable
employ men: for, so many persons, was
a matter of considerable difficulty. In
the choice bf occupations, regard must
be hd to those which .-require the least
capital, are most . productive of profit,
and most consistent with the health' of
the convicts and the general security, of
(the prison. Among the different kinds
of manufactures, that of shoes was nrst
introduced, and has been found the most
convenient and profitable. The capital
required for the purchase of the raw
materials is not large, and the manufac
turrd article will always meet with a
ready sale since the consumption of
so indispensable a part o dress is creat,
ana conunuany increasing, oeyona iqc
power 01 me tradesmen 01 me city to
supply. The" manufacture ofriails and
other articles has been carried on for a
bout two years. This required more
capital; and it was not .until very lately
that sufficient experience was gained, in
the purchase, of , stock and, the use', of
machinery, to, enable the Inspectors, to
manage this branch of business with ad
vantage These circumstances, and ma-
ny otnera tnat mignt ne aeiaueo, wnco
necessarily attenf an infant establisbf
ment, and hich diminished the profits
of the past years, will, in future, cease
to produce expense and embarrassment
It is .doubtful whether the manufacture
of natlsr and of Several other articles,
ought to bs carried on to a great extent,
as they .require too large a capital in ad
varices. Experience will furnish, cverjr
year, grounas i9riinproverneni-ra:uie
mode of conducting the branches of in
dustry, or ixTthe introduction: of more
advantageous Kinos 01 taoour ; ana mere
is every reason to believe that,"Cvfith a
com petent capital, the, busmesa; may be"
rendered so productive as to defray the
expenses of con Y'tction and maintenance
of the prisoners. Calculations howe
ver, founded on the statements oF- the
past 'year, will not furnish adequate
means of juJelne with certainty of the
luture pronis wnicn may oe maaeco a
rise from the Ubxin'orthe''cv1cta':..
That the number' of con victabai in
creased since the erection bf; theState
Prison iscvident from the tables itr the
apptndixy But to infer frohl that fact,
that lhetiew and milder scheme of pti
nishme'nt , has "been less efficacious in
prevcnlihg crimes than ibenld ind san?
guinary system would be a most partial
and erroneous conclusion. Thcirue
causes of this increase of crimeiare the
rapid growth of ! oiir. population and
Weaitn : . tne consequent iuxjj ry.ana cor
ruption of marrers," particularly inth
capuai 01 inepicuc , ana vc icbv uuu
bef of indigent and Vicious emigrants
irom.JiurOpe ana vc w esi-icufes, on
veri hither by the disordered and jdis-
Vressful condition oT, their: nafivecbun if
tnes, fjr to escape mc vwceanccotinansaicty oi'ourcuyxi irusicar ineir
laws.: . .,-7w - . t " juawcffiw tttctiU9a:na vigilaccemthe
More than fiZrei fourths of ihe' whbte
1
numberof crimes are cordmliled tnrthW.
city ofNew-York;Its WuJation' nasi
almost doubltcl iri ttri yearsi'anai thelin
ajc o j-119 : iraue - ana ' weaitn' isiune,
quailed in the t historyrof 'Icbinmercial
atacs.' If is certain alsoithatnojthe
prtsent 'sy stent of punbhmjnti a mucH
less number cpffehders?es
tion.', Iccti vidtials clo not, frpni arsfense
of the terrible amsenuences to the para
ty, refuse, to. prosecute ? .iior,rjunes,
from motives of tompassipnt forbearlw
convict the guilty ThisiVlmb
lutaryconsecjuencc oTfaie'lsttelioration
of our. penal laws.
: ; The corruption i of morals engenders
those crimes whcb;pbIIksyiLnB
undermine the security of fife ai2 pro
perty; It is the duty -of government to
begin at the sdurce, and to Endeavor, by
every rational arid practicable expedient,i
ia prevent enmes, . ratner tnan to apply
the painful and uncertain WtMoYjdfpTi
nishmtnt to evils grown; formidable -JoV
rift, i.-v. r'-i-.'-l.rf:
,,cbllKc,nc Aiis in .yain,;,ujjoer utne
best devised plan of punishment, to ex
pect that crimes should be diminished pt
e xte rminaled, if laws areV not framed tb
check the progress oflviceJ van4 to 'ar
rest the first ste"p$bf gnilt; v'j-'
It is" well known; ' that the 1 greater
nurnoer oicnmes ongtnaxein ine'irre
gulaf and vicious habits produced bf in
toxication, and1 by the idler lowland dii
sipated practices encouraged in taverns
and tipplm cr-houses; , There are; few
crinunalawhose ' eradual depravation
cannot be traced to this source.; ICjs
well ascertained, that in 'this city there
are more" ihan d 200 taverns "or; shops,
wnere -spirituous liquors are reiaUea m
drams or in the fbrni of grog, eln eighi
or ten considerable street V, one fourth
part of the whblenumber pfhouses are
taverns and groceries y orV m other words
u-rmm, snouj. . . x nc numocr 01 iavcrn& is
uiiiiinucu oy iaw. oy me cuy-cnarier,
the power of granting licensesls veste'd
in the rnayor, who Jsthevsole jjudge of
the propriety of granting themi or of
their number. Thirty shillings are paid
for eachc licensed four 'fifths of which
sum gcis.into the dty-treasufy, ariBthe
residue; to the maypr. Whilejaeve;
nue is deriyed to the- .ciorrradoV.from
these, licenses, it. is not to be Expected
that there , will be mach solicitude io
lessen their number, or to examine mi
nutely into, the merits of 'theapplicante
for them. Some regulations ought .to
be . adopted for the . reformation: pf the
police in this, respecv- Grocers oil:
to be strictly prohibited from4 retailing
liquors in drams. The number. of sta;
yerns ought to be greatly xJiminishedi
Licenses should riot be granted but to
persons whs .are recommended by five
known and respectable ; citi2ensandruo:
der much larger penalties than at pre'
sent, to : enforce their observance of the
laws. At present, Ac temptation to Vhe
indigent and labouring classes of people
to indulge in drink is so powerful, and
Jthe gratification so easyjat;everY: turn
of the street, that the.' greater numbr
m 9 Af ) Svm t am. At . frV iiMtA.krfkil
pbilU 4,l4lgt AUllUII Uly.4UCl( MII1C OUU
c arnings irr repeated i ndulgence s of his
depraved appetite, during the clay,' and
return to their families in a state of par-
lial or complete intoxication. '"The per
ptcious consequences of such habits,' to
the .-individualr and to .society are1 top
striking to: need any' elaborate descri)?-
.you, 1 vq cinurcq inc . propriety oxmaqpi-
ing, every suitable means of jegislatm
and m unicipal regulation, ibr theiKpre
lvention.H- yr tit M'MU
; A further sturceof..;vice,and crjim?-
nauty is 10, asixovam iatnorse,-races
wn ico.reguianyiiaKe piace m ewi orn
andsome of Ihe neighbouring couniies;
These draw together crowds; of peofie,"
who engage: in wagering, mdnds" of
games 01 uancc aoa : xa ; aeoaucnery ,
which produce -habits that ilead-tp thei
ruin, o many , ana.anve numoers serine
comroissionof .bcmesuHofrmij
billiard -tables, ad all eames of-chance.
ougni iwDc sincuyimjojpjieoi foatitng,
of animals ttrogs!ipaJ
of , amuse ment -w hic)my H itnd tevhad
enthejheartv 4p4
of the neOnle ferocious, .otilrhl to be;of ei
Vented byiajrlegulate poiic'La)(r
are made for the: preset vaUQOiof de'eeni
cy :and "order bn'th'efirst; dif- stfiie"
weeJK ;ranat remains oniy,w,navc inrrr
mmfaithftflfy executed: $ erh aps 'jHe'r?
;i)QcUy;of,iequaJ
crimes ewpe detection and pbnishmen,
br, where- greater order andtranquifity
TdJ.crX6oniuch pjatse cano
stowed on those ojwhotnrthe Jac&and i
idischaf 5: of duties, ihxteht ancfim
rtacewhc& ipteralyun
r'o'er&pocriE
WllnstanrtinrrCfh' imhiviv thn f mi?
tehtionj
remeaiersvand rebbwerfuf f easoWfbt "
BtONGflVO
to tbcEafate of Grbb IMik f
a046cresriyni.:Withm
tj ---y tie. i
theTowft of ,varrent 'adjomih laida:: &i '?j i
Jaalg-Hin5raaiaA
':.Zj s-iiwi'i.ii-jf lurit vu Tirdg ,.4e !
near VVarrenton. This 'Land is .well adaTted
f & xhn cuiiu'ra'f Gcntveat an4 Tljscco h
No. sii aatlQn m jfeis jarrbf be.xquc feir a
more1 advantaget for S4eilid
the ad vintage of the JAaleind Froale .Sgidotyi
in'jtKe Tiyjr&vf jkyarvntv-t
5 Auo ops xfthe Tf ae o&IKicli Neck Xneeicl
4mWs from Warreflon,conmQing;250'acrcst 1 ,
)bacco and "VVheaVeadal to ahv land m - -fa
thiapah of tlifexirtiT?iC .
rrchase.TW privilege M sovidwheax thisi v'; ' -'if. . ' - M
tv nnue w:mc iauuMO y person wntDff lo , " t".i
k j f -v" ' r-i:-J- -i-tr-- lf'-. '.,..
XT TILL; commence ;hnxWMn4flay' fti 1 lrli! ' ,' T
MCPhtMlre lvr 'voii' ilrii nria mils hM. ' .. .--' '-',
entrance ;.alf forfeit; 4 etotyies,v &' closed i
Lwhicl .isS'5S0atraticeto bon''SiibscriWs
30 do)ls; wich shall go to make Mmhepitbpr-;
-r-entxance" g2f-4money to.he h uog up at "the
eights aa;tPUows-Vl'-
? . Years old a feather, 5 Years otdnp
;4' 'v; : 4oriro.r:
' " 3 lbs. allowed Mares and "Ge)diij.: '-.4?:;r-Th
e eniries: t& beade w uh' the Proprletori V ",
on the day preceding eaeKday's cbfijTrWf.?
sunset adhStables acid .bjter furitsbed Hace '
r There will be a FAlrt each nicht of '
liic k?c j jna ever aennon pai tq rne ac";
coramodation pt those who pu( up at the Jrrov
,prietcrTs Tavetn.: ' v,'!r ?
In
THE folioWine Tracts of H. AN t)Inr
l'.
A i so much tfiiireof as will ie socieflCtiii '
Fiih:llivers?-
fu iii -j . . m :z a --j f'-L a t " . ...
ard's CreekM therfaxat.jblhih
ol Isaac ConelaDd, RcbertHatrjs.Tbo' DaVt.
fanslBryson; CbaileaTaiiafer
tisty theiTasjoethereoniQre
' .30000 Acres, bine becweeri Mitchcil'a and c 'v:fM:m
others-i-said'io be the PrcrrroCTHnlrV V -i F
keririgirhotiyen iioMhe yealllOV c
OQOAcres hn the skjuiK sklehe Yadkiii1;
.alttyrafcto
I at J.t llTISI Am A M. '-A J
jaroea jaxazci, xfaTia riemnur aim otr.irt aai.-:-svr.-r.-'.(i.Trf ? i
ttQ.thepropertyiJohii, I
'y.in (or ! f
t50tAcreV ngojtlaiers H
Creek; adjoining the fandi otjawes Brlttiui.;; .t-S'i'jf'
vllmasHatnand
.19elrs;6rjfobtfE!fi
tne ure concern as.Tettevi f 1113.-.-- .
iflatekiyfr
; Att dairns against the Cbpiteitffi&tf&i& v1 ' r
disc geoJ :m$ '
fbySte4roart. il
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