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TTTN TO ILUUIL! AND TTMtd nronr aid tmt ttT A fT ArFMi VIPT?7 " Our tare tb plan ffalr, dHphtfol Peace, UawarpM by party rage, to fTclIke Srothen. Vol- XIX. F HI DAY, FEBRUARY 27, IS18. Ho. 952. if FOR THE REGISTER MANURES cotTixris. i4 Let us cultivate the ground, that thepoor, i mii li filial qml tiurT nss and peace be established throughout our r conducting the business of a farm to hill advantage, the farmer is to pursue obj ects wh i ch sy sre mat i cal 1 y embrace such a regular course of par ticulars, as shall best follow and de pend on each other ; for obtaining the one Whole of the J -sign of farming. Jt is not immediate produce alone that we aim at ; for, whilst we wish to ob tain repeated full crops, our reason as sures us, that it is indispensably ne cessary to that end, that the soil be preserved in full vigor. . . The mind. then, is employed princi pally, on the object of preservation and improvement of the productive powers of the earth. Observations on the state of common farming, fix the opinion, that no un courected, ran ciom pursuits, tend to injure a succession, of adantgecus biK-ndrv. for any -'length' of time. Well chosen rotations of crops, to frpt!,t.r with due culture, are believed to be o ftvorable to ti:e ground as to need but li'tl manure in comparison of what tlie common, or ill chosen rrnnw absolute! r require. Still the steady and attentive application of manures, ? held to ne an essent.ai tiu ty in farming-a great link of the chain In every instance. If ricii soils require, comparatively, but a moderate quan tity, in a rotation where ameliorating crops are prevalent, yet middling and j 'nnor sons wanr an uhil i.ui uc unmui ed; and under the present courses oi j crops especially, all soils eagerly de mand more manure tnan can ne reaui Jy procured. These exhausting cour ses we see continually impoverish fhe soil. Too many farmers, the re-fore, incline to moie to fresh lands, where they would act the same murderous part overagain. Farmers had, there lore, better learn betimes to improve th eir lands , or at least to ke e p them in frotid heart bv a steady attention to the making of manures. Tlie pri nci pal sou pee for th e pro- j ikction of the greatest quantity of manure on farnis, is the Hirui yard,- j If cattle were conhnetl to these yarns Mini hnniluut;tlve winter and plentilully ittered. they v.pu!d muke far more nanure than coidd even b; imagined. ; ra But t!te manner in hich cattle are at present managed, they hardly make a L ffid of manure T h tfie present prac- ; I tice. tsay and fml.ier are st'ckei in ; h the n''ds, and the cattle ure ted round v I the stacks and loader houses : the t dibai! vattt.aiz.es wlVereof are, - t 2. A wasteful ii?e a the provender, i T?.e dung lying as it is uropt wit!; on t t.t i a xv, or t!;er vegeta ble s u b- j stances brought to iU ,tie manure is ; Jitt'e in qrUifity: and o. 'iliat htt!e not lying in heaps, is reduced abuudaotly by exhalation and rain, without leaving any tiling to the soi 1. ; V';" f ' '4 In the Kriglish and Flemish practice (feeblv observed by a tew ot our has Kar flmo.n cattle ar cir full v ho:iprl. ji i-.: , i ' y , , i ry t-whirh mv s!ifltpr cod t - - I i I j-ains during tiie whole winter, and as far through the spring as food will last : I fhe adyantares of which, are, 1. A fair expenditure of the proven- t cer, wuiioui v.nsic. V 2 Less exhaustionVif the juices ; be .) cause of the dung lying together in '. Iirge heaps. '-C---' - j s. The dung being mixed with the j straw, and otir vegetable substa n ces 4 brought to the beast as litter, the whole is trod together, ami forms a large quantity of very valuable manure. V It may be no exaggeration to afiirm, 3 that tlie diference in the quantities of f mann res obtained fnm an equal stock J of cattle by those several methods, may be as three to one. If six acres may be annually manu I red by the inferior method, then may t. eighteen by the superior. Now, on a supposition, that manured land' is kept in heart live years, without repeating, i u the one ca.-e but thirty acres will always remain in good order ; in the other, ninety acres: a very important diSerence. Indeed, it is all the dif ference between an husbandman's po yertyi and his riches. l.'.Uer is an e-eut!al to cattle, when I ct into yards, wi Ihout wliich yard x a- j nure is of ; ;1 account ; and, unless it be in full porfion to the number of cattle in t c yard, it is not thought highly of ; b-.f is as a half done thing. Good" farme in England deem full littering of . ; tie, when in yards, of such import ; e, that, after reaping with sickb inning their wheat, they cut th" :bble and stack it for litter. Be straw and stubble for litter, they a; vT to the same use, fern, and .'such"' 6th : vegetable substances as they can procure : and they buy straw from c -mon farmers who are not in the ! tice of 1 ittering. In all countries amnion farmere are indifferent to -Mrovements: they look not beyond old hjbits. A full litter ins is three loads of 12 or 1SOO lbs. of straw to each grown beast. Indian corn J stalks may be carried from the held i n great q uantities in a skeleto n frame cart (if not cut up and fed when freslA when the v are more nourishing, ow ing to the ..Saccharine juice with which they abound V. A farm-yard should be so constructed as to prevent any thing to pass awy from it. This is done by making an excavation or hol lo v. in th e middle of the y a rd, so that every part of the su face should de scend towards tie centre of it. (m nccteti with the larm-vard and op--in: iuto it, should be fielters for the cattfe, beves, sh c-p. &c. These she I- j ters should be 'closed to the north, east and west punts, and only open ! to the sou th, i u or;! er to secu e t h e j sft.ck fiom the pi ucihg winds and ir- j clement storms f winter. . -These she!- j ter siiould be cu'rnd with cornstalks ! ir trr f !dcr : t! e latref t'te best. Having such heit;'J cattle will keen in better order with a "tr eat " deal less fl4'4ti; thin they U u!d without them ; neglect in proviui ig sucii shelters, re flect s se v ere y i i th e eco ?Vo 1 ov and good management of oar farmers, es pecially when i is considerecl that nearlv the snme liDor which is now consumed in packn away top fodder in the form of stnr! s. would, if differ ently pack'.-d up a-ake good shelters for cattle, and at t:e same time secure this kind of fodder equally well. Th etock should be confined daring the whole of the vinter in the farm yard, and not tuned out, as is fre quently the case, tv wander after the t rt; v e i ;d er o r n i i ser 4 hi e fo o f the s t a 1 ;j aUU. in which tlun empty themselves an j t!,u,lUtc js !ust, grm iaj-irv in mauy Cases (lone to Kt;a ta" uds, and the stock, frbm being erpoed to cdd and uiiici tiuiM-s, ufiieaui in a iar le-s i degree than is ctunii only .'imagined - i A hoff should not unnecessarily leave j tiie yard. ' ; :j Tlie farm -yard ?h:y Id always be .. well supplied with l,tt .r of s'oi-kind; such as refuse straw, weeds, corn stalks, rich earth or I eaves from t he woods, or several olthtM.i together, in ) order to imbibe tht iakiny;s of the du ng and urine d roj p-, U v the stoc k ; a n do f that th ro w n ,u t oft he sta'.d e s. All kinds of refuse sdst.ince.tapuhle of being converted it to m anu re, euht to be thrown into the yard. To effect t this l.lU'DOSe everv lekorP nnnortnnitv j should be taken to col lect various ve- n: : i geiauie mariers, sucn is coarse ffras- r . i7 V. t V.VL .11 .1 Klll'l' lUIdil. li pnve'' ctnf t.. t.... ! iitipc " .clhlo -si, i...t .t li I be carried to the yaro, and stacked j ; as to comprehend the number of inha ! in convenjeat situatit'is fur the nur- nts necessary to furnish a cap- I' - w . v r a , r w w pose of being made u of as litter Besides these, there Ire other earth y ' laattpra th-.it Pimdl., , j ..... . --such as peat or bv earth, mud - . . v B u u. i t piii'i li Mm -mm B-a ll I i 1111 ium poas cnu uncres, scrapiriirs ef ril;lil: Xr ftin anku.. 1 : C- . i . . ' ' "''-. ouusto-ces or tue same kind, as can be conveiiently obtained, bach materials as are-i.a-.ri7 to;n by these methods procure!, the best mod f proceeding set his 'ii.be, that of covering the whole o tlie farm-vard mmmtJ tMlmm, V mJ All . where the cattle staid and tread, as also the sheep fold vvitH layers uicsc vicuuia am earthy mat- iers, cj-ui, icii. or mwe inches t h ck. according to the numb r of cattle and other circumstances ; v he great object in yiew oeing io maKe s much manure as circumstances will p ssibly permit. ; . FUb'ND ON the 19th of Decembe jast, cn the main Koad nottr trom ALinville, Guilford omnty, N. U.a BANK Nt yR. Any person desenbing'said note to the Lsfac kii of the Subscriber and paying- therpence of adver tising, &c.4raay obtain the $ me by applving to THO's. AKltOW, jr. one mils we f Murt.nville. lanuiry2xr 3w VIRGINIA. SCHOOL BILL. A member of the General Assembly who re presents that portion of the p opleof The State among whom Mr Jellerson resitles, having" requested that gentleman's advice and opinion on the vn easures proper to b e adopted in regard to the literary fu d, has lately received from him the following highly interesting' communicat'on, in reply to a letter addressed to him on the subject of the system of Primary Schools, set forth in a bill offered on the-5th instant in the House of Delegates, as a subst itute for the bill reported by the committee of Schools aad Colleg-es ; Monticello Jan. 14, 1818. Dear Sir When, on the 6th inst. I wa a'l-werini;. vours of Dec'r. 29, 1 was sr overwhelmed with htters fo he arisicereft. that I could not take time to notice the objctiotH stateil, that it j was up'irp1 r.ded that neither the peo ple, nor h ei r re presen f at ives, wou I d aree to the plan of assessment on the ward - for tlie expenses of the ward .school I ?uppose that by this is meant t!o pecuniary expense of u a to tiie tuttr;' for as to what the peo ple ire to do. or to contribute in k ind. every one who hwuvs the situation of j u r j )eo ; j ! e i r 1 1 ' c u n t r y , k n o w s i t v i 1 1 not be left. 'Hie b tjlding the log hou-e i will employ the laborers-of the wanl ; 3r 4 days in every 20 years. The con- j tnbution for subsistence if averaged orrJ the farnili'., would be 8 or 9 lhs. of j pork, and half a bushel of corn for a j family of mitbllin circutnstances not more than two ttavs" subsistence of! tiie7 family and its stock and less ! in proportion as it could spare les. Thet e is not a family in the conn- frtr m( TMinr " : tn foal fVJi; fniti'i)iii finn ;! It mut then be t. armfnt ol the j pecuniary contribution which is thought i io fot foidaule an addition to the pro- j Sperty tax we turn pay to the state, that j l ieiT;ier the people, nor their represen- Itarivcs would a-jtee to.' - Now, let us look this objection in the face, and and brin;; it to the uhernns test of J figures; premising that t':i, pecuni- . x i . i i i . ary rax is ro oe or idu cloUars on a ward. Not possessinthe documents which wou 1 ' I gi v e rne the n umbers to be q uo ted, correct!' to an unit, I shall use roun I numbers, so near the truth, that, wi th the fu rther advantage of facilita- if'ng our calculations as we go along, i he v wil l make no sensihl e error i n the result: 1 will proceed t!eiefore ' ri the following postulates- and on 1 tl e ground that there are in the whole n iaie n u counnes anu cities. : 1 ne free uh.te in!a- C In the In evrry Countu on cn live a?? 6,000 bitants of a 1 aen loim e ar.d sexes, at the ( State. last census were - 600,000 TJe number of ?ili-, tia wassfimewhere abuut - - - - - - - 60,000 - Thr 'Hiiiiber of 'up- tain's compan.es, .", . ot or tuch, wou hi . be ubrut - - - - - - 1,C00 Free h.te inhxbt- ; tunts iir ."verv mi- ' i l.t.acoinunv 60"J, , OuO 12(i "- - - . - - 500 ; The tax on pr perly : p.tjd to thest.te is 809 12 500 t nearly - 500. MO 5,003 Lf t us then proreel, on tliesp iata, to '.compare tie expense of th5 p.-opo-i sed, aut of the exiting ys M of pri- ! fill, V ted that the wards siionfd b? .so .laid oft tain's company ol Militia. I ?us is before stated at 500 persons of all a- ffps :ind setrPH. From thr? tables mortality (Buftbn's) w e find, that where there are 5 0 persons of all a ges and sexes, there will always be 14 in th ei r V 1 1 h y ea r, 13 and a f raction in their 11th, and 13 In their 12th Jear ; so that the children of these three- years- (which - are . those that ouht to be devoted to the elementa- r.v. schools) will be a constant number 40 about enough to occupy 'one 'rail":r toostatmy. His wases of S 1 50, partitioned on these 40, make their teaching cost S3$ apiece annu ally. If we reckon as many heads of Tlie bill in question orig-ina ly proposed to establish Pnin Schools in each County, oine Coheres and on University ; but the , bll now before the Leg-islature and likely to j pass, distributes annually 45,000 out of'the I Revenue of the L.terary Fund (nearly half of I it) antonp the counttes ot the commonwealth ! .n proportion to their white population The j quota of eachalone vv,th this residue of the proceeds of th? glebe lands, it an v, in any par ticular county, to be applied by certain com missioners m each countj to tue education of poor chddren in reading-, writing' nud uritb- families in award as there are militia ) will reach the Sd, and not one in the (as I think we may, the unman ied mi- j state go bevond the 5th. litia men balancing, in numbers, the. I know that there is much preju married and unmarried exe?npts) dice, even among the body of the pen S150 on 57 heads of families (if levied pie? against the expense, and even the equally) w ould be S2 24 on each. At practicability of a sufficient establjsh the same time the pro; erty tax on the mnt of elementary schools", but I ward being S 'OO 12, or S416, and think it jyoceeds from vague ideas on that again subdivided on 67 heads of.' a subject they have never brought to families (if it were levied enualU) ! j the test of facts and figures ; but our would be S6 0 on a family of m dling circumstances, the tax which it pays to the state So that to g6 20. the present state tax, the school tax would add gl2 24, which is iibout 36 cents to the dollar, or one-third to the present property tax : and to the whole state would be S 150 1200 wards, equal to 3180,000 of tax ad ded to the present 8500,000. Now let us see what the present primary schools cost us, on the suppo sition that all the chihhvn of 10, 11 and 12 years eld, are as thev oughtfto ; be at school : and, if they are not. so i much the worse 13 the system ; f r j they will be untaught, and their ignol-J ranee and vices will in future life, cost us much dearer in their conse- j queoces, than it would have done, in their correction, by a good education. I am here at a loss to say what is now paid to our English elementary schools, generally through the state. In niv own neighborhood, those who formerly received from 20s. to ;lcs. a sclndar, nw have from 20 to 50 dol lars ; and having no other informa tion to go on, I must use my own numbers : the result of which, howe ver, will be easily cor reied, and ac commodated to the average price thrt' the state, when ascertained ; and will yet, I am persuaded, leave abundance of dilleretice between the two svstems. Taking a medium of S25, to 40 pu pils in each wad, now cost S10G0 a year, instead of S150, or S15 on a family, instead of g2 24 ; and the 12 0 wards cost to the " hole state gl,2CO,000 of tax, in addition to the present S5O0.000, instead of 180.000 only ; producing a difference of gl, 020,000 in favtir of the ward system, no. e than doubling the present tax. instead of adrling one-third only, and should the price of tuition, which. I have adopted from that in my own neighborhood, be much above the ave rage through the state, yet no proba--I ble conectnm will bring Ihc two sys tems near a level. v But take into consideration." also, the important diCerence, that the g 1,200 000 are now paid by the peo ple, ;'as a poll-tax, tlie poor bavin g as manv children as the rich, and paving the w! de tuition monevtnenjselvrs ; whereas, oa the proposed ward levies, the poor man -would pay in prcpoition to his hut and peculimn only, vvliilc the rich would pav on their nabi'-es j and principalities. It cannot, theo.be t that the people' will not agree to fhave. their tuition tax lightened b le 1 vies on tiie ward, rather than n theni- selves ; and t as little believe that their representatives,' will disagree to it ; i for even tlie rich will pay less than ! thev now do. The portion of the ! g 1 80,000, which, on the ward system, f thV: will pay' for, the education of the: poor, as well as of their own children,! will ot be as much as they now pay for their own alone. I And will the wealthy individual j have no '-'retribution r a nd what Will ; this be ? L The peopling his neigh-1 borhood with honest, useul and en- Iightenea ciuzens.unoersianuing ineir ! ow n rights and firm in their perpetua- tion. id. AV hen his ow n oescentlants j become poor, which they generally do within three gcneiation.s, (no law ol primogeniture now perpetuating' wealth in the same families) their chil- dren will be educated by the then rich ; and the little advance he nw makes to poverty, while rich himself, 1 will be repaid by the then rich, to his descendants when become poor, and j thus give them a cnance ot rising a gain. This is a solid consideration, ai.it should go home to the boror.i of every parent. This will be. seed sow ed in fertile ground. It it a, provi sion for his family looking to distant times, and for a duration . beyond that he has now in hand for t!em. Let e very man count backwards iu hiiown familv, and see how many generations he can go, before he come to the an cestor who made the fortune he now holds. Most will b; stopped at the tirt gcuration, many at the 2d, few ; representative will fathom its depth, land the people could and would do I the same, if the facts and considera tions belonginjr to the subject w ere j presented to their minds, and their subsequent, as certainly as t eir pre vious approbation, would be ei ured. But if the wholv expense of the i'e mentary schools, wages, MibsiMr.ice and buildings, are to come from the literary fund, and if we are to wait an. til that fund shall be accumu'ated t the recpiisite amount, we may justly fear that some on unlucky '..'gia ture will intervene witiiin the time, ciiange the whole approptiatioti to tne Iihtemn of taxes, and leave us where we now are. There js. however, an intermediate measure vhic!i might bring the two plans together. It the l:terary to. d be of otie-atnl a. half million of Jtdlaot, take tlie half-million for the colb--M! laud university, it will establish ! th meageiiy, and make a deposit of e remaining million. Its interest, "f S00,000 will give g50 a year to each ward, towards the teachei V waes, and .reduce -th.it tax to 24 insiead of 56 cents to the dollar ; and as the lite rary fund continues to accumulate, give one-third of the increase to the col!eg?sand university, and two thirds to the ward-schools. The increasing luieresioi inc iasi portion will De con tinually lessening the school-tax, until it will extinguisSi it altogether; ths subsistence and buildings remainingal ways to be furnished by the ward in kind. A system of general instruction, which shall reach every description of our citizens, from the richest to the poorest, as it was the earliest,- o will it be the latest, of all the public con cerns in which I shall permit myself to take an interest. Nor am I tenaci ous of tlie form in which it shall be in troduced. Be tha what it may, our descendants will be a wUea vveare, ' and will kiK'W how to amend ami a- J mend.it, u:itil it stall suit their eir- j cumstauces Give it to us. then, in a- ! nv shape, and receive for the inestima-' ible boon the thank of the voun- and the blessings of tlie old, who are Past jail other services but piayei for the I' prosperity of their country and bless. i ings to those who promore if. T!I: JEFFKUSOX. BY AUTHORITY. An act merit mating appropriations for the pavl ot tiiearream es -whicli haveh.... . cui retl for the support ot the mihtary eJ tabl;sliment, previous to the fir-t of Janua, ry, one inouana eight hundred and seven- ie;n. Be it exacted by the Senate end ir,B. cf Ritirescntatives of the United of Am erica in Congres s assembled, 'l'U&t tor defraying any expends which tuny have been incurred fur the sunnort of n. military establishment, and those which have beeo incurred for callfng out the militia, previous to the first ofJulv, one tlicusana eight hundred and lifteeiu there ( be appropriated the sum of four hundred V thousand dollars ; and that there be ap propriated theturthersum of one hu-.dred thousand dollars, to defray anv of the a- -foresaid expences which may nave been incurred from the first of July, one thou sand eight hundred and fifteen, to th. first cf Jcinuary, one thousand eigfit hun dred and seventeen. Sec. 2. And be it further enacted. Th t tae act passed on tue tinrd of March, cn thousand oigiit hundred and stvet e-7 entitled A a act tsupplcnientary to i act entitled An act Jurther io amend ' Ue several acts for tlieestiblishrr.tht ad regulauou ot t:: Treusiirv, ar, and Wa vy DepnrtJiie:;ts,'-" snaii i:o: be Cv u sirucd as to prevent - the Fresidcnt tru.n malung transfers from anv appn prison wiuclmay have beta :nWc tor ihe sup. port i f tue nnntai establishment, urtvi ou. to thenrst oi January, one thouS;,nd eight hunurcd aud seventeen, arceab'v to we pi oviMci.s cf the actpass. on the nurd ri March, ...it :huUt4t,iti hun. drta and moe, further to amtrtid the se. veratacis lor tiie establishment and iation i uie i rtasurv, V'ar, ar,a N " -Departuieiits. Speaker of the II jicc or Hci ( : Frciidectoftije Senate, m . F ebru.rv io, iaib.Appi cn ci I,
The Weekly Raleigh Register (Raleigh, N.C.)
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Feb. 27, 1818, edition 1
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