5Sx ,VAk
AND
Out ir the plana of f4ir, rfellebtfu! Peace .
Untrarp'd by f arty raje, to Hveilke iothcr."
FRIDAY, JULY 24, 1318,
No. 983.
Vol. XIX
TTTV A TF
m - -
at
MR. MADISON' ADDRESS,
Concluded from our lost.
j It lias been asked, how.it happens that
I Trrvpt and Sicilv. which have for ages
I K.'in snorting their agricultural produce
without a return ot any equivalent pro-i
date, nave not lost tneir pnwuuive v.
pacty . One answer has been, that they
have "lost no small degree of it. If the fact
be otherwise with regard to "Egypt, it
might be accounted for by the fertilizing
inundations of the Nile. With regard to
Sicily, there may be something in the sys
tem of husbandry, or some particular lo
cal ci rcum stances w hlch counte r vail the
continued asportation of the f ruit cf the
Srd. But it is far more probable, that the
j-.L.nd is less productive thin it once was.
I: is certainly less of a granary for other
c. un tries now, than it was when it receiv
ed that title from the ancient Romans.
And its population being diminished the
internal consumption must also he dimi
ni,hcd. If a single farm is rendered less
productive by a continued removal of its
crops, without any adequate returns, no
lCiiS'n cccurs why it should net happen
to a number of farms multiplied to the
extent of a whole country. ;
And that-individual farms do lose their
fertility, in proportion as crops are taken
I. from them, ami returns 01 manure neg- ;
. . - - . - - f . .. i
d lected. is a fact not likely to be quest jon
ed If it were, Virginia, unfortunately, is
but too capable of far:d'ivng the proofs.
Her prevailing crops have been very ex
bausth g, and the use of manures has been
particular' reelected.
Tobacco and Indian corn, which fer a
long time cn the east side c the Blue
Mountains were the articles almost ex-
I cluiveiv cultivated, and ,.; which. continue
f t DC CUluVateu, i;cr 101 locr .CAitusnciy,- t
the latter universally, are known to be j
great impoverishei s of the soil. Wheat, ;
which has for a number of years, formed i
a large portion of the general crop, is al-
so an i -exhausting crop. So are rye and j
.. . ..it -' 1
oats, whicn enter occasionally into our
j farming system.
With so. many consumers of the fcrtili
5 tv of the .earth, and so little attention to
I the means cf repairing their ravages, no
f cue can be surprised at the impoverished
face of the country ; whilst every one
I ctiehttobe desirous uf aiding in the work
of i-etornivtiojL
The first and mam step towards it, is
to make the thieves restore as much as
poss;ble of the stolen fertility. On this,
with other improvements, which may be
made in our husbandry, we must depend
for the-rescue of our tarms from their
prc: ent degnuit d condition.
Of tobacco, -not a great deal more than
cne half of ihe tmiie plantis carried to
market. Thc-rvvdue is an item cn the
list of manures: ..and. it is kn-nvu to be in
1 1
its quality a very rich one.- I he crp of
tobacco, however, though of great value,
covers hut u small proportion cf our cul- : -
tivated ground; and its offal can c course, ;
contribute- but inconsiderably to the een- i -
eral stock ot maiiuie. it is probable al-
I so, that' what it 'does contribute, has been !
mere care'ully uvetl as a manure, than a
nv other article furnished b our crr.ps.
The article which constitutes our prin
cipal manure, is wheat straw. It is of
much importance, therefore, to decide a
rifchton the mode of using it. There are
three modes : 1. Carrying it fr
:ng it from the
farm yard, after having passed threugh, i
or being trodden and enriched bv catlie. !
In that moe. the greater part of it must
be used, if used, at all; -the stra7 going
through that process, being a necessary
part cf the food allotted to the cattle.
To derive the fuU advantage from it, it
ought to be hauied out bt fere the sub
stance has been wasted by rain, by the
un, and by the wind : and to be b'tried in
the earth, as soon as possible. 2. Spread
ing the straw .or. the surnxe of the ground.
Many respectable farmers are attached
to this .mode, 'as protect in
the soil from"!
the sun : and by keeping it moist, favor
ing the vegptatica underreath, -whether
spontaneous or artificial ; whilst die s raw
.' ,r .1 j
ziseii la ui iiuudii v uilv io ui u into a um- ,
nure. Tiie objection to tin's mode, is .--the- .!
it ss by evaporation, before this last enect
ii obtained. 3. Turn uig the strawat oixe !
under
f would
the surface cf the earth. T his
seem to be the best mode of ma-
1 o
substance beirg then lost. When the
. grain is trodden out trom the straw, it is
left in a state easily admitting this opera
tion. So::.e dilhctdty may attend it, when
the grain is ihreshe'd from the straw, by
the flail, or by the machines no., in use,
i either i f which break the straw suffici
ently to pieces. ;'
It may be remarked with regard to this
article of manure 1. That its weigiit is
barely more than tha t of the grain. 2. That
the grain is the part which makes the
greatest d raft on 4he fertility of the earth.
3. That ti.e ;i ain is for tlie most part not
consumed -within the farm. It is found,
on trial, that a stalk of wheat, as general
ly cut, including tne chalf, and the grains
borne by the stalk, are pretty nearly of
equal we:ht. Ti: case is probably the
same wuh ive, aiid not very diflerent
with oats. Tne proportion of fertilizing
matter in the .,traw, to that in the grain,
has not, as tar as 1 know, been brought
tc any satisfactory test. It is doubtless
c tlGh less Jiu tluj straw, wii Ui aleu.C, in
the cae ot wheat, is with us returnable
i in any form to the earth. This conside
ration, whilst it urges ns to make the most
of th article as a manure, warns us of its
insufficiency.
The stubble, and the roots of the small
grains, not being taken from the earth,
may be regarded as relapsing into a fer
tility equal to that of which they depriv
ed the earth. This remark is applicable
to all cultivated plants, the roots of which
are not an esculent part. .
An eminent citizen and celebrated agri
culturalist! of this State, has among other
instructive lessons, called the public at
tention, to the value of the corn stalk as
a manure. I am persuaded that he has
not overrated it. And it is a subject of
agreeable reflection, that an article which
is so extensively ''cultivated as that of Indian--
corn, and which is so particularly
exhausting, should be the one so capable
of repairing the injury it does. The corn
stalk as a fdder is of great value. Not
only the loaves, but the husk inclosing
the ear, and the co!) inched by it, are all
more or less valuable food when duly
preserve 1 and dealt out to cattle. There
is no better fodder than the leaves or
blades i-T Iiorves ard oxen ; nor any so
much a'luroved-' for sheep. The husk or
shuck i u highly nourishing food for. neat'
cutde. And the pickings of the- staik,
even at 1 1 ite reason, and after much ex
posure t. tti e w eather, support t hem bet
ter than any of the straws. Fnmi the
saccharine matter in the stalk, which is
long retained abnit the j ints, it cri-t
be doubted that if cut early, cr befoiv ex
posure to the w eather, into parts small
enough for mastication, it :. would well re-
pay as a food for cattle, the labor reqair-
eu ror u.
The great value of the cornstalk, in all
its parts, as a fodder, was brougiu into
full proof, by the Use ma'le of it, during
the late general failure of crops. It is to
be hoped that the.icsaoii willnoc be suf
fered to pass into oliivton.
But it is as a rest urce for rc-fertiUzing
the soil, that the cornstalk finds the pro
per place here : and as such it merits
particular notice, whether it be passed
! through animals : or be nrenaixd ov fer-
mentation m the i arm yard : orbe mere-j!
ly spread on the surface of the earth, the
mode in which its eltccts must be least
considerable. Tue same 'qualities which
render every p ti t of it nutnci.ais to ani
mals, render it uutricious to the earth ;
and it is accompanied with the peculiar
advantages 1. That the -.grain - itself is
j mostly every where, anrl .-altogether- in
places distant fro.ii navigation, consumed'
! within t!ie farms producing it. 2. That
as toe grain is m greater proportiosj to
the .space on .which it grows, than- most
other grains, so th i reit of Uie plant is in
greater proportion to - the gram, than tht
j rest or any ot u-r gr:nn p..n;.. 1 .,c straw
Il"d chaif.of t le smaller grains, as ah eaiiy
i remarked, is in weight, but about or.t
; half of the grou. The cornstaik,wiib all
its aijpurten t it oluil, is o; not less than
; t'i.ee tiiiies.
d if taken early from the
of n i less than f ur or
j field, probabi
fie times tiie .veignt of the grain belong
ing to it. 3, Tiie leriilizing mailer con
tained in the. cornstalk is greater in pro
portion tu its weight, than that cuiitamcd
in the straw and ofial of other grains, is
to the weight of the straw and offal.
Would it be hazarding too much to say.
j that where a level surface, or the mode
f cultivat:ng a hilly ne, prevents tiie
j: rains-trora carry nig. oil the Hial, a restora-
lion of an entire, crop of Indian corn, in j
the f rm of manure, to the space produc-
ing it (there being no other intervening j
crop not Si restored) would replace the
fertility co istrued by the -crop ; 6c main- i
'.tain a perpetual productiveness? Reason j
the case of forest nnd fallow fields, where j
j the spontaneous crop falls back of itself J
5 to the earth, and the Chinese example, j
, where the culthated crop is restored to
Le earth, alt pronounce that such would i
; be the effect. And yet the lact stares us j
! in ii:e face, that our most impoverished j
r?rhs, even tiie most level of them, owe
uic.r u nuuiiiii mo C ll) Hie Cl ous
;t!ic:r condition more to the crons of In- :
I dian com, than to any other cro?)s.
) The cotton plant, which is so extensive
1 a crop, in the more southern, and the
! soutiy western states, is but little cultiva
ted m V irgiaia, and scarcUy at ail in this
I pitrt cf it. I am not aide to say how far
j it is comparatively an exhausting crop.
j Butit woaid seem f; be more capable than
j any crop n.t v. h,liy consumed within tiie
! farm, of preserving its fertility. The on
i ly part of tlie plan carried away, is the
! cotton ft re, or woolly part, which bears
I an inconsiderable proporticn t- the ether
j parts in weigh , and as may be inferred,
j in fertilizing matter also. The seed alone,
passing by the ball and the haulm, is of
( three times its weight, and contains the
chief part oi the oil in tne plant. In the
countries .'where cotton makes the princi
pal part of the crop, the superfluous seetl
must deserv e great attention as a manure.
Where the fields are level or cultivated in
horizontal drills, it might go far towards
supporting a continued cropping, without
a diminished fertility.
T he sum of these remarks on cultiva
ting poor land, and neglecting the means
of keeping or making land rich, isf, that
if every thing grown on a soil is carried
from, it, it must become unprbdilctive ;
: 4- '
1
CaU JJin, Tuyhr.
that if every thing grown on it, be direct
ly or indirectly restored to it, it would not
cease to be productive ; and, consequent
ly, that-according to the degree in which
the one or the other practice takes place,
a farm fnust be empoverished, or be per
manently productive and profitable. Iv
very acre made by an improved manage
ment to produce as much as two acres
in effect the addition of a new acre ; with
the great advantage of conrracting the
spacf to be cultivated, and of shorieniug
the distance of transporutipu between the
fields, and the barn or the farm yard.
One of the Roman writei-s on husbandry,
enforces the obligation to an improving
management by a story of one Paradi'is
who hid two daughters and a vineyard :
w hen the elder was married, he gave her
a third part of the vineyard ; no; wirlj
standing which, he obtained from two
thirds, the same "crop as from the wnole ;
when hi other daughter was married, lie
portioned her with the li .lf of what re
mained ; and still the -produce of h;s vine
yard was undiminished. The story iliort
as ir is, contains a volume of instruction-
i he plaster or gypsum though not a
manure within the tann itself, ms been
too loog neglected, as a fertiiiz ng rc
source. It is now beginning to take a
nirh and iust rank as such. The rroofs
of its efficacy are as i.uc -;ntestii)le, as the
causes ot it are -'Uscure. The experi
ments of a veiy distinguished chemist
led him to the opinion tnat its substance
nt' rs into the subsuuce.'of the" plant.
Without doiibtitig tiie f tct,it des not uf
iic:einly acc ;un' f r the addition inade m
the size and Wt iht of tne plant, which
' greatly exceed the qu unity of the plas
l ter. It must theref. ic have some fur-
ther mode of operating. Whetuer it be
by neutralizing scnjie iioxious ingredient
in the earth, one of t;.e modes by which
, lime is supposed to operate ; orb attract
; ing and com eying to tlie piani, fiMd trim
t tiie earth, the air,: or water; or by excit-
j mg tne plant to a more active use or its
j feo'ir.g powers, whatever lhe be ; or by
! its accretion and assimilation to tne parti-'
! cular p'irts of plants on which these pow
: ers depend ; thereby, augmenting am:
strengthening those -'particular parts, and
cnj:jI,no UiC U'S P
vers to give pro
portional au'.;;iieniuL;.ii to every other
part ; whether by any oi.e. or more of
these processes, or by .somj other or o
thers !istinct .from them the gro,vth
uf pl .nts be promoted by this miner: 1, re
mains it would seem to be yet explained.
In tne mean time, a more extensive useot
it, promises much advantage t our agri
culture. I take it howevtr, that this .d
.vadtage canuct be ermai.etit wiuiout
making theincre ised pr d iet of tiie soil,
a s. urce of manure o tae soil. h .t
t e vfi" c; i.f.o.e f)t ster will ,.(C contiiu.
ei iode.iiii I . u; d r a c n-'ant reino
al of tlie whole. cn;p fmm.tlte sod, s u-
j passes bel ef. It can sc.. eey fad to ex
ji haust at length, the productive pcwciv
ot ihe e.irth. 1 he eriot of time ucevs-
sar. for toe purpose, in ty b un cer
Uaio ; but that, as ithc Ca.-o of :iic other
j.m;nt:-al manures, linie'-and m .r e, sia h
i inus. s oct-r or 'a: or be the result, cvo
! not well be so. The i fleet ofpnive r.z-
mg the eai tii by tillage, as piact sei by
: Tuil. is stated to !..t.l bc-n uni;.f rrupte."'
j crop.s of wueat, with mt manuw, ior inrre
than twenty years ; which was rrgarded
as a 'demoiiMratii.il that tillage, was a
compete substitute U.v nnuuitv -Suppos
ing the statement to be tree 'from error,
tlie inference is cei taiuiy uot warranted
by the fact. We know that some of o .r
soils not naturahy richer tnan me tin
maim'-ed soils on which Tull proo.
commenced his tillage, will b.vr a ?
y
cession of crops for an equal peri od : a
we know as well, that their fertility viii
not hold out for ever. How long pilst; r.
whatever he its mode of .p..-ru'! wii".
hold out, may not yet nave .bee a .fully trieil.
lint to m ike it permanently sue.ces
ful.
will be wise to take for granted, to t 'i:
must be made a s .urcecf tatsire maiiuie.
a-' well as of immediate productiveness.
If the crop as augmented by the plaster
be gienback to the soil, toe soil may be
benefited more than it would be, by the
return of a crop nut augmented by the
plasty. And in this way fertility may
be accelerated. The restoration ui a cro
tiicreused by ordinary cultivation, to tiie
St a I on wnich it giew, would, I presume,
fertilize' it niure than the l-estoration of
smaller crop spontaneously produced ; al
though in both cases, the whole taken
from the soil would return to it.
IV. Among the means of aiding the
productiveness of the soil, which have no
received merited attention, is irrigation.
In scarcely any country does this resource
abound more than in the United States ;
nor is there any, where there is so little
sensibility to its value. The inconsidera
ble use made of it is cliiefly by emigrants,
particularly Germans, or the immediate
descendants of tliem. I have understoxi
that tlie market of Baltimore has been
much benefitted in dry seasons by the ir
rigation introduced by exiles from St. Do
mmgo. For a distinguished proof of tht
importance of the practice, I may refer
to the fact which has been stated, that in
the neighborhood of Barcelona in Spain,
where a part of the land is under irriga
tion, and a part is not susceptible of if,
bbth being otnerwiac of equal fertility, the
v Columella.
Sir IL Diivj. ' ,. " '
part irrigated is of double price in the
market. It is to be noted indeed thntthe
climate is a dry one, and that the article
cultivated is Lucerne. But this h. a plant,'
vhich though much aided in ?ts growth'
by moisture, is at the same "time remarka
ble fir. the length of a tap ror.r, and fitted
bv that as well as bvthe absorlArnt oualitv
) of its leaves, t j finuristi in a thirsty soil, &
warm dim ite. O ir particular district of
country, abounding in sorings, small
t streams, atiil suitable declivities, admits
-greatly, of irrigation ; and being general
i ly f a th'rsty nat ire, the m .re strongly"
' invites the use of it.
' I camvt but consider it as an error in
our husbandry, that oxen are too little
'lied i pi nee of il Toes.
Every fair comparison of the expence
f t ie two animals, favors a preference of
tne ' X. ".-'lint the circumstance narticular-
j ly recommending him, is that he can be
: supported when .at work, by grass & hay;
j whilst the horse requires grain and much
i of it ; and the gr ii.i generally given him,
j Indian oni, the crop which requires most
; 1 dvr, and greatly exhausts the land,
j l'r.m the best estimate I have bzen
enabled to form, more than one half of the
j corn crop is consumed by horses ; includ
I i, ig the ungrowu ones; and not less tnan
one half, uy other than pleasure horses.
. By getting free from, this consumption,
i one iialf the labor, and of the wear of the
I itnd, would be saved, or rather more
dian one half ; for on mot farms, one
half o the crop of corn grows on not
more than two fifths, and sometimes a
smaller proportion, of the cultivated
field ; ami the more fertile fields would
of course be retained for cultivation, li
very one can figure trt himself, the ease
and conveulency of a revolution which
would so much reduce the extent of his
cornfields ; and substitute for the labor I
bestowed on them, the mure easy task cf i
providing pasturage and hay. j
But will not the x himself when kept j
at labor. require gram' food as well as the
horse ? Certainly much less, if any. -Judging
from ray own observation, I
should say, that a plenty of gol grass, or
good hay, will suffice wi:hout grain.where
tlie labor is neither constant or severe.
But 1 feel entire confidence in saying, that
a double set of oxen alternately at work,
and therefore half the time at rest, might
be kept im good plight without other food
ban a plenty of good grass or good hay.
And as this double set would double the
supply of beef, Uilo and leather, a set
off is found in that consideration for a
double" consumption of that kind of food.
The objections generally made to the
ox, are 1. That he is less tractable than
the horse. 2. That he docs not bear heat
as well. 3. That-he does not answer for
the single plough used in our corn fields.
4. That he is slower in his movements.
5. That he is less fit for carrying the
produce of the farm to market.
The first objection is certainly founded
in mistake. Of the two animals, the ox
is the more decile. In ail c mntries where
the ox is the ordinary draught animal his
j d cility is proverbial. His intractability.
waere it exists, has .risen toai an occa
sional use of him only with long and irrc-
! gular intervals ; during which $he habit
1 of discipline being broken, a new one is to
Tne 2d objection has ns little founda
tion. The constitution of the ox accom-
niodates itself, as re .d:ly as that of the
1 horse to diffVrent 'climates- -Not only, in
; -inch nt Greece an i Italy, bat throughout
Asia, as presented sous in ancient history,
. th ox and the plough are associated. At
this d .:'', in the warm parts of India 'and
: China, the ox, n t the horse, is in the
1 draught' service. In every part of India,
the ox always appears, even m tne train
; of her armies. Aad in the hottest parts
' of the West Indies, the ox is employed in
i hauling -'the weighty produce to the sea
! ports. The mistake here, as in the form
! er case, has arisen, from the effect ot an
i occasional employment only, with no o-
f ther than ereen food. Tiie fermentation j
of this in the animal heated by the wea
ther, and fretted by the discipiine.will rea
dily account for his sinking under his ex
ertions ; when green food even, much les
. dry, with a sober habit of labor, would
have no such tendency.
The 3d objection also is not a solid one.
The ox can by a proper harness, be used
singly as well as the horse, between the
rows of Indian corn; and equally so used
for other purposes. Experience may be
.afely appealed to on this point.
In the 4th place, it is klkdgcd that he
is slower in his movements. Tins is true,
but in a less degree, than is often taken
for granted. Oxen that are well chosen
for their form, are not vvoiked after the
age of about 8 years, (the age at which
they are- best fitted for beef,) urc not
worked too many together, ana are suit
ably matched, may be kept to cearly as
quick a step as the horse. Muy I not say
a step quicker than that of many of the
horses we see at work, who, on account
of their age, or the leanness occasioned
by the costliness of the food they require,
lose this advantage, where they might
have once had it ?
The last objection has most weight.
The ox is not as well adapted as the horse
to the road service; especially for long
trips. Iu common roads which are often
soft, and souietlmss Suddenly become so,
i the form of his foot," and the sho-tness of
his leg, are disadvantages ; and on r a.ds
'frozen, or turnpiked, the roughness of
jthe urftfce in the former case, and its
j hardness in both cases, are inconvenient
to his cloven hoot. But where-the dis
tanee to mark t is not great, where tha
i varying state oi tne roads anit tlie wea
ther, can be consulted ; and where the
raid service is m less proportion to the
i r . . .
iarni service, tue objection is almost tle
Drived of its weight. In ctses where it
most applies, its weight is diminished by
the consideration, that a much greatec
proportion of service on the farm may be
done by oxen.th n ia now commonly done ;
land tnat the expence of shoeing them, is
little different from that of keeping hor
i ses shod. It is observable, thai when ox
;en are worked on tlie farm, over rough
frozen ground, they suircr S) much from
the wan: of slices, however well fed they
may bj, that it is a proper subject for
calculation, whether true economy does
not require f r them,that accommodation
even on the farm.as well as for the horses.
A more importaut calculation is. whe
ther, in many situations, the general sav-
mg oy suostuuting tne ox tor the horse,
would not balance the expence of hiring
a carriage of the produce to market. la
the same scale with the hire, is to be put
the value of the grass and hay consumed
by the oxen ; and in tlie other scale, the
value of the corn amounting to one half
of the crop, and of the grass and hay con
sumed by the horses. Where tlie market
is not distant, the value of the corn saved,
would certainly pay for the carriage o
the market portion of the crop, and ba
lance moreover any diirerence between
the value of the grass and hay cousumed
by oxen, and the value of the oxen when
slaughtered for beef. Iri all these Calcu
lations, it is doubtless proper, not to lose
sight of the rule, that farmers ought to a
void pav in? others fordoing, what they
can do for themselv es. But the rule has
j its exceptions ; & the error, if it be com
j milted, will not lie in departing from the
; ruie, but in not selecting aright the cases
'.which call for the departure. It may be
remarked, that the rule ought to be more
jor less general, -as there may or may not
be at hand, a market by which "every
produce of labor is convertible into money.
In the old couutries, this is much mere
the case, than in new ; and in new, much,
more the case near towns, than at a dis
tance from them. In this as in most other
parts of our country, a change of circum
stances is taking place, wnich renders
every thing raised on a farm more conver
tible into money than formerly ; and as
tiie change proceeds.it will be m re&moi e
a point for consideration, hov far the la
bor in doing what might be bought, could
earn more in any other way, than the a
mount of the purchase. Still it 'will al
ways be prudent, for reasons w hich every
experienced fanner wiil understand, to
lean to the side of doing, rather than hir
ing or buying, what may he wanted.
The mule seems to be, in point of eco
nomy, between the ox and the horse j
preferable to the latter, inferior to the
former ; but so well adapted to particular
services, that he may find a proper place
on many farms. He is liable to the objeOf
tion which weighs most against the ox
He is less fitted than the horse for road
service.
V. A more manifest error in tlie hus
; bandry of the older settlements, is that of
keeping too many neat cattle on their
farm-,. As a farm should not be cultiva
ted farther than it can be continued in
goxl heart ; tlie stock ot cattle should
not be in greater number than the resour
ces of food will keep in good, plight. If a.
poor farm be unprofitable, so are poor
cattle. It is particularly the case with,
the milch cows. When the whole of the
food given tnem is necessaxy to support a
lean existence, no part can be spared for1
the milk pail. The same food given tc
the proper number, will not only keep
them in a thrifty state, but enable them
to supply the dairy. Even the mauure
from seveial poor cattle is worth less
than that from a single fat one. The re
mark holds equally good with respect to
the hide.
The misjudged practice in question, is
another effect of inattention to the Change
of circumstances through which cur
country has paused. Originally the forest
; abounded in rich herbage which fed and
j fatted, without expense, all the cattle that
; could be brougUt through the - winter into
Cue spring. It was natural at that time
to keep as large a stock as cotdd be pre
served through the winter. For a lon?j
time past, tlie forest is scarcely any where
t a
resource tor mre than two or three
months ; and in many places, no resource
at all. A greater ditiiculty is often telt in
! folding summer, than whiter subsistence.
i And yet where uo in closed pasturage is
j prov ided to take the place c the extinct
j one in tiie forest, the habit, founded in
i reasons which have entirely ceased, is
but too generally retained. The same
number t! cattle is aur.eu at, as ir tne fo
rest was as ready to revive and fatten
them now as formerly. The size and ap
pearance of our neat cattle, compared
. I .1 i." - U . . . . .. I 1.
j MHinuiose jut wmtii uiuic ui "uu uus
; bandry has provided iumcieht food, arc
j proofs that their food is Lot in proportion
jto their number; ?.nd that wure the
food cannot b.5 increased, the aa aber
I ought to be reduced.