1
t
V,
'jy. M"."W' V--"IJJL- W-f ' iiftt ' liwbfewWrieii ve & the nu .iberof persons rneach- pro.t, toJhSta
V Tv Y-l(i &rom the National
oTi : LETTER 0F MIL
; ; , V -Tftef Twitting iotojhe com
-;A--sCalItinU founded wbublMiedin the
UKtiooal "Intelfifjenctr-at the'tirpfef of rt;t)eing
"it j-. tJ t Jlf . S!rpiam
.TVT' itu ." :r i
;r;Ulsyingnowecejye
- ciplanalbfy'remarks to- add, ,
'Hie rii? it r Great' Britain, which is tnat ot
' every riationi to prohibit of aUowr foreign com
jr.erce with nv part of her dominions, as unques-
trorable.- .That itghtiareference to her colo-
" Mes, 1 nas. never Deeit;oeniea oy. ine unrea
fi Statanv iTrorethihwhh-restjecttQ anv ether
Tpartofber possessions and it is alsq . acfmitfed
t t irtai soe may,' wmnin ",iier. oyrjn jarisaiciion, pre:
stiaii ne voicramijanni at ner win, again imer-
J- vv;. V- nwcwriiift Pec. 28,
; VvTheUndeTshedl &c.,cferiot fa.Ilo transmit
1.1 .:tohs toVernro$ntth!ote which Mr.; Canning,
5 ;JT Cartnhig note of ihelth of Sefiember- Bct,
' $ n wnwiUin te 'continue a discxissioahich, did not
V"i rrt Kkely Uo lead to anpractrcal ( result, he
, ,i 'on; Jtve sUbj W until he should liMc reivpd
' pecia msftMctiona from his GpTernment, in re-
! H frrence, to atate tof things whijeh was altogether
V it unexpected at Witshingtpt( ihjtime ofjhjs d-
jv tace ofvhico he 15 inwrUCteaTorommunicate
I'jt'Mn i!inning.'thf Undersigned, m er'orming
rc'rt' tliaVduty, viU onlhde poitjtato which he bad
s' I already alluded in his former note, have but Some
t 'V-dict altbgethef themtercoui-se ;.thsieripiti$4.-'
f'On the other hsjnd, the ' Unit ed States, ;ih!ess
i n .v5 restricted by treaty, whicViri this Case thev'aTe
i S Jliotr hare Precisely ;tli samerifflit to 'prohibit. Vo
.'.! ' allow', and within ibeit ojwft 1 juristliction, to rig-
, "eigi, commerce witn jiteir ..qommtqiis,
whether. ,ttat commerce, bet' with the - foreign
f'-vV country' itself, or with its colonies o? possessions
1 derugned tried the word 'M right,"f as applied ti
to
tlie United States 1. he did not ofject to the use
voftheVord as applied to Kftrett Frithirt.- What
v he attempted to fihbw wasi that this right,, which
' lt'J was Emitted, and although -'It 'might at aiiv time
bVciserjcifed, had, io-bearing oh the questions
J which had been thei?ubject "pf discussion be
tjveeifiJhe two countries. ' A ! f t
v. AVhst hn nppn rnntPtid! For Ik that: mr tr
'V;;any commeTee there must always hetwo parties,
5 ' V tliemutualconsent of -bbthAs always Jieressarv
in order, that such .commerce my" at all exist ?
y'r . 'l luit ever Jts nature may bey whether.sof. ancient
or'derfdate, whether , Mithcolohiesf "wh)h
; ' ( possetoioW ht a differelit descriptiori, from : the
v--7iionirtH, Jiiwr tAjBi.jw uctumcs in uuit?ci rur
;v- The venous relaxations of tlie colonial system
of Gteat'iTntain, asther never were, nor could
...-Miayeh en intended for tbe benefit of the Uniterl
ciiates; atid nr thev wtre always, aecbmnanieil
x. ' jigciatib ?.antf there 'is na- reason why an
; I" agt erment should tiot,;on that, as on any other
, "species of 4rade, . be founded on trms of ( jti'st
i rf V Arcl prodtyi! though relating tq colonies, from an
4 intercourse with ,whicb Jbretgnetrs bad formerly
I1; i with restrictions exclusivelv favourahle to hrr.
" , r could tio be iewed asa boon to them, aril nev-
" cr werev.accepteo as such. 1 he extent to
whichhe commerce when not laid under too se
. ; yere .restrictions, was ' carrietllon ; bet - fji the
j a V nted Sta,tea and the British .enlontes is. an r-
. : -refraglble pnuf tliat it vas equally advantage
' " inuslo,' both parties.' . If 'equally advantageous;
there (lad, been no favwir conferred on either
1 is'de; there was no ground for a. pretension by
Neither party that the intercourse should be regu
" , "Iatejtby unequal conditions. : ' : , '
f No mth pretensions had in hex been advance
' , id. f -The prohosalsmade by both parties, during
c-i" rthb nrgociation f the yegr 1824 were avowed-
, . - jy imtnaea in aiair rcuiprociiy, arui Drought tne
panics very near together. '.Unable still to agree
'f ' on some
points s 5,it ivas concluded to. suspend
v,'v.the -Tiegciation with a distinct tmdtrrstanding,
''o'Zmt thai it 'Jwuld be again renewed at some 'con ve-
:$ J Hunt dayi'
ilr. Kmg was, in 1825, - empowered to treat
viau,iue' supieqis or me previous necrociation.
'iit:- '...:..- .!... .. - . ..
..V lie vV as instructed, in the first instance, as being
' 1 a subject of more pressing .urgency, to call on
v'itbe Uritish., Government to remove the impedi
irtoienff which prevented the execution. of the St.
f fi VetersbuVgh C)onveution.; : If his rn'stnictions, on
s. I. ws because Hie was1 npafed in t
.h-rmrir vm cic -iurvariieu to nim it
ks'fpe,cting thaj Convention and' it was "believed
.i ;r that the- state1 of,his health did not admit of his
Y -"'enteringjaUhat time upon the more arduous du-
irof resmnunffthe susnendediaeD'ociatirtB- '
Of.th's His Majesty's Government an Dears to
. . 4 nave oeen tuny aware, on the 22l of, March.
anjaddressed an officii! nnt tn
the Secretary 6f 8tate of tlie United States.
r' w wiucii jic sav?
? have received ins ructions from" his ls!:.
v '"ty,s.GoVerpmettt to acquaint you, that it is pre
. '' paring to proceed in the important negociationa
. between that country and the U nited States, bow
4 M- Tfacei h Afte-hancU of the American Vtin'ister
i i : .nwir..jin ituc-iuauii ii occil airCSKiV ll"
- mpuieuuary, anq inewinister of State,
having
foreflpcn affairs, has : received
; His Majety Vcommands to associate Mr. Ail-
Vr. ilthe.denartmenroC
. dmgton, hte HiS MJvStja Charge d' Affaires
yf; 1 in Amevica with; Mr; If uskisson, as'' Joint Plent-
? ?PtentiFy on the part of (Great iVitainf The
. ' - negotiations will, therefore, be ' forth witH resum-
Vii.t ed t andU Wilt h tnr th f:nvfrnm1(nt''r,f tUa.
' 'C,. -'United States to judge whether, considering the,
1 ,;ateof health of 'Mr. 0; King. : which Mr. Cah-
f vnmg Umcnts to say baa beensinb hia arrival
. in, England, far from satisfactory,, they will Joni
. . ,v wiu ircguunvur iuie commission
wan
ndjy
I - ?i .iiie President did denerate on that, frie
suggebtion't and thejnbminaticn of. a person -to
i$W:bc pt.ed.with Mr King was - conteraptedi
? wiwen a ieiterriromium, aatea lst day ot March,
' t; destrng. permissinn to return, wis received ? up.
I ; onwbich the duty of renewing those important
' egbcwtions,evblyebt6hiii great regret, on
' N. the undersigned alone'if.
iv . "His, insirupnons were or -a cnaTacter authoriz
; i - t 'lf gthe'hope tbat their resuft 'ucufcTfie Wisfab
C' t;sry rs his departure was hasten-. A oii his1 arri-
'V ri?' ,?',,U u,yrr pn vuuoc4i oi July 'last
tt.j: hd already been enacted. Indeed, it ; appears
.7 -j i.uu me oevernunauon not to renew tlie Ht-gutia-
yHns of the ColopiaV Intercoree.fand tp regulate
I .v iv exciusiety oy acta ot labainent. tiad' been
r r. talten'bl?ire M qly, 1825; when the 'acts io that
;' ffiect vrcre passed Had IrKing been prbvid.
; r m. iiiairucj jon, w men mef Ucuer-
;Vn feewved, they Vouid. Ive Jbeeri TOuallv
, tiwtvailing-: - yM Stc, , -'"7
! ?! detsmacAlHn. ibe. Govrraefit of4he
V -y.'uj oreaaaooin leahtxotice. v On tlie
- mjuuij auuougn ?ir vaugqwr-svcominunica.
' :- .if'f-'J'PW" known
, tlVJ bitenupns of ii a Maiefty r.over,mj;t '
' lC e.iiwB of" iia being prepared
. Verne &e forthwith ri.m.
;SJ& 4 i commerce inl-iniwto uder the existing ws, Secure lo, tyfrj cadphAmnlnUlri Ja'M
UsUorVb
-uU.W th- k tjni. W nntsneciallv repealed by it, the same tooting with , tne commerce u , 1 i,e v W T 'Kn K h-aV-Wufen id ' tU
wasot calculated to" elucidate the phjectin tyiew
tic.:nrirrreJ to induce a.beliet
ttat this last actas not intended fo afTecVthe
a--L t ' a. 1 iL .' tf J!,1 ' M1nni0d nH th Unit-
t,.i.ti.r.fe.ft in kvl'tter framthe Ppartment
of State to a Memherot voneress,- ,uic
December, lo-J5,: a copv ot wmc i enumvu.
The letter waspiihlished"inithAmericah news-
furnished , to Mr. Vangb
and hV is tiderstood.to have trnsmitted ttqhi
Government. ; , , . , , , .
v Thar?inTnmh was corroborated by the construc
tion 'ultimately put oh the actby the British au-
thortties. It was tnereoy proviaea vni
privileges granted to foreign ships, should be li
mited id the aliibs of those countries which should
complywith the conditions therein stated, unless
his Majesty, by' hisIOrderin .Cbuncilshould in
ditions iiad not been pervbrmed.And tlie ict
was dccLsred to come in full force and operation,
frbni tlie jfifi It January 1 86, ?U liad at first been
delerrivned?ataliax, thitt'thb port should ac-
iv. ue snut against. Anitri tan ycaaci3 ir
terthat day, 'This decision was aftetw-jras re?
voiced, , although the condition mid r not oeen
performed, and although rpo Order in Council
liad granted the privileges in . qiiest ion. - ; "
- It now appears; that the act of the 5th of Jujy,
1825; (6tb GeoIV. cap. 114) which contains no
renealimr clause of the former acts, refers, un
der the name of the law of navigation, to another
act of the same date ; (6th Geo. IV. cap. 109 )
that this, although it contains also no 'repealing
clause, is .'understood and construed .as .having
spersetieu au tormer acts on tne same suojci ,
ak that the Actual repeal of the act of 1822, (3
Geo. IVcap. 41. sec. 3 40 is to be found in
another ct, also-of the theSth of July, 1825,
(6 Geo. IV. cap. 105,) entitled, An act to re-
peai. niescrrenir jaws ciiHjfJw uictuawiuj. .
The intricacy of those several acts, and the
drffibulty oT understanding their' precise meaning,
of ascettaihibg what 'parte of former acts were
act nail v repeal ed, & Whatls still in force, a diffi
culty which, in the case of the Jubilee seems to
have led intoierror one of the highest tribunals of
Great-Brilain, may vyell account for the construe-,
tion put upon those acts in the United States ;
affording, at r.the same time, "a sufficient reason for
haying preferred renewal of the negotiations to
a pure acceptance of the conditions contemplat
ed by the act of the 5th July, 1825, (6 Geo. IV.
cap, 114) bad it been only for the purpose of as-
certaming tne true intent ana meaning ox, me
act. - 1 ' .' 'V '-' '' ' ',; ' ' . .
Even so late as October last, Mr, Vaiighan, as
appears by" his correspondence with Mr. Clay,
was not provided with instructions that enabled
mm togwe a sutistactory answer to the inquiries
whether,' according to the British interpretation,
Americaq vessels might trade between the Bri
tish colonies atid foreign countries, and whether
. . . I ' t 1 -
oiscnminating auties oi every spec.es naa ueen
abolished, i J
The proposition made during the last session o
Congress,' and to which Mr. Canning has alludt d,
affords an additional proof of the. imperfect un
derstanding, owing to the complexness of the se
veral acts of Parliament which at that time pre
vailed, respecting their true qbject and intention
That' proposition was only for a repeal of the
discriminating duties,1 and, if adopted,, would
have been unavailing, since, not embracing a
repeal of the restrictions on the circuitous inter
course, it is now- understood that it would not
have been accepted by the British Government,
as a compliance wun tne condition requirea oy
the act of the 5th of July, 1825.
It is not intended, by these facts and observa
tions, to convey any reproaches against his Ma
jesty's government on account of the unex
pected resolution which it has taken. Butthev
satisfactorily show, tlt. the Unitedi States could
have entertained no doubt of. the continued dis
position of Great-Britain to settle the colonial
intercourse by an amicable arrangement, & that
there were peremptory reasons for preferring
tnat mode miner tnan to legislate on the sub
iect; .,, -A'.; ...;.
Supposing even that' the determination of the
British Government not to renew the negotiation
bn that point had been communicated or known,
the specific condition On which American vessels
might be allowed to participate m the intercourse
between the United States and the British colo
nies was so expressed in the act of -Parliament as
to have required explanations before it could
be complied with.
The '-countries having colonies, was both dis
tinct and reciprocal. Nothing more was asked
than that the' should 'grant to British ships the
-like privileges of trading with their colonial pos
sessions,,, which were granted to their ships o
trading with the British possessions abroad. No
regard was paid to the importance of sutJcolo-
nun possessions. r Sweden, oypermiuing uruisn
vessels to tj-ade with' th island of. St. Bartholo
mew, was allowed nrivilecres which were offered
to the United States on very different' terms
And, with the exception' oT some of the German
States these terms applied tbnd other maritime
f ower; inan me u.-nneq awcsi. ju nits ure
Britain had a right to do : nO complaint is pre
ferred on that account : it was the condition
which was required from them which they had
to consider., .V!J; -h-r - -
.That condition , was that the United States
should place' the commerce and navigation of
IHIS ctnllivry, ii.u.iiiy aim ui iuf possessi
on abroad, up5n' the footing of the most favored
natibiv j- -M ,:. ' A ,. .
Had the condition been limited to the com
merce and1riavigtibn of the British colonies, had
it been so intended and expressed, as that the
Tini'ted States might have satisfied it, by placing
the intercourse between their dominions and the
British colonies on the same footing in every -r
pect, as the- intercourse . between the United
tatesanJ the colonies qft the most favwreqVnaf
t)bn;the coditiqn though riot altbgethtfreef
objection, would atleast bave been apparently
reciprocal. - Tv require besides, that it should
be extended to the commerce and navigation of
Great Britain -generally, that it should embrace
that intercourse .between her and tbe United
StM vWbich'is regulated by a -apecwl bonven
tioni that they should grint any privUege, in- that
intercourse ta British vessels, not ttjpulated by
nwv wmvcnuwi, ss me price tor tne permission
of trading with, the British colonies, was a total
departure from the principles of a just recipro
ty. .X!:- .', ' .
But it appeared also extremely difficult, if at
all possible, to understand what was meant by
placing JhJit commerce and ; navigation on the
footing of the most favoured nation. : i. ; ,
v" If Great Britain only asked to be placed on that
footing, on giTg tbesanieeqoivalei)it which finy
other foreign nation may have iriven t th rtKtf:
d States, in order to have privileges; which ke
does not enjoy, the nayigatkin law-the United
o uiea i ias aireaqy made provision j that respect.
There, is no pnyUegC enjoyj inythe iUnited
State, by the. commerce and nayigation of apt
foreign nation, which Great Bntahl jnay not ob
pendsToqp tlilie
derstood; the United States wobld faavT had no
2?! P!""- ts eould birdly; he pre
siimed to have bee.. . inti; mf A. i
ed States; carried.on Under the act 01 J une,
Tnis bettfi and thercasbns for iV dis-
ParliammL , - , " "7 v
attv IrithpF.fnreiir!
bf reciprocal advantages allowedlo . Ameri
fiiW. now br hereafter, be.eptitled to
" . - . "lu '1- .1. fo.Uofn rrMt enlOVS.
or of other reciprocal Tegulations, import into tne
Ft;-. ciiA.s triA hf the nrbduce or rtianu-
factiire bf the countries q which such vessels re
spectively belong, on the same terms, ana o.
thepavraentofthe samtf duties .of tonnage, m
oh the". cargo, as if importedin American vessels.
In every instance the privilege ; is .reciprocal-
and will cease with respect to any qi iuwwv. -tries,
whenever vessels of the Uniteu SUtea lad
en with produce oflhe United States may cease
to oe. admitted into the ports qf. such .country on
the same terms as its own vessels., s v , v V
. In cbnCormity with the navigation Jaw ot ine
Hnited States, the prohibition . to import, ;
foreign vessels, mercbandise nbt the prwluce. ot
tlie c.untrv to which they respectively belong.
extends' onty to thefvessels of sucii nations' as
4ive adopted fe! similar reiftilatMW- Great :Brr:
tain i ncr.trAntrv nni of the tew nations to
which the prohibiiion appLes. -,; tt
in nursuance of the treaty tout u ;eu in
eembeV. 1825. hAtw-en the United States and
iwcmnu AJircnca, wiiaicwci '". ii.unvw
to or exported from either country m ifs qwh yes
sels. tixbr from iiiv foreign place whatever, may
in like manner, an'd on payment of the same chi-
ties, be imported ,or exported in the vessels of 1
Jine oxner country. 3?- , . - ;
,lf, therefore, it was meant oy tne cpnoition
reonlred tKnt ihf Anmmfrce and navigation Of
Great BiitaTi. and of her possessions abroad,
should be gratuitously and generally placed on
the footing of the most .favoured nations, the
United States, in order to.comply . with it, and,
as the nrice fnv the nermission to trade with the
British colonies, would; have been obliged
to admit the importation of British merchandise
in British vessels on the same terms, and on pay
blent bf the same duties, as if imported in Ame
rican vessels, although the convention of .1815
should have expired, and the corresponding pn
vilege ,was no longer allowed to American yes
seisin British ports ; 2. to admit the importation,
in British' vessels, 6f thev produce of every f -r-eign
country, although theimportation.into Bri
tish ports, of the like produce in American ves
sels, should still be prohibited 3. if the condi
tion was intended to apply to privileges granted
subsequent to the d;tte of the act of Parliament,
to admit the importation of such foreign produce
in British vessels, even without being chargel
with any discriminating duties, and generally to
.allow the British vessels, without reciprocity, all
the reciprocal advantages to which the vessels of
Central America are entitled. v-
If this was not the intention of the act of Par
liament, if the words commerce and navigation
of this country," were meant Only to include the
circuitous intercourse, the expressions used to
convey the meafiing must be admitted to -have
been much too general. This last interpreta
tion has been suggested only by the observations
that have occurred in the course of Mr.' Canning's
correspondence with the undersigned. If such
or any other admissible construction was intend
ed, the most obvious way of preventing both an
erroneous interpretation of the condition and an
unfounded expectation, in reference to a renew
al of the negotiations, would have been an offi
cial communication of the act of Parliament, ac
companied with a full and free explanation of
tne conditions required, aiw oi ine mteniions of
his Majesty's government on the whole subject.
The government-of the United States is ani
mated by the ; most sincere desire to maintain
with that of Great Britain not merely the forms
of courtesy and amity, but to , cultivate a cor
dial and lasting friendship, to settle every con
troverted question between them upon princi
ples of justice and reciprocity, and by an enlarg
ed liberality in their mutual intercourse to ad
vance the real prosperity of both.
Entertaining this desire, it has learnt with re
gret the resolution of His Majesty's government
to close the door against those friendly explana
tions, and that free and mutual expositions of the
wishes and views of the parties, so essential
between two nations whose interests and happi
ness are so interwoven as those of Great Britain
and the United' States, and which can be but
partially and imperfectly interchanged, if mutual
legislation is substituted to negotiation and to
the ordinary mode of treating.
As the only alternative which this course has
left, it was the President's intention to lay the
whole correspondence which has passed the two
governmentti on that subject, including the' in
structions given to the several American Minis
ters near His Britannic Majesty before Congress
at their present session. It will remain with
that body to decide whether the Colonial Inter
Course shall be altogether closed, whether that
.portion of it left open by the order in Council
shall continue so, or on What conditions compatk
ble with the interests of the United States that
trade may be placed.
. . The-undersigned has been further instructed
to give at the same time, to His Majesty's tGov
ernmtmt, the assurance, that notwithstanding its
late decision, that of the United States will be
ready, at Washington or at London, to treat of
the Colonial Intercourse whenever it may be the
desire or inclination of Great Britain to negoti
ate on that subject. ? The undersigned, &c
- (Signed) ALBERT GALLATIN.
The Right Hon. George Canning, &c.
From the National Intelligencer.
EXTRACTS
From Governor Tornlinson's late Message
, to the Legislature of Connecticut.
No subject that will occupy jour delib
erations, is more important than f hes dif
fusion of knowledge among the People ;
whether, weregard its influence upon hu
man happiness, or our republican - institu
tions, i -The appropriation by the constitu
tion of the School fund, to " the perpetual
support and encouragetneht of public pr
common Schools, was the result of en
lightened benevolence and profound ' 'wis
dom. That fund; amounts to more; than
one million .'seven hundred thousand dol
lars, and yields an annual dividend of more
than seventy-two thousand dollars. The
income of ,the fund, it is believed, under
the manageraent of theComitnissioifieri mayf
hy; its judicial investment, be considerably
augrontedr Thciprojier and faitS(al ap
plication ofeinterest of thisfund the
encouragement of education, will roaieri
ally afieqt the cnaracter and happine&s of
;-rre!itebf6mmdD Schools;; eitab-
lisued-byour uncestoitv widely 'difiuse)
the intellectual attainments and Vmbriil
principles indispensable to the perpetuity of
Mrpu uiivau jqveniin?nT. uup; u i vision 01
,UeSta:teiDtokchobrsc::3ties, and districtsl
VaffbrdsC peculiar :TaciUtie8;lorjrjtendihe
son
the condition was inadmissible. r'v- ". ?
V British esseK and hbse pf several other, na
i kV trirfii of treaty stipulations,
ho lio-hr nf . PTnerience. are not" such ini VSlitri Prison'was 'directed. Th K..Vi?.e
entireVtfr fulfihMhe ioticipations nf:Us inf. the. ed thee ha;been comoiencfj BSH
JUUllUCl 'IVI lilt ci auv? v.. y ' ,
pfsti H : w ; not .perceived . that ifierailure
is t 'be attributed s much Jo ;anri radical
defection'othevsysUni, as; ttemisf ness in
its execution . on the. par ofrthseyWho,
have the immediate, superintfndehceqt
A .. . . wm rt w itiicnnv .111 iiif -fiiiiiniiii.iii i iiii-.i .11111111 iiiiTiir'v Tinnmnv . -
the primary schools; jEVry, effort shoud
be made to iiiipreaa.a-tfpo.a;hejrKft,WUa.
To elevate the eharaclerof ouf vCommon
Schools, and. t cause theirutility'tcor
respond, with tbe mtinipcetit
are pledged, fur) 'ibf it
rlistinmhediir learnipg, sohrie atrd
t i rt u e; must be employed : and tfiQ schbols
a4rweHva'Mhe instructors subieCted to
Hid;e3tatiiinatioftarid4n
ties of the visiters' of schools, as ;presccibei)
y. 1 n w, are highly i m portatit ; and pn:tluir
,fifhfu) and thorough, perrormaiiCethe, in
Jellectuiil an moral '' improvement of ouV
ybuth greatly depends. Your infortnlitioh
atd experience wil lriable you to'determipe
whether any fu rther legal provision be fier
cesary to insure such performance. , The,
improvenient Qf a system which ha$ been"
adinired and imitated in other States, is
worthy of your deliberate and careful at
tention. To neglect it, would bea ;cot
tempt of those, from whom it has been de
rived, and a wrong to posterity. !;
The emigration of our citizenshas arrests
ed the progress, of the -pulatiun of this
State, antl diminished our political Union.
To retain our youthful, iritelligent, and en
terprising citizens within the, State, their
attachment to their native soil,' always
strong must be strengthened, by ottering
-combined advantages, which they will not
easily find elsewhere they must see our
colleges & other seminaries of learning pa-'
lionised ; the public burthens made equul
& light ; rigid economy practised in the va
rious departments of tfe Government 5 jus
tice speedil y and impartially adniinistered;
agriculture manufactures, commerce, and
the arts,e.nrourgaed atid the condition bf
the State generally improved. , -
..Our large manufacturing establishments,
and the yaribus 'mechanic arts, bv furnish.
mg -lucrative employment, nave kept ii
the Statei man v valuable xitizens and sti
mulated agriculture, navigation and com
merce. Bur the manufacture of wool
len cloths desprves encouragement. The.
large importations of wool and woollen
goods have .injured both jthe grower, and
manufacturer of. wool 5 and by depressing
.those interests, may reduce us fo a depend
ence on a foreign supply, for an articleof
prime necessity. Thpse evils can only be ef
fectually removed by the National Govern
ment in which is deposited the power to levy
duties on imports 5 and it is to , be regret
ted, that a measure thoroughly matured
for that purpose, and intended to sustain
and protect the agricultural and manufac-
turitig interests, a ft er having been -passed
hv the immediate; Rppresentativpg, of tlif
People, was finally defeated in v the the oi
ther branch of Congress. Cbrredt infor
matinfi. however, regarding the true inter
psts and policy of our country, and stea;-dines-s
of purpose nd of effort in maintaih
in them, may, at'a future day, produce a
different result. " ' ' f
The object of nunl-'hrnent is to prevent
the commission of crimes, either br des
troying the power, or'Vemoving'tlie, dispo
sition to commit them. The fbrmeKcan
only be accomplished by acapital punish
ment, or the perpetual seclusion of the cri
minal from society, and the latter by his
reformation.
In effecting the reformation of the cri
minal, an object of high moment, and unH
formly sought... by Nhe benevolent and the
good, his confinement to hard labor, with
strict silence, whilp engaged in wqrlr and
aboln'e seel usion ifrom -the-society of man,
in solitary cells, during the hours of rest.
nas n nnwenui vintiuence.; such confine
ment has a strong Yondencv .to destroy the
bahits of idleness, intemperance and dis
soluteneF, -which .'Wre the most fruit ful
sources of Crimes By removing the cri
minal from all' vicious associations, anil
from the contagion of evil example, and
the moral poison of intercourse and. con
versation, with his fellow prisoners, har;
dened in guilt, and skilled invthe commis
sion of crimes, and placing him in solitude
to commune withv his own heart Vand ,i o
meditate on his paatlife, his preseni con
dition, and his future destiny,; deep peni
tence. and a thorough,, reformation,ma y.
with confidence, be expected 5 and thecri
minal, especially if he be a young oeiler
may be restorecl to usefulness, in thatcbin
munity, whose laws he-may haveiolated
The punishment of'otTehces in all cases,
and esneciallv.the" ter.n-th of tim far thioK
the criminal sfodl)becon fined ; to hard-Ja
IknJl-J.i1 Li 1.'. .1 1 I t ' '., ' ' J
wm ,wuih ui ue rHguiaieupy me nature
an gsravation .of the once,ano!ahe
previous 'condact and hardened, character
ohthe c rimrnal , and. to be so moderate;: as
to secu re the d ecided sti6nvinid "?sufpi
ort o jjubKcpin
i ft its prompt and figid execution. " xpe
rience demonstrates that , the. , seven f v at
puhishmen tttloeot aPmucfi delerimeh
:.. pti wwaiiug crimes, as trie cerrainiy
of it. -rimesUrftte committeHwitb
expectation of enduring the -punishment
but in the hope of . escanine detection, ; ,
: The results Which haveattended the pe-'
utisfactorily proved, that a system of cri
1-u.i.iai ji BTBiein.'in wner siates. nave
!,UtJnay not only be executed with-
" v- UVW a v yieiu consiaera
bie iricome to the State. No reason is dis
covered why our Sfate PrfsonV instead M
occasioning ri jannual expense ol several
deeJ sjense or tlie responsipuity Te4nvrs.
them', a n d bf 1 h e, bl essings 1 resu 1 ting, i rout
fiteraryand nloral instruction.1'- v . " v
.com pi et etl bet'nre t he lerininat ion of th
Tent year, the expediency ufestiib!Uhin-:
during the present 'session-; a system
liu,ali!i(, a,Hiwin,ent ,r l1le w
bojuais si2s:iited to yfiucLeonidppL
To thesfatioriitl tlbvern rnpnf la rx .
iru uie. jtuwei; ,ia nroyiue lor, orani
Htedrimbng (ne most enlightened and
gmg this pQer!
m ,'e -J nC this subim
lion the preri f organization of the Militia
V as
tfa.ejriskiudipennce , might enable
lHm fUSent should
approve. lhefe;rportj was laid before
Congress at its cfate sessjon, but the prB.
ciplesMespkssedwereiiot matiethssat
ject of definitctattmn:.The report pre.
nWMpP number of ineo
)U;theJap?ress Requires to k
WHxkM a3 :$e primary tie
fer.r or thej system, arid proposes sojoHl-'
''lathat- no personal
be enrolled itiKthft flVlilitia who shall net
hve attained theagd of years ; th
ing considered byJhe Hoard, that the pub
Uc interesisaftf ty . in time of peace
fii not r)quirenroImnt, in the Mili
t;at;an earlierp
emption would preserve the rightful con.
trolpf mastersard
tnver their aiprenttceswaftls and chihlren;
fhe.due: exercise of ..uliidi, is at all times
importantto the, best interests of soeietj.
riie pinion hasvaj beew expressed b? a
Com mi tfee injme branbh of Congress, in
accordance with the princlbles 4 sanctioned
"by the Boartl f0f5certhat it is exnedi-
fni 10 ex.Mn pi hj 1 persons a Dove the aeo
35 from ;thej perfqrtnancer bf 1 service in th?
,aiilitia. A' modtficaliOTi of the MilieU
by stemhich; should vJimit, the JiabilHr
to enrolment in thV-Alili t ia, to the period
of life bet ween the agestf 2 and 35 years,
wil I considerably eluce the number of
tlie ilhia but it vyill Increase its efficl
ency. Tt is riot -deemed necessary to hold
our citizen enrolled for a ; longer nonni?.?
sity which demanded the; enrolment that
was required whed the number of the po-
ceed four' millions; no longer ejttsies
their population is aughiltcd toimcrethiB
ici iiiuiiyis, ami iiieir .maritime irontier
wjl be defeiided'bjpow
by fi)riilableJrortificatm .
The States have reserved td themselyet
the appoint nint of the officers, and theaa
i hority of the draining the ilitia accord
ing to theXdiscipline pscribed Jby Con
gress ahobh the Legwlatuipf the res
pective States devolves the duty of passing
jaws to effect tho$e objects;
'rhejililitia of this State may be; safely
pronounced tqbe equal .in organization,
equipments, discipline, and efllciency to
ih militia lof any State in the' UnropTlie
exemption of such ofroVcitizensMaa
form military service, anda rearmed, e.
quippedi And dressed ,tn unifom accord
ing to law, from the poll -tax, has hnd i
powerfuT4endencytq jmprpve bur Militia,
and haseen f$lowe demon
stratlvejbf thorines otthatpolic-
Th e red u c t ibn of et ta by? dimi nishin
the imlucemeqt ib;acompletefei
an.iT ;ful! compljance wlththe law, maV
impair ine euiciency and repress; the ir
dor oftheiMilifia. ;A t isltherelore worth?
of consideration . whjther the burthens of
that class in the community iouHt not t-beiimuiis1ied;5-
&0B' "
1 In rny judgiriefiM luenijnuslera of
ihe Militia asthey.fare fgerierallf, ,tnd
perhapsecessarilypduxted produce ni
onsjderable advinjfege.lTTiey.are fnjoriwi
to theMjlitiabycalling their
nwmeana tneircustomary emplbyraents ?
bccasibncbnsjderabl joss of
timeVandundbubtediyJha
,iuuutuvc upon me 'pqoiic ; .morals. ; ii uc
diency Tofrbv!dib!sthat v t hese muster
hallbeieiseqtientem
Tf ilitiiarc tjieiaturaliejderl f
the ctnihtriT dange
rous to its libertttachc soil,
and intellitvthlcan:
by;fla;trV
;A-baod!offreeKeW':mrc1 orivile-
Ues; iqhiirw may. be
nounceq on nignnthoriiyv to J)e
'AiyfgqiisiitntiTOi sc"
vice, be gdiroidisl?4nj matfe; light,
time eaceittm'
asoiiabirex wit
inwiai-cni v, repair to tne postoi uinsci
jn vrar-3 i he lenitr and lustiee of our laws
the peaceable and regular habits of the pe
nlft nfl thtirfrnnw Itirhmpnt In MIT COO
federatedlaLnd Stateoyerent, aff
good roundof confidence that bbr MiiiJ
will toot be:mcalledMhtorfthe aervice .of
United S(ate,'for iny rptlwr purpose tba
national defence.,- ; K
The resources of the,; nation JiareJoef
tll J-by. the penn oent 's annual appropni
ll: :i of tvTohuudrfitho-sanddoll '
Drc.ure arms t6:be distributed among
several States, in proportion!: tojtheo
JbecvC MllitT- eVirpUejlJo' 5Uf lS
01 xne wiqnaJ-uuverntnetit. Durn the
i accoui pnsn ; any or the purposespor
which he. .-Militia mayy be calledlhtbtKe
service of the LTniteds States, "nie'neces.
A
musreiqrvtratnmgt1
efficiency of the ij I it raliich vis t
ton ol exneriencd .nidttstrv mn t rnf-
a - -f wv m ml v - i mm nw w
"7:
.5 -
-V