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.tlfeWi-iS frUWMPj Sp&t in rcwnquesfof iht.CdkoW IkpabV ' "Kh J"""? Government ,viU gire t?
;V:.,foirow.n5I fSntWSCTtaffia If thefhSd departed frbm-theiroeairalttt, beenjaieiy received here from St. Peter -project -,rv , . . '
mM fTi .SttfflnTS; and precipiUtedtheo.se.ves iotp.be w.r bar&.throuA .Mr.,Midd eton, a,pj o If 'treating .thos. ?objccts .
iw Wac& SS9W :EJfiW art to returned,
.'i .t vI ftlfeflnal ratification, to 'each contacting
U'K : - w Wii?rfcBJ :Marchfl929 .StaicACCoraig to the? provisions of its
I - I transnjU herewith to CorigresVaojiy particular Constitution All ;ide is,
t;:W the instru cUons fread by Secret therefore vectuded of binding a minority
VVtary of Statci and furnished tothe Minis to agreements and acts; contrary to its
; ter of, the United: Stafeappoiiiied to at- viU, bythe mere circumstanced the con
i terid'to-the Asseinbly of American Pleoi- currence of; a majority of the States m
y'v 'r Wentiaries,t firetnei,d:t:analn'av.ah'd those agreements ancl acts. . Each : State
, h'nolrVifrrA fn.TflMihaT3i,v Theoc will, conseriiientlv. be governed and left
sn:'? .x ouv.,- , ;. . . wm-i!. i there was much reason to apprenena inai i which, togetner win copies oims actual- viuwi an xue iiauwisi America, vthptK
ai ;casion for which they wen; given has pass-
'j r ... lity of the newal of those Tiegotiations 5
iv;f butlfie purpose for wbieh they were tin-
vtir. country arid to the ivdrjd, "and may
kVMV- ,. ... v I J -j
justice to the Government from which of the American Powers. The complical
they ? emanate, and to the people for fed and various interests which appertain
whose1 benefit it was instituted, require to the nations of this vast continent can-
' J ' 'l that the, should be made known. ' "W ith not be safely confided to the superinten
) I ! j yV.v this View,1 and from the consideration that tlence of one legislative authority. We
"f XHe SUDjeClSiemOraceU ; UJ .lllUSe JUSirUf
'I'p- lions must probably engage hereafter the
-V, consideration of our successors, 1 deemi
it proper to make thiscoramunication to
joth Houses of
of 'the iristructioiis being "prepared, I
send it to the Senate: requesting that it
s- . - . - ' . . V
may be transmitted also to the House or
Itepresentatives,
JOHN QUINCY ADAMS-
JNSTKCJCTIONS -GENERAL. ,
RicHJLttD CAsBiRsoif and Jno. Sehoeaxt,
Eqsappointed' Eovo Extraordina.
,ry. and Ministers -Plenipotentiaiy of
1
Ihe United States to the Congress at
, Panama. s,,,j::- v,,:. -
'1 i ' , , DPAHTMKHT Of Statx,
, Washington, ZthMatji 1826.5
Gentimen i The relations in which the
United ;Statcsr stand .to the other Ameri
can powers, and theyduties.'Intercsts and
sympathies, which belong to those rela
?tionshave determined the President to
accept 'an in vitation, which has been given
by the republics of Colombia, Mexico and
; Central America to the United 'States, to
; send Representatives to the Congress at
v Panama a He could not, mdeed, have de
cHned an ; invitation proceeding -.from
sources so bigbly respectable, and com
'municated in .the most delicate and
respectful manner, without subjecting the
.United States to the reproach of insensi
bility .to the deepest concerns of the A
. merican hemispnere, and, perhaps, to a
want ofr sincerity in most important de
clarations, solemnly made tby his prede
cessor in the fiice of the r Old and the
; New World. " In yielding,; therefore, to
the friendly wishes of those three Repub
lics communicated in the notes of tlueir
' Respective Ministers, at Washington, of
which, copies are herewith, the United
""States'act in perfect consistency with all
their previous conduct and professions, in
respect to the New . American States.
7 The, assembling of a Congress at Panama,
composed of diplomatic representatives
from independent American Nations, will
form a ftew epoch in human affairs. The
facit itself, whatever may be the issue of
i the -conferences of such a Congress, can-
"1 '-'liibt: fail' til thallenge the attention of the
present generation of the civilized world,
M.ahdVtocommand that of posterity'. But
&fv--.; the hope "jis xonhuently indulged, that it
v." '..V.wiU have other and stronger claims upon
v the rerd of mankind, than any which,
!"t . r 5irli-nut rif thp. mpr r.irriim'Sfanrp nf 4
feiu novelty!; and that it will entitle itself to
the:anecton ana lasting gratitude or alt
fvAmerici,vly!l the wisdom and liberality of
its principles, and by the new guaranties
-fi 'it'may create for the great interests which
will engage its deliberations. On an oc-
casibn so liighlv important and responsi-
I ble, the President has been desirous that
'the.iprcniation. from the United States
-shoii ioTlmpjed of distinguished citi
zens. Confiding in your zeal, ability, &
J patriotism, by "and .with the advice "and
Mbnsent bf theSensiteVboas selected vou
ior, iHieresuiiiserviGe. Ana it is his
wish that you should proceed, with all
practicable despatch, to Panama. For the
purpose of carrying out Mr. Sergeant, the
J United States ship -Lexingten has been
prepared, and is now ready to sail from
, Mr. Anderson, having been noti tied of his
appointmenrt, has- been directed to leave
the afiairs of the United States at Bogota
f t-. miiGiiatc oi baun person as ne mav,
C C?t pttfpo.e,-.. designate, and to join
"MfeSergeant at. Porto Bello, from whence
it ia supposed that it 'will be most conve
1 niejit t!a proceed, byiand, across the isth-
mus C6'Panaina - Ministers from several
- of the Powers have, probably by this time,
4 reacneu iimi place, ana they may even
haveproceeded td i;Comparison of their
respective credentials, and to conferences
oh sarae'uf - the objects of the Congress 5
' butUtis probable they will have deterred,
until your a-rriyal; a consideration of those,
itt'defiberatiori 4ti which Tt was expected
that weshoiiHLtake parU V"
iv-Yotfjc." pvvier, Accompanying this letter,
is joiutyaVdseveral, authorzing you t
confer and tratiwithMinis also, du
, ly.au thisrtzed, from ill or any of; the A-
juctnoweof peace, friendship,
commerce, navigation, maritime 4aw. neu
tral and belligerent rights, and uther mat-
tera - inresngtoihe cntihent of Ame
. -ticaU. exchange of powi
. triij iiilf be Necessary to determine toe
, formsof .delibtoon and the mpde;.of
proceeding, of; theCongress: -It . is dis-
iwcuy.unuersT.ooa oy ine, rresiaenij that
inai respects; as di
plpmaiacfnb coiiradjstinction to a body
lothd uithpowers of ordihaTy!:le,nsla-
Ifrec; according: to its own sense of its par
ticular interests. All notion is rejected
of an AmphyctionicLC6uncil,invested with
power nnauy to oeciue controversies oe
tween the American States, or to regu
late, in;anyrespect, their conduct. uch
U. CIUUVli '.UlliLIH. liaC UUCU HtU biiui"
contracted
territory would fall
that of the smallest
Sliuuiu anmwi w wuii cpcvi iu act an
J Amphyctionic council to regulate the af-
lairs 01 xne wnoie iodc nuteven it n
were desirable to establish such a tnbu-
naU it is beyond the competency of tje
Government of the United States volun-
tarilv to assent to ity without a previous
m i'-i- ..
change ottneir actual uonstituuun
Although the soecutation of such a
council has been sometimes made, and as
sociated in the public papers with (he con
templated Congress, y we can hardly an
ticipate that it will be seriously pressed
by any of the "Powers. The' Congresses
which have been so common in Europe,
especially within these later times, have
been altogether diplomatic, and, conse
quently, the States whose Ministers com
posed them, were only bound by their sig
natures. ' .With this necessary and indis
pensible restriction upon the action of thf
Congress, great advantages may, neverthe
less, be derived from an assembly, at thv
same time ami place, of Ministers (ram all
the American natioti Such an asscmbly
w ill afford great facilities for free and
friendly conferet-ces,. for mutual and ne
cessary explanations, and for discussing
and establishing some general principle-,
applicable to pe.ice and War, to commerce
a'd navigation, with the sanction of all
America. ; Treaties may be concluded, ir
the course of a few months, at such a
Congress, laying the foundations of last
ing amity and good neighbthood, which
it would require many years to consum
mate, if, indeed, they would be at all
practicable, by separate and successivrr
negotiatia-ns, ronducted between the seve
ral Powers, at rliR'ereut times and places,
lyeeping constantly in view the essential
character and object of the Congress,
yihieh have been describeo', it is not very
important in what manucr its conferences
a;id di&cussions hi ay be n'guhted.
Experience has, perhaps, buffi, ientl v
established, that, for precision, tor safety
to the negotiators themselves, and fur an
early practical result, it is wisest to pro
ceed by protocol, in which the mutual
propositions of the parties, together with
Such concise observations as any of them
desire to have preserved, are carefully re
corded. But you are left free to agree to
that mode of proceeding, with the indis
pensable limitation bt fore stated, which,
under all cirtumstam e, shall appear t
y'U most advisable. Yt ur power conveys
an authority to treat with ail or any o
the Nations represented at the Congress.
of any or the subjects comprised in your
instructions And on those, especidly.
of commerce and navigation, maritime
law, and neutral and belligerent tights, 1
is the Preident's wish, that, if those inter
ets cannot be adjusted satisfactorily to
all the attending Powers, you should f -no,
nevertheless, treat es with such as may
be disposed to conclude them with you.
But, in the conduct of any such separate
negotiations, you will carefully avoid giv
ing any occasion of offence to those Pow
ers who may decline treating ; and, if you
should hstvo strong reason to believe that
the fact itseif, of? opening such separate
negotiation, wuutd hAve the tendency ol
creattifg unffietully feelings ani relations
with i.trier American Poweis, you will de
cline" emeriog ou them altogether. You
are alsa itntlnnized to agiee upoti a trans
fer of the conferences from Panama to a
ty other place on the American Continent,
"that tnay be considered mote eligible lor
conducting them.
In now proceeding to direct your atten
tion particularly to the instructions id the
President, by which, after having settled
the preliminary point to which 1 have ju it
adverted, you will govem yourselves, the
ursv "Ooser va vion to oe maue is, mat, in
acceding to the invitation which has been
in. epttd, no intention has been entertain
to change the present pacitlic and neutral
policy of the United States. On the con
trary, it has been distinctly understood by
the three Republics who gave the invita
tion, and has bee enforced on our part,
in all our communications with them in
regard to it, that the" United States would
strictly adhere to that policy, and mean
faithfully to perform all their neutral ob
ligations.' Whilst . the existing war is lim
ited to the present parties, it is as unne
cessary asjjt would be unwise, in the Uuit
ed StiteSilto become a beliigereht. A
ita te of things can hardly ue imagined, in
whichtthey wouid voluntarily take p.-rt on
thide o- Spain 4. and oil that of the Re
publics it would be entirely useless, since
theyjiaye been all along able, nnahleti,
triumphantly to mainuin 'their cause, and
to, conquer the' arms iT theylhiye tuot
vercpoie the obstinacy or Spahii r By
mamtuining; ,the neutralfpoidiiua which
the United ttate:RvssuaietJ, they
their exertiooa mtht have been aeutralii
ed, if not overbalanced, by those; of other
Puwers. who woeld have been drawn, by
that rash example, into the1 war, in behalf
of Spam. Keeping therefore, constantly
in view the settled Dacific policy of the
Uoitetl St.ttcs, and the ties which vfltw
ri'.iin tUir t(u(r:ilitV. ihe suhiecls will
now be particalarizedy Which, it is antici
pated, will engage the consideration of the
Congress at Panama.,
These subject may bet arranged under
- . ' . L. hllil
two general heaus : it, oucn as ic
to the future prosecution of. the present
war with .Spain, by the combined or sepa
rate operation of the American ueinger
ents. And, 2l, Those' in which all the
Nations of America, whether neutral or
belligerent, may have an interest.
In .i-espect to the "first, for reasons al
ready stated, we can take no part. Discus
sions of them must be co'ifiued to the par
ties to the war, Y.i will frain Irom
engaging in them. You will not be ex
pected or desired to do so. But whilst
it h4R bet'ti perfectly understood ih tt the
United States could not, at .the Congress,
jeopard their neutrality, they may br urg
ed to contract an alliance, offensive a.id
defensive, on the contingency of ao at
tempt by the Powers of Europe, common
ly calied the Holy Alliance, either to aid
Spain to, reduce she n;w American Repub
lics to their ancient colonial sta'e. or to
compel theW to adopt political systems
more conformable to ihe p'dt ) and' virus
of that Alliance. Upon "h" supposition
of such an attempt being actually, made;
there can be. no douOt wha it would be
the interest and bounderi outyt)! 'the Unit
ed States to do. 'Their late Chief - Ma
gistrate solemnly declared what, in that
ev. it, " he-considered they ought to do.
The People of the United States acquies
ced in the declaration, and their present
Chief Magistrate entirely concurs in it.
If, indeed, the Powers of Continental Eu
rope could have, allowed themselves to en
gage in 1 he war, lor either of the purpose-just
indicated, the United States, ii
OIpoHJg
them with their whole tor i:,
y'ul(l have been hardly entitled
merit of acting 0:1 the impulse of a
to the
gener-
ous sympathy with infant, onnn ssed,
:.l.i!
truggii?ig Nations. The United Et..t-,
in the contir:gncies which have been
stated, would- have been compelled to
figltt (lit ir proper b.iltls, not less so be
cause thy storm of war happened to r.nge
on another part of this continent, t a
distance from their binders. For it can
not be doubted that the presumptuous spi
rit which would have impelled Europe up
on the other Ameiican Republics, in aid
ot Spiin, or on account ot th forms of
their political. institution's,' would not have
been appeased, if her arms, in such an un-righteous-?con?est,
siiould have been sue
cessful, until they were extended here,
,ind every vestige of human freedom had
been obliterated within these State.
There was a time whan such designs
were seriously apprehended ; and it is
believed that the declaration of the late
President to the Congress of the United
States, which has been already referred
to, had a powerful effect in disconcerting
and arresting their progress , About the
same period, Great-Britain manifested a
determination to pursue the same policy,
in regard to the new Republics, which
the United States had previously marked
out for themselves After these two great
maritime Powers, Great-Britain and the
United States, had let Continental Eu
rope know, that. they would not see with
indifference any forcible interposition in
behalf of Old Spain, it was evident that
no such internosition wou d. or. with anv
.
prospector success, could be afforded.
Accordingly, since that period, there have
- .
been no intimations ot any designs, on the
part of the European alliance, against the
new American Republics. Tf that Alli
ance has seen, with any dissatisfaction,
(as may be well imagined) the successful
progress of those Republics, both in the
war and in the.establishment of their free
political systems, they have confined
themselvestosilentandunavailingregrets.l
The auspicious course of events has not
only occasioned the abandonment of any
hostile intentions which were entertained
by the European Altiance, but there is
strong reason to hope that it has led to
the creation of pacific, if not friendly
views, towards our sister Republics. Up
on the entry of the President of the Uni
ted States on the duties of his present of
fice, his attention4vas anxiously directed
to, and has been since unremittingly em
ployed on the-object of establishing peace
between Spain and those Republics In
considering the means for its accomplish
ment, 11O very sanguine hope was indulg
ed from an approach to Spain directly,
anti it was thought, best to endeavor "to
operate oh her through that Alliance on
whose countenance and support she main
ly relied for the recovery of the colonies.
Russia was known to be the soul of that
alliance, and to the Emperor,' of whose
wisdom and friendship the United States
had so many proofs, the appeal was at
once made A copy of the note from this
Department to the American Minister -at
St. Petersburg, on that subject, accompa
nies these instructions Copies of it Were
transmitted, contemporaneously, to the
courts of London and Pariswhose co-operation
in the work of peace was also invi
ted. Our Minister at Madrid was also
instructed to lose no fit occasion there for
creating or strengthening a disposiiion to
wardS peace. Thehobe was cherished
that, by a general arid" concerted move-
merit of the United Stales arid the great
Powers of Europe, at the same time, the
narivinff notes, is placed in your hands
From a perusal of these documents, the
contents of which have been confirmed by
the Russian Minister j in official interviews
which I have had with him, you will per
ceive that 'the appeal to Russia has not
been without effect : and that the late
Emperor, sensible of the necessity of peace,
nrior to his death, probably employed his
wad offices: to brin it about. His suc
cessor lias formally announced his" inten
tion to tread in the path of his illustrious
predecessor and it is, therefore, most
likely that he will also direct the influ
ence of that Government to the conclu
sion of a peace satisfactory to lmthv par
ties. It is possible that these efforts may
not be effectual, and that the pride and
obstinacy of Spain may be unconquerable.
There is, however, much reason to hope,
that she may either consent to a peace,
upon the basis of the independence of the
Colonies, or, if she feels that too humilia-,
ting,' that she will agree to a suspension
of hostilities, as was formerly done in the
case of the Low Countries, which would j
in the endV inevitably lead to a formal
acknowledgement of the actual independ
ence of the, new Republics. . Whatever
may fee the future course ot spam, the
favorable reception which the Emperor of
Russia has ; given to the overture of the
United States, to say nothing of the known,
inclination of France and other powers of
the European Continent to follow the ex
ample of the United States and Great
Britain, fully authorizes the conclusion
that 'the Holy Alliance will not engage
in the war, on the side of Spain, but will
persevere in their actual neutrality. The
danger, therefore, from that quarter, Hav
ing disappeared, there can be no necessity
atthis.time, for an offensive &defensiveal
'iance Jetween the American Powers,whiclr
could only find a justification at any pe
riod, in the existence or continuation of
such a danger. Such an alliance, under
present circumstances, would be worse
than useless ; since it might tend to ex
cite feelings in the Emperor of Russia
and his allies, which should not be need
lessly touched or provoked
The Republic of Colombia has recent
ly requested the friendly interposition of
this Government to prevail upon Spain to
agree to au armistice, upon the condi
tions mentioned in Mr. Salazar's note,
of which a copy, together with a copy of
1 '- m
mine in reply, acceding tor the request,
is now furnished. And instructions have
been accordingly given to the Ministers
of the United States at Madrid and St.
Petersburg.
Other reasons concur to dissuade the
United States from entering into such an
alliance From the first establishment of
their pi fent Constitution, their illustri
ous statesmen haves inculcated the a
voidanre of foreign alliances as a leading
maxim of their foreign policy It is true,'
that, in its ladoptiou, their attention was
'directed to' Europe, which, having a sys
tem of connexions and of interests remote
and different from ours, it was thought
most advisable that we should, not mix
ourselves up with them. And it is also
true, that long since the origin 6f,the
maxim, tWei new American Powers have
arisen 5 to which, if at all, it is less ap
plicable. Without, therefore asserting
that anexigency may not occur in which an
alliance of the most i n timate kind, between
the United'States and the other American
Republics, would be highly proper and ex
pedient, it may be safely said that the. oc
casion which -would warrant a departure
from that established maxim ought to be
1 . ....
i one ot i;reat urgency, ana that none
CA
such
is believed now to exist. Among the ob
jections to such alliances, those which at
all times have great weight are, first, the
j difficulty of a just and equal arrangement
of the contributions of force and of other
means between the respective parties, to
the attainment of the common object ;
and, secondly, that of providing, before
hand, and determining with perfect pre
cision, when the cams foederis, arises,' and
thereby guarding against all controver-
j 'sies about it. I here is less necessity for
any such alliance at this conjuncture, on
the part of the United States, because no
compact by whatever solemnities it might
be attended, or whatever name or cha
racter it might assume, could be more ob.
lig;-
;atory npon tliem than the irresistible!
the supposed.continw.ncv of an Huranrcin
attack upon the liberties of America.
The considerations to which I have now
adverted, together with such others as
may present themselves to v.Vj, will, it is
hoped, satisfy the Representatives of the j
other American States that an alliance,)
uuvriisive auu uerensive, oeiweent them
and the United State?, for the object
which has been stated, is unnecessary, if
not mischieyou'R. Should you, however,
be unable to bring that conviction home
to them, and you have reason to believe
that the positive rejection of such an al
liance would be regarded in an unfriend
ly ' ligbt, and have a pernicious effect oh
your othei? negotiations, you Avill Jtivite
them to reduce their ropostirs ofthe
terms of such analliahce as they may con
ceive proper,Jo a written precise iorinl
and state thatn will take tHfem'iy
rendum. That tH afluurd tijieGovern
ment here the ipporturiity of reconsidera
tion, with the advantage W allthe Pjhfbr
mation that may he evbtyin tbeinter
Tening nertod Hie Alliahxtif vir Ad.
inissible; -having been EutionftttmeV
the delay inciderifctdt4he fbrenc&riief
V";u' l""c. UWB' VViUC', vou,ui power. In almost every age,
be . instantly caUed into-operation, and j !ias had the complete mastery
Stimulate ! IPm tft t IP ntmiut nvi.rtnin xnl . 1 - - . '.
..j.:..f. if . ... . .
" - - - t'w fia-s 11 tlBVFiJ1 VA. I VIU1J III i f 1 rl Ml TtZJ O
er howiat war orjnpeace, may
willi on ali i suitable pccasSons,' incilcV
war asoon as maybe, and of cherishmJ
the means best adapted to the pre&erv
tion of peaCe among themsel ves, and witr,
tlie rest of the world The cultivation of
peace is the true interest of ; all natiini8
b t it is especially rr4t of infant States!
Repose is i not more necessary to die
growth and espansiun of individuals iu
their youth, than it is to thamf youns n.
tions which have,, in :the midst of war
commenced ihd career of indeDeniUr,.
nd Self .gnvernm
trnment. Peace is now th
greatest t wiiit f , America.
Desirahlp
hovyewr, a si it uiiquetiMtably is, tiiere
nothing in the present or in the. tutu-., .r
which we can catph a glimpse, that ahuul-i
induce the Atnencan RepublFcs, in unt?
tt) obtain it, to sacrifice a particle of t heir-
HiiispriiH w j'( ri 4-uvj . xney o'j'ii
xnereiore; 10 reseci all
propositions fuun.K
n uuoii ae uuncip e o; a concessnm ,,t
.1 ii . .. . i r -
concession
perpetual conim;rc:al
- 1 . . .
pnv ueges to
foreign Poiver- The grant of such
anv
leges is incompatible vmh.their actual iiTitl
pnvi-
absolute independence. It would partake t
ti rn tnirir inri .i.. k : .. r- i t
vti fc sun tk aim i. a i 11 ir i i k 11 w r i
, .m.v. vi tuiviciii cutuniai liiri- fii
iiezion. rnor would their honor kiul I
nuuai pnue ai.ow tnem to entertain,
deliberate, on propositions founded upOH
the notion of purchasing, with a pecuuia
ry consideration, the Spanish atknowled.
uient of their independence.
Next to the more pressing object of
putting an end to the war between the
new Republics and Spain, should be that
of devising; means to preserve peace ia
future, among the American nations them
selves, and with the rest of the world.
No time could be more auspicious than
the present, for a successful enquiry, by
the American Nations, into the cause
which have so often disturbed the repose
of the world arid for an earnest endea
vor, by wise precaution, in the establish
ment of just and enlightened principles,
for the government of their conduct, ia
peace and in waY, to guard as far as pos
sible, against all misunderstanding.-!
They have no old prejudices to combat;
no long established practices to change,
no entangled-connections or theories to
break through. Committed to no parti
cular systems of commerce, nor to any
selfish belligerent code pf law, they are
free to consult the experience of mankind,
and to establish, without bias, principles
for themselves adapted to their condition
and' likely to promote their peace, secu
rity, and happiness. Remote from Eu
rope, it is not probable that they will of
ten be involved in the wars with which
that quarter of the globe may be destined,
hereafter, to be afflicted. In these wars
the policy of all America will be the same,
that of peace and neutrality, which the
United States have, heretofore, constant"
ly labored to preserve: ,
If the principles which that pfobable
state of neutrality indicates as best for
the interests of this hemisphere! be, at the
i same time, just in themselves, and calco-
tated to prevent wars, or to mitigate the
rigor of thoe gieat scourges, they will
present themselves tTthe general accep
tance with an union of irresistible recotn
mendations; Both those qualities are
believed to be possessed by the maritkne
principles for which the. United States
have evercontended,& especially through
out the whole period of the late European
wars. The President wishes you to bring,
forward those principles on an occasion
auspiqious as that is anticipated to be
6f the Congress of Panama Uucontrol
led power, on whatever element it is ex
erted, is prone to great abuse. But it is
still more liable to abuseon the sca,thanoa
the land, perhaps because it is there ex
ercised beyond the presence of impartial
spectators, and, therefore; with but little
moral restraint resulting Trom the saluta
ry influence of public opinion, which, if
applied at all, has always to be subse
quently, and consequently less efficaci
ously applied. The moral cognisance,
when it comes to be taken, finds, too, a
more doubtful or contested state of tact,
than if the theatre had been where thertf
were more numerous and less prejudiced
witnesses. ) At all times'there has existed
more inequality in the distribution anlocg
nations, 01 j maritime, than of territorial
some oaf
oh the o
pertontv has been occa
sionally so great as to more than coun
terbalance the combined maritime forcft
ot ail other -nations, if such a combination
were praciicante, tut when a stngte a--
tion finds itself possessed of a power 2
wherewhichiiq one, nor all otheriiatiuf
can successfully check or countervail, the
consequences are too sadly unfolded m
paes of history. Such a nation gtou")
presumptuous, impatient of contradiction
or nnpoEition, and finds the solution
and less brilliant nrocess of natiet
investigation. If the superiority be on use
ocean, the excesses in the, abuses of tVe
power-become infolerab!e.;V Although,
the arrangement of things,security aga:ns
oppression should be the greatest vhcre
it is mod lely tb. be;oftep;i practised fc
is, : ' neyertHless. rethaVable that th
prorjesgo0enliglttened ' civiliatioa
been mach more advanced oh the hu
.
fOau Hip , Vvejlll Wu, v"
property; IiaYeWaif8afety; and rrff'tc
tionith fermerT whieb they do ut c-
natiouai problems easier, arid more grau
ful to its pride, by . the sword, than by tt
slow 'and less brilliant nrocess of patiei.t
i joy von thattei elefeent. ?
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