Newspapers / The Progressive Farmer (Raleigh, … / Aug. 12, 1890, edition 1 / Page 2
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Of 7 jt -. C. J. r THE PEOGRESSIErRMER OTGUST 12,-10. - t 2 vv L. L. FOLK, - ditok J. L. RAMSEY, - Associate Edit t. W.F.DALY, - Bcsixsss Makaoxr. Raleigh, N. C. SUBSCRIPTION:" Slug e Subscriber', One Year. V. ; l.g - . Six Months . .75 na anhscrOwn One Year 5.00 tt n-nfi Year . . u. 4 . v: . . . 10.00 Oae copy one year free, to the one sending Club of Ten. - - , . - - ; Cash Invariably in Advonc. Money at our risk. If sent by retred Jetter or money order. itei$e aont etna eiamp. . i ; Advertising Rates quoted on app Uuou. To Correspondents Write all communications, designed for public iou, on one side of the paper only. ' " We want intelligent correspondents in every coun-yinthe State. We want fact of value, re sults accomplished of value, experiences of value, plainly and briefly told. One solid; demonstrated fact, is worth a thousand theories. A id res all communications to vT Thb Pboobkssivk Farmer. Ra'Heh, N. C. R vLEIGH, N. C, AUG. 12 1890. f Thin i taper entered as second-dams mailer at ht Post Office in RaleiqK. X. CA ihe Progressive Farmer is the O fidal Organ of the N. C. Farmers' Association and N. C. State Farmers' A iiance. D j you want your paper changed to another office? State the one at which you have been getting it. D.Vyou want your communication pub lished? If so, give us your real name and your pogtoffice. 3f Our friends in writing to any of our advertisers, will favor us by mention ing the fact that they saw the advertise ment in The Progressive Farmer. f The date on your label tells you waen your time is out. A SMALL FAVOR ASKED. Will the judges, members of the Stale Senate and members of the Lower House who have refused to ac cept free passes from the different railroad corporations in the State be so kind as to drop us a postal card to that effect ? We would appreciate this little act of kindness very much. In response to the above the follow ing members of the Legislature and Senate have gone on record as having refused railroad passes: R. W. Scott, Alamance ounty; B. A. Wellons, Johnston county; J. D. Parker, Perqui nans county; E. C. Beddingfield, Wake county; M. J. Ham, Wayne county; John Norwood, Orange county ; N. Gibbon, Mecklen burg county; J. L. Anderson, Hert ford county; D. Alexander, Tyrrell c:umy; A. Robinson, Duplin county. THE WRONG END OF THE ROPE. IN the Kinston Free P. ess of last week we find a lot of stuff that seems to be an attempt to hurt the good name o: Bro. W. H. Worth. The Free Press says: " Mr. W. H Worth, State Business Agent of the Alliance, has been writing letters to members of the Alliance all over the Second Congressional d: strict :o the effect that Mr. J. M. Mewberne, of Lenoir county, is the man to run on the Democratic ticket, and urging them to boom him for the nomina tion." Now there is no doubt but that Bro. Worth has committed a very grave crime in so doing. It is entire ly ' unconstitutional" for a farmer to urge the nomination of another farmer for office in this Stat The Free Press then goes on to ask what Mr. "Worth's politics have been. It says: "We understand that Mr. Worth was a straight Republican and was a Republican revenue officer un der President Grant's administration." Mr. Worth h-sld the position of District Assessor during the adminis tration of President Johnston. He secured t-his position by the recom mendation of Governor Worth, whose Democracy no one will doubt. He did hold a position under Grant's ad ministration, but how long ? Not one minute longer than a man could be got to fill the place. Mr. Worth was turnei out because he did not vote for Grant , Ilolden, Djckery, d-c. Now what is the Free Press going to do about that ? Postmasters and revenue officials held positions after President Harrison took the chair a little more than a year ago. But where are they now ? They were turned out soon after President Har rison came in. Mr. Worth was turned out exactly the same way and because he was not of the same political laith of Preside at Grant and his party. The Free Press will have to call for the aid of the " Bureau of Slan ler," at Washington. If it will do so maybe they can get up a case for it. SWIFT CREEK BARBECUE. THE barbecue and speaking at Swift Creek Alliance, about four miles from Raleigh, last Thurs day, was a , most enjoyable affair, though several heavy showers of rain during the day seriously interfered with the programme. The sheep and hogs and other good things spread out by the-grroch people of that com ;munity were greatly enjoyed by all present. - The; meeting -was held i at :-lnwood ohuTchjiThia; church is sur i rounded by the fine Jersey cattle farm ' of Messrs. Wi G; &i.B: ;,J-. 'TJpcirarch 1:and the beautiful farms and vineyaris of Messrs. S :Dth0 iWilson;: GwB. awards and others equally as good' A sight of these farms is a feast with in itself. Bros. E. C. Beddingfield and J. J. Rocrers. the latter manager of the Colored Alliance Exchange of vir - - - t-r I m'nia anrl Vrtrth Hamlin. &ch made fi-ie speeches before dinner, rsro. Beddingfield told of the growth of the Alliance in the State and toumed upon other important matters, Bro. Rogers' textwas " The Alliance and the Race Problem."" . He handled the subject well, giving figures showing the important part the negro plays in the agriculture of this country, and nrovecL bv argument, that it is .the duty , of the farmers to stand by the negro; that their interests are one and the same. In the afternoon Capt. S. B. Alex ander, of Mecklenburg, made a calm, sensible speech, worthy of the states man that he is. He told of the causes that brought about the Alliance, the important part it is playing in build ing school houses and bringing about a better state of feeling among neigh bors socially, mentally and amorally. He Uso spoke of the Sub-Treasury bill at length and we doubt if any of the audience wen; away thinking that this important measure was a mistake. Remarks were als-made by Mr. N. B: Broughton and Bros. R. J. Powell and D. P. Meacham. Bros. S. B. Alexander, W. H. Worth, J. F. Bell and the writer be ing unwilling to leave In wood until the last moment, spent the evening with Bro. S. Otho Wilson and partook of an excellent sapper. We wish every Alliance could hive just such a barbecue and such speakers. The re sult would be wonderful. y THE KEMMLER EXECUTION nnHE execution of the murderer X Kemmler, at Auburn, N. Y., last Wednesday, by electricity, was one of the sensations of the past. week. He was the first criminal ever put to death by this process. Kemmler was the Son of a Philadelphia butcher. He was wild and dissipated. In 1887 he married a woman at Camden, N. J., who already had a husband. Kemmler omy lived with her two days and then fled to Buffalo, N. Y , with another married woman. Both were addicted to drink and quarrels were frequent. In March, 1889, he kil'.ed this woman with a hatchet, and was tried and convicted and sen'enced to be hanged. The execution was a bungling, dis graceful affair, notwithstanding exten sive preparations had been made and all the great doctors and electricians had been taking an active interest. The prisoner was strapped to a chair rmade for the purpose and the current was turned on from a dynamo situated m anotner Dart of the builiintr. When the current w&s turned on, there was a sudden convulsion of the frame in the chair. A spasm went over it from head to foot, confined by straps and ings that held It firmlv A, J so ihat no limb or other Dirt of the body stirred more than a small frac tion of an inch from its res ing place. The twitching that the muscles of the face underwent gave to it for a mo ment an expression of pain, but no cry escaped from the lips of the man. Tne body remained in this rigid posi tion for seventeen seconds. The jury and witnesses had up to this moment remained seated. They came forward and surrounded the chair. Two or three physicians then pronounced Kemmler dead. But after a full in vestigation they found, however, that he was not dead. The dynamo had been stopped and before it could be started again the prisoner revive i somewhat and a groan escape i his lips. Two thousand volt3 were then sent through the body of the man in the chair and he was again pronounced dead. Several of those who witnessed the shocking execution became sick. It is to be hoped that such a thing will never occur again in this country. But ev.en this is better than the old plan ot Hanging. Keally all of it horrible. is X THE 44 GANG" AT WORK. THE Ottawa, Kansas, Journal con tains the following from the pen of Bro. B. H. Clover: "The most diabolical scieme yet shown up is now on the boards, and is no more than a collusion of the Democratic "gang " of North Carolina and the Republican " gang " of Kansas to rob L. L. Polk of his good name and destroy his influence. He is hurting them. That great humane heart of his is winning tbe people's confidence, and he is against "gangs " This is the literal carrying out of the policy outlined by the great " aliena tor," J. J. Ingails, in his photographic interview, to wit: "It is lawful to deceive the enemy, to hire Hessians, to purchase mercenaries," (that is, corrupt the ballot box) to mutillate, to kill, to destroy;" that is, rob every man who opposes of his gOod rrame. The 41 gang" will probably send all such lies to each Sub Alliance, hoping that some may be found who will be lieve them. Brothers, eternal vigilance is the ;7 jprice of 'ou'F liberties, now as never before.' -FraterfaaH v ' JKU!Ui'--'B! HOOVER1. Hutchinson, Kansas, July:J8?,!ff 890. i . rr - : :Eheu FaII MTerm. ot Oiki-Ridge Institute will open on the 13 th inst. THE FARMERS' MOVEMENT, Dispelling the Mists- -Harry SUlfwdl " Edwards' Letter, - THE Constitution, in an editorial on this clear -cai bold and incisive letter, saya: - There seems to be a gro ving idea in the minds of some thoughtless Democratic editors in Georgia and in other States that differences of opin ion inside the Democratic party are are not to be tolerated ; that all views and opinions 'must conform to their conception of what is Democratic. And agaia: ' ' ' 44 When, for instance, as distin guished a Democrat as Mr. Carlisle endorses the internal revenue system with its bonded warehouses' and de nounces '.the Sub Treasury scheme, what are tlje farmers to think ?" Will some of the papers in North Carolina which have become such champions of the farmers, publish this letter ? . We will see. THE LETTER. Editor Constitution : The farmers' movement in Georgia has now reached such proportions that small politicians even cannot longer blind themselves to the danger that threatens the pro fession. The more astute have long either accepted the situation, or, under cover of Mr. Carlisle's letter, have arrayed themselves squarely against it. Those who have not been heard from cannot escape in the dark, if the Alliance holds as steadily and as unrelentingly to the maint point as it has during the preceding six months. The danger that confronts the movement i3 not as yet an open one. It. lies in the fact that through quiet combinations and village cliques, tne eApression of public opinion may be forestalled and extra early county conventions render future discussion useless and action impossible. The issue generally has been fairly made, and if there is right and dignity in the new movement, or if it is founded upon a gigantic error, it should be tried now as fairly and dis posed of without personal preference or past allegiances. Against such a trial many advance the plea of expediency, and summon again the ghost" of a black Banquo win eh has not been allowed m5re rest in twenty five years than the ''blooiy shu t " of the Northern Republican. The two questions involved in this plea are (1), Does the Allianqe move men!, divide the Democratic party ? and (2), Does it increase the danger of negro predomination ? 1 y the first, answer may be begun very appropriately by an examination into what constitutes at present thj Democratic party in Georgia. ; There was a democracy based, once, upon principles well defined and peculiar to democracy, but I think no man wi 1 dispute the proposition that the party of Uiis day is a white man's party, bending all opinions, preferences and inclinations to the idea that at any cost the white race must rule in Georgia. Aside from this it would be hard to define our platform. It there is any principle upon which the party his not allowed its national leaders to stultify themselves, with impunity, I cannot recall it. We have been con fronted wiih national Democratic platforms of cross puspose; we have stretched the 41 general welfare" clause of the Constitution over rivers, harbors, creeks, cattle plagues, expo sitions, court houses, pensions, war claims and special services. "We have declared the internal revenue a war tax, denounced war taxes, and made the internal revenue a corner of our financial system. We, in Georgia, through our legislators, have twice demanded the repeal or the .very tax which the national party sustains. We, as a national party, have declared against customs, and have declared again that the 44 custom houses, from time immemorial, have been the main source of revenue, and so must con tinue to be." In one presidential campaign we relegated the protection orators to silence and turned loose the free traders; in another we gagged the free traders and set the protection orators free. We put our faith in Greeley once, and it is not improbable, if the force bill becomes, a national issue, that the South will support Blaine in the sime way. Sir, cur controlling thought for these twenty five years has been expedient. As liberal constructionists we have kept pace with the Republicans, but with less profit. In inconsistency we have led the world. These are truths not reviewed here to blame. They are developed in the analysis of the situation. However we have scrambled, it has been with one end in view. But the main fact is plain; there is no party in Georgia but ttie white man's party, call it what name we may. , li we have been at times unduly frightened by tbe black Banquo, if the politicians have skill fully buried all issues under pretense of burying Banquo, and have held to offices, we could not help the minor evils. We have had to consent to be corralled together, Democrats, Repub licans, Prohibitionists, anti-Prohibitions, Protectionists, Whigs and Lib erals, and held together as no such conflicting elements have been held ixice .man : sought office. It : would not have:: affected: the: result -had we chosen to call ourselves by any rone, of the names givan. Can itttaen be said that "democra cy " is threatened by the farmers' movement ? Would the situation oe changed for; the worse if all the heterogeneous interests bore the name alliance ? Perhaps, after all, only a few office holders are s-jnously threatened.- ' To the second question involved in the plea of expediency,-viz., 44 Does the farmers movement . interest the danger of negro predomination," there can be but one answer no ! So far as anything like a race war n con cerned, the fears that have been aroused are childish. The negroes of the South have no rallying: point. They differ in religion, in superstition, in ancestry, .in occupation. They are not even a race; they do not even possess a common color; they do not hope for a common destiny; they are divided in interests and occupation, and they have never given the slight est indication that they want a gen eral conflict. On the contrary, they have, many of them, purchased their own homes, and every home owner is a peace factor. One loan association in my native city, Macon, has loaned over $90,000 to negroes for home buildings, and I presume this is not an . exceptional case. Indeed, the acquisition of homes by negroes is one of the grand and gratifying fea tures of their growth into civilization. How in the name of reason can such a people, hopelessly in the minority, and scattered over a dozen States, be rallied to a war of races ? . The propo sition is not only impossible, but is ridiculous. t Such a thing could not be brought about twenty five years ago, when everything seemed to favor it. It cannot happen now. Local outbreaks will occur, as they occur all over the world between radically dif ferent people between Gentile and Jew in Europe, Hungarians and Penn sylvanians, Irish and Chinese, and even Protestants and Irish Catholics. With these, in the South, neighbor hood organizations or municipal au thorities have always dealt successful ly, and will so continue to deal. When they fail, the State troops can be invoked. So much for the race war, which, if it were possible, would at las' be fought chiefly by farmers. The whole issue, then, is narrowed dovn to this: 44 Does the farmers' movement increase the danger of negro predomination through the ballot ?" When we reflect that the farming elenent constitutes the vast majority of the people, that Georgia is an agri cultural country, and that business depends upon agriculture, and that it is the farmer who has most to do with the negro and the most to Jfear from him; that no legislation can be had advantageous to agriculture that will not benefit the negro; that the farmer can mo.e easily influence and control the negro, and that they already en- py their confidence more than does any other class, it would appear that the chances are in favor of relegating the matter to Alliance hands. And it can scarcely be dispu.ed, that an Alliai'C upon one and a common in terest, is' stronger tnan any political party can be where priucip'es conflict, however powerful the supreme idea of that party. And let us not forget that this same farming element is near and has always been, however dark the hour, the iron in the blood that pulsates from the heart of old Georgia. Sir, the new situation is not at all abnormal. We have simply been living under an abnormal situation. Three fourths of the white people, and these constituting the life of the great and necessary business of Georgia, have oeen held in political subjection for twenty five years. In all this time, aside trom a lew vapid and stereotype i phrases in relation to cheap axes, and blankets, robber barons and war tariffs, tiny have been taught nothing on na ional issues. I do not say they have learned nothing. And in all this time no legislation has been secured by them worthy of the name which has lightened their labors. And for these they have g ven un swerving allegiance, have stood to the polls with their lives in their hands and saved Georgia as well by night as by day. Their lives have been heroic. What they have suffer d and endured, only God, the silent fi Ids and the midnight hours may reveal. Sir, are nan tbey, under their 'chosen leaders, s istained by their friends and kindred ot the cities and towns and by a cour age and honesty unabated worthy of trust still? Every unbiased man must think so. Every reasonable Georgian who has Height enough to see over the heads of the demagogues that embarrass the b tuation the ban ner that is unfurled must bid it God speed and good cheer. The farmers' movement is judged in advance by the provisions of 44 the Sub Treasury bill." It cannot be sup posed that the measure is complete; that it cannot and will not be bettered. It must come up for discussion, and sooner or later it will come up. Then from it will be weeded, under wise consideration, the impractical features, if they exist. I do not discuss here the principle involved in this bill the principle of paternalism or of class legislation. This is already interwoven in the plat forms and the history of the Demo cratic party. It is just as legal to loan the Southern farmer millions upon his cotton as to loan millions to n&'ioii&l exnositions. It IS lust as legal to extend aid to Georgians, wjose year labor is endangered by corners in the markets, as to extend it tj flood sufferers or those whose year's labor is endangered by crumb Itng levees. It is as well within the Federal Constitution that we receive an appropriation to help the farmer market his crop profitably, as to open up creeks and rivers, and build hand some court houses. We may as con stantly ask for help in cotton as in cattle, for tbe speculator is not more dangerous to the owners xf one than is pleuro pneumonia to tbe ..other, and surely the pension extremesf for which a Djmocratic Hou3e is respon sible, are not more legal up North than down South, take what forms they may. But, sir, we need not proceed to these extremes. Fortunately for the argument, Mr.. Carlisle and the whole array of Georgia Congressmen, with possibly one exception, favor and sup port the' bonded warehouse system which markets the surplus corn, bar ley and rye of the great West, for in these warehouses lies, at last,- such market as this surplus may secure. It is true that ostensibly the object of the warehouse is to enable the gov ernment to collect its tax upon liquor, but lift a finger against the system and you will behold that vast ramifi cation of the interests involved. It is but lately that The Constitution drew upon itself the fury of the whole Western Democratic press by its op position to the internal revenue, and it is history outside of the West that the struggles of the friends of that in famous and undemocratic system to maintain it, wrtced the party and paved the way for the force bill, which is to-day pointed out as a reason why farmers should not interfere with the existing order of things. Sir, the whisky tax is collected all over the South without bonded warehouses. There is no bonded warehouse that 1 know of for our tobacco and the simple fruit brandies of our farm, for the products of our corn, rye and barley. And why is it not the paternal idea in government as just in Georg:a as iu Illinois ? Right or wrong, the west ern farmer, with the consent of the men we send to Congress, may turn h.s farm products into whisky, store it free of cost for three years, and from its quadrupled value pay the tax without hardship. Tiae govern ment stores his goods free and loans him he tax at six per cent, for three years. There is a difference in the Georgia situation, in that there is no Federal tax on cotton, but there is no difference in the class legislation of the West and that asked for by the South. ,The bonded warehouse is a convenience for the government and the western farmer, but it is no more necessary for either than ii govern mental interference in behalf of the Georgia farmer, whether it takes the form of loan or the reception of goods in bond and a negotiable receipt issued for the same. And it is too late now for the southern congressman to flee the issue or invoke ante bdlum party principles. It has come to this, the internal revenue system must be abol ished with all its golden facilities, or the principle it involves must be ex tended to Georgia and wherever asked. Frankly, though I am a farmer, I do not favor the paternal principle ; but as a farmer I demand, with others, that since it has become a feature of our government, we receive its benefits along with what evils it may bring. I have written from the standpoint of an Alliance man, but I am not a member of any Alliance. All who know me will understand that I am not a candidate for any office and have not the slightest idea of ever becoming a candidate. But I believe that in this letter will be found the sentiment of a vast number of your former readers who have not found time or means to make themselves heard, yet who should be heard while there is yet time. Nor is there any intention here to attack any man. But the great majority of voters have a right to demand that those who go to congress upon their ballots shall represent them in word and in deed. If this is denied, some good men may suffer, but in the light of the recent overwhelming defeats that the democrats have sustained in con gress, it cannot be said that any great leader is in danger of retirement. With a haadrul at his back Mr. Ran dall twenty years ago defeated the force bill, but scarce has the crape been removed from his desk before his party is gagged, overwhelmed and his labor brought to naught. Sir, let us give the farmer a chance. It is immaterial whether the banded white men of Georgia call themselves Alliance men or democrats, so that white supremacy is maintained. It is from the farmer that the negro must at least receive the technical education that is to redeem him. It is the farmer who must control him, and depend upon it. Democracy nor Georgia will not suffer, and the firesides of her peo ple will still be a safe place for women and children. Respectfully Harry Stillwell Edwards. Lookout Mt'n", Tenn , July 20th, '90. We are requested to state where the headquarters of the colored Alli ance is located. We believe J. S. Humphreys is the National President, and that his address is Dallas, Texas. EDITORIAL NOTES. Houstonville Alliance, 1,558, Iredell county, will hold basket picnic at Holly Springs churc? on the 15th inst. Prominent speak havebeen invited. 3 ,- We are requested to say tha there will be a meeting of the seer taries aud business agents of ViIke3 county, at Wilkesboro, on the ij;a inst, - It is important that every 3ec. retary and business agent attend. Once more we must say to the brethren and sisters, too, that we are waist deep in communications, resolu. tions, etc., and that is the reason that most of their articles don't appear promptly. The paper will not hold them. We return thanks to Bro. Frank Alstatt, of Merelton, Ark., for fcQ invitation to attend -a grand barbecue there on the 15th. He writes that he has recently organized eleven new Alliances in that section and that they are rapidly coming to the front. At the State Convention in Tennessee recently, the? balloted for four day for a governor. The Alii, ance candidate was finally nominated. We commend the pluck of our Ten nessee brethren, but four days j? nothing it will take four yean ani more to accomplish some thing, but we must persevere ! The Alliance Farmer of Topek t- " : iv an., gives lue louowing account of a recent meeting of the Shawnee County Industrial association held at Knights of Labor hall last Saturday. A resolution denouncing the article against L. L. Polk and Ralph Beau mont that ex Governor Crawford pub lished in the Capital was adopted. The next meeting will be held August 30th at the K. of L. hall. s(!s( Last week we mentioned ks a matter jf news that Hon. F. M. Sim mons had withdrawn from the Con gressional contest in the Second dis tnct, and that it was understood tha: Mr. J. M Mewberne was now tbe only candidate on the Democratic side A friend writes us that Mr. w. J Rogersy of Nothampton county, is i promiient candidate. We gladly make the correction. We had not read or heard that Mr. Rogers was a candidate and supposed that Mr. Mewberne was the only aspirant. The Progressive Farmer has been getting a number of large clubs of subscribers during this year. Recently we mentioned the fact that a club of 55 had been sent bv one gentleman, but Mr. H. Wyche. of Hallsboro, N. C, goes scill higher He sends a club of 63. Our Hallsbxc brethren have it in their bones. They mean business. Every mm, woman and every boy and girl should become an agent for Tub Progressive Fakmkr. Read the right kind of literature ami on we go to victory. If tto 'ail to re id and educate our progress w. ; 'e mu i slower. PRETTY GOOD. Tha Xews and Adve tsp,- aft- a: cusing us of jumping on sevora! payers in the S ate, say?: 44 But its attempts are abortive, as sued papers stand, betfer with pew than all the mushroom shsets 'i :e t!:e Southern Alliance Farmer in Christen dom.". Taere is one fact brought forth by this paragraph which the anti-AHUnce press had as well recognize. We have come up like a mushroom, our growth has been phenomenal jut like the growth of the Alliance which we represent, but we are here all the same. Yes, we are ' possibly a mush room, but the toughest one you ever found. Indeed it is much better to be a mushroom than a toad stool. Kx- ; j perts say there is only one way to tell the difference between mushrooms ; and toadstools, and that is to eat them. If they a-e mushrooms you live, and if they are toadstools you ! J die. The News and Advertiser says we are a mushroom. We are, ani those who imbibe the true, unadulter t j ated Alliance principles, which we ; advocate, live long and prosper, while j those who swallow the doctrine of the j toadstool press may as well " pass in J their chips." Here yet ! South- ( ; Alliance Farmer. f RESOLUTIONS. The following resolutions were passed at Montgomery last week a', the conclusion of a speech by Col. L L. Polk before the State Alliance: Resolved, That we fully endorse Ue spirit and the sentiments embodied'11 every sentence of the very able dress just delivered to us by Polk, and that we heartily thank i' for it. Resolved, That we send greet: to our brethren of the great Nor:: west, and say to them: 44 Hold j-e fort, for we are coming," lea vie g dead past behind us and looking t; the living future. . , Unanimously adopted by a ris-ct vote. When Wall street owns Secretary Windomnd he controls Preside0; Harrison, and he directs Speaker K?eu and he bosses the Hou3e of Represe tatives, it requires a vast amount faith to expect an increase of curren from such a combination. Fxc 1'j ' if u M f r
The Progressive Farmer (Raleigh, N.C.)
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Aug. 12, 1890, edition 1
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