Newspapers / The Progressive Farmer (Raleigh, … / Nov. 19, 1895, edition 1 / Page 1
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1 4 Largest Circula tioa of any Paper in the South At t Your Ad cement in Soil. lantic States. RALEIGH, N. C, NOVEMBER 19, 1895. 1. 10. No. 41 n EAE MK1R. - ii i f ' THE INDUSTRIAL AND EDUCATIONAL INTERESTS OF OUR PEOPLE PARAMOUOT TO ALL OTHER CONSIDERATIONS OF STATE POLICY. " " " NATIONAL. FARMERS' ALLI ' ANCE AND INDUSTRIAL UNION. -ssident J. TT. Willetts, Topeka, '-President II. C. Snavely, Leb ' Pa v .'retary-Treasurer Col. D. P. Dun - Columbia, S. C. EXEOUTIVK BOARD. L- Loucks, Huron, S. D. ; Mann T. V DftfVV r-i' Secretary. liarnsDurg, renuoji- a.va; Marion iiuuer, raueign, v. JUDICIAJJY. a. A. Southworth, Denver, Colo. - . i; W. liecK, AiaDama. l D. Davie, Kentucky H CAROLINA FARMERS' STATE ALLI ANCE. Pveeident Dr. Cyrus Thompson, :8-President J no. liraaam.iuuge N C -'-jretarj-Treaaurer W. 8. Barnes, V ijifa, C. ; , .Jturer J. T. B. Hoover, Elm City, : ;wara-Dr. V. N. Seawell, Villa aplain-Rev. P. 1. aiasaey, xur :. orNk(Sper-Geo. T. Lane, Greens N C distant Door keeper Jas. & Lyon, v " -m - I . . . ant-at Arms-A. D. K. Wallace, ierforitoo, N. C. Oe Business Agent-T. Ivey, lial N C "istee Business Agency Fund W. ;rahain, Machpelah, w. C. -ruTIVB CX)iIMITTKE OF THE NORTH iVhqusa farmers' state alliance, n F Hileman, Concord, N. C. ; N. English, Trinity, N. C. ; James M. :-'borue, Kins on, JN. u. . ..... t TT-rnTrrr pv nnMMlTl'tK.. J hn Graham. Gatesville, N. C; Dr. r Harrell, Whiteville, N. C. ; T. J. .cller, Acton, N. C. : h Carolina Reform Press Association. ' Zcers-J. L. Ravj; President; Secretary, PAPERS. n-- - . stnri?iin. KAleleh. N. C :::7V ' Hickory, N. C. '.w WMtakere. N. C. ' HuaTTc. nam v n. opuliet, Lumberton, N. C. 'eople's Paper. Charlotte, N. C. ' re&titule, Concoid, . C. ow-Koy Wadesboro, N. C. Jna Watchman. Sa icbury, N. C. ich of the above-named papers are ctitedto keep the list standing on "rJ page and add others, provided ere duly elected. Any paper fail , lo advocate the Ocala platform will Topped from the list promptly. Our .. .V can now see what papers are . iihed in their interest. AGRICULTURE. ie preparation of tbe soil for fruit 3 should be similar to that for other - .i . -1 - i .a t 1 . ,1 .3, excopi; inu n eac uiu uo piuwu jer&ndho ihorousblv rulverizod. 't) among your orchard trees often : u-h to perceive their wants. There th Thi3 is tbe saason to gather r ?prouts for a bonfire. i keep the fruit clean, the ground 1 baking, and to lengthen the fruit ?easoD, before strawberries begin pen mulch the ground around the - t3 with cut etraw or hay or lawn rings. Thus managed, a bed should . luce two lull crops. ) breeder or farmer who has ever :d any of the improved stock will thflf. f Vi r riA nativft tern a -Just, ra . The introduction of the draft nore than double the value of our ?e horses, and so can we say of our n And hr.cra r -e x salt with the food of the growing and give him a box of ashes into h a little sulphur ia thrown. This ents the loss of power in the hind .j uuuiixioii in mgeuy iea swine. ounda in six months, and be sold, ; will then pay better to give your to younger pigs. foung horse which has but little commend him, may be made a ! serviceable animal than one h is naturally brighter and more e, but has been never propeny ties which are wanting, but it can which is. 5 day will come when the farmer ; e close of the year, may take ac t cf his soil and the true value of irm will be found by adding the 3 of the plant food furnished and cting that carried off. He will upon hi3 farm as a factory where 3 material, chemicals and other izers are made into finished prod in the shape of grain and vege CLOVER AFTER CLOVER. It is a curious f act about clover that when a clover eod is plowed late in the fall and sown with winter grain it is impossible to get a good clover catch on this land the following season. We have seen this tried a great many times. If a seeding is desired, timothy should be sown heavily in the fall, as no mat ter how much clover seed is sown in spring, very little will be found by harvest time. The trouble is that the soil on the late turned sod cannot be got into proper mechanical condition. The sod holds the furrow up, leaving a vacant place under the surface, until its rotting in the spring causes the fur row to collapae. This occurs just about the time the young clover germinates As it catches hold of the soil the latter falls back and leaves the young clover plant exposed to the air, and a hot sun in April or May soon finishes it. Pos sibly a liberal use of the roller to com press the soil in the fall might make the clover seeding better, but there is sure to be a falling down of the furrow as turned in the fall when the sod be gins to rot the following spring. American Cultivator. Manure Has not of the same worth at at all times. When lean beasts are put up to fatten they at first exhaust the food much more completely than when they are nearly fattened, consequently the manure is very inferior at first, but it increases in quality as the animal in creases in flesh. GUARD AGAINST SINGLE CROPS. Diversified farming may seem to some farmers too much of a hobby in certain quarters, but experiments in that direction this season are certainly meeting reasonable anticipations. It would be a misfortune if wheat should pay so well this year as to induce any to look to it aa the sole depend ence in the future. It will need but few such seasons to forever dispel the delusion that any part of this north west is a one crop country. The gospel of a "littlo farm well tilled" ia full of promise for the future of this region. W e know of farmers in Minnesota who have made more off of eight acres, with a score of different products than many big wheat farms have netted. As suggestive of the benefits of irrigation, in a strongly diversified sense, as now successful in South Dakota, a farmer in Utah gave Joel Shoemaker, a census enumerator, these figures: He had 80 acres; 10 of orchard and vineyarc pro duced 12.250; 10 acres in beans, pota toea and corn yielded $750; 20 acres in alfalfa produced hay and seed to the value of $1,000; 20 acres in pasture fur nished feed for cows and hogs, and yielding in butter, pork and wool, $1, 500; 10 acres iu wheat and oats, $250; 5 acres in root crops produced 500; the other five acres were occupied by dwelling house, farm lawn, and stock yards, on which 110 stands of bees pro duced an average of $750. Total an nual receipts from 80 acres, $8,000. His land i3 irrigated, of course. Mr. Shoemaker says this is but one of many farms scattered through the Western States, showing what can be done by diversified farming. Northwestern Farmer. Avoid letting the manure lie all win ter, but put it upon the land now if the ground be level, where it will lie and soak during the autumn rains and win ter's freezing and thawing; its virtues will be ready to enter and be incor porated with the soil, with but a mini mum k S3 from evaporation. m m TOBACCO CULTURE AND FER TILIZATION. Correspondence of the Progressive Farmer. The methods of tobacco culture and curing are so various that it will be impossible in a short article to give any directions that will be of general ut?e. The preparation of tbe soil for the crop, and its eubquent cultivation and the curing of tha crop all vary with the regiorrand t he kind of tobacco that is grown. And to scmo extent the fer til ization will also vary with these differ ent conditions. For the growing of the heavy dark leaf, a soil abounding ia humus, and on which a growth of legumes has been buried, is essential, while for the golden leaf tobacco a smaller amount of nitrogenous matter ia needed. But no matter what kind of tobacco is grown, there is one requisite for all and this is potash in an available form. All growers under stand the need for an abundance of potash for this crop, but it ia not so generally known that the form in which the potash is supplied is more important than the potash itself. Farmers are too ready to assume that a low price per ton means cheap potash, and hence when they want potash, and see that kainit in the crude state is offered at about one fourth the price of the muriate and high grade sulphate, that it is the cheaper form, not reflect ing that the market price is based upon the amount of actual potash which the article contains. As the potash salts are all imported from Germany, the price at the seaboard is nearly uniform for the potash contained in each. But when the salts are shipped to the inte rior the cost of the potash in each form rapidly changes by reason of freight charges. It costs just as much to freight a ton of kaiait, containing 12 per cent, of potash, cs it does to freight a ton of muriate or sulphate contain ing 50 per cent, of potash. Any one then can see that the potash in the kainit rapidly becomes more costly than that in the more concentrated forms. But this increase in price is not the chief reasDn why tobacco grow ers especially should avoid the use of the crude salts of potash. Kainit has associatiated with it a very large per centage of the chloride of sodium (com mon salt). If this is applied to the to bacco crop it will result in serious dam age to the market value of the leaf, a3 it is well known that the chlorides are injurious to tobacco, particularly to that which is to bo burned. This will be noticed to a less extent when the muriate is used, but the muriate is still a chloride, and to be safe the chlo rides should be entirely av. ided, and potash should be applied to the tobacco crop only in the shape of the sulphate. There are two forms too of the sulphate, one of which has about 30 per cent, of potash, while the other or high grade has 50 per cent. It is always a matter of economy to buy the high grade sul phate, and if any one offers sulphate of potash at a particularly low price you may be sure that it is the low grade, and that if far in the interior the low price is only apparent, and that the actual potash costs more than in the higher priced high grade. The most complete fertilizer experiments on rec ord are those of the late Maj. Ragland for the Virginia station, and those made at the N. C. station. In the Vir ginia experiments it was found that the form in which the nitrogen was applied had as important a bearing upon the profit; of the crop as the form cf the potash, and that the organic nitrogen from dried blood gave by far the best results. The greatest profit per acre was where the soil was fertilized with the following mixture par acre: Dried blood 160 pounds. Sulphate of potash 120 pounds. Acid phosphate 114 pounds This gave an increased value in the crop over an unfertilized plat of $60.62 per acre, while the actual cost of the application was but $8 25. Where nitrate of soda was used to the same value as the dried blood as a source of nitrogen, the profit of the crop was not more than two-thirds as much as from the application of the dried blood, showing that the sodium salts even when not in the shape of a chloride may have an injurious effect, and re futing the notion that some are per sistently advocating that soda can take the place of potash in any of our cultivated plants. The soda in the nitrate did not help out the potash at all, but really retarded its effects when it was applied in connection with it as a nitrate, possibly by checking the nitrification of the organic nitrogen al ready in the soil, while the ammonia in the blood simply promoted the com plete nitrification of all at hand. In the fertilization of the tobacco crop it is important not only to avoid the chlo rides, but the chloride of sodium in particular, and to use potash, which is the most important element for this crop, only in the form of a high grade sulphate. W. F. Massey. HORTICULTURE METHOD OF CULTIVATING RASP BERRIES. I grow my raspberries, writes a cor respondent, in hills eight feet apart, I would advise them to be 10 feet apart. They should be hoed, manured, and cultivated well. In each hill there should be four or six canes, and if you grow them to any extent you should run the cultivator through to keep down tbe suckers, and all useless canes, except the ones you intend for next year's fruit. Leave oniy the strong, healthy, new canes; I think it is a good thing to keep them about six feet high. Don't let them come up as high as eight or 10 feet. You will have a better crop by keeping them lower. I don't pro tect them at all in the winter, but some of the tender ones I have laid down under the anow, that is, laid them down and let the snow cover them. I have my raspberries eight feet apart each way. I plant them that distance apart for the purpesa of being able to run the cultivator through them. PLANTING OUT EVERGREENS. As a rule it ia more difficult to trans plant evergreens than deciduous trees, just because the foliage is always pres ent in the evergreens, whereas you can plant the others when it is not. But by taking evergreeus just in the begin ning of the spring, before they start int6 growth, if the season is not excep tionally dry, they are easily trans planted. The secret of transplanting them successfully is to transplant them when they are quite young, then let them stand for two years, take them up and eet them further apart, give them two years more and then trans plant them again. If evergreens were transplanted four times before they came into the hands of the purchaser thej would hardly meet with a death. But most men would sooner pay a few cents apiece for trees which have been transplanted once than pay a higher price for trees which have been fre quently transplanted. Our people have not yet been educated into a knowl edge of the difference as they have been in Europe. My advice, says a farmer, would be, unless the ground is in extraordinary good condition, to take the young trees as they are received from the nursery and make nursery rows of them, give them a little care until they arrive at the height of 18 inches or two feet, and then put them into permanent position. They would n quire from two to three years to grow to this height, and would then be a good size to transplant. After that their ordinary growth is two to three feet per year in good soil, and fully two feet in any soil, so that in six or eeven years tbe farmer would have a good shelter. Farmers' Voice. u.orses doing ordinary work drink from seven to nine gallons of water a day, oxen nearly as much, but cows warmly housed and deeply milked re quire more. Very injurious to animal health is organic filth dissolved or sus pended in the water, and cattle should have none but the freshest and purest. This is no idle statement. LETTERS BY TELEGRAPH. A System by Which, It Is Said, Two Hundred Words Are Printed a Minute. After laboring for fifteen years on the problem of rapid telegraphy by means of the typewriter, a St. Louis inventor claims to have solved it. The system is said to print telegraphic messages at the rate of 200 words a minute. The message is dictated straight to the typewriting operator. By a device attached to the typewriter a paper rib bon about an inch wide, is perforated by a series of holes varying in position and number according to the character represented. The actual perforation of the tape is net done directly by the operator. If the right letter is struck on the koy board the machine auto mat'cally does the rest. When the message is finished the ribbon is fed into another machine. In its passage over a roller small metallic fingers press upon it, and as different holes ccme under the fingers electrical connection is made with the metal roller beneanb, which produces the necessary letters. This machine is in synchronism with another machine at the other end of the line, and whatever letters are pro duced on one machine, say in New York, are instantly reproduced on the other machine, say in Washington. The invention can be applied to any standard typewriter. In the case of large business firms, newspaper corre spondents or others using the telegraph extensively, punchers and ribbons would be attached to the typewriters in their office3, and the message would be delivered to the telegraph office on spools ready for instant dispatch. By the new method all possibility of tap- ping or rubbing the message is obvi ated. The system ia ten times swifter than the Morse, and has the additional advantage of turning out the message on page form ready for delivery. The cost of transmission ia brought very low, and the possibilities of the system are suggested by the fact that business men, instead of see ding their letters by mail, can have them sent by wire at the same cost as special delivery. POULTRY YARD FEEDING CAPONS. The question ia of ten asked : 4 'How are capons to be fed ?' The answer is easily giveD. After caponizing give the bird all be will eat of soft feed, and let him have plenty of water. Capon izid fowls begin to eat almcst imme diately after the operation ia per formed, and no one would think for a moment that a radical change had been made in their nature. Now leave the bird to himself, as for the time being he is his own doctor. It is well to look him over two or three days after the operation, as in breathing, the air some times gets in under the skin, causing "wind puff," or a elight swell ing, in other words. Simply prick through the skin at the sides with a sharp needle, gently pressing at the same time, when the air will be ex pelled and the capon relieved. Within 10 day 8 frc m tbe operation it would be difficult to find where the incisions were made. A day or so after capon izing the bird should be allowed to run at large, treating him just the same as any growing poultry would be treated. EGG INSPECTION. By holding an egg up between the eye and the light an expert can at once tell the purpose for which it is particu larly intended and promptly pronounce as to its destiny. There is the egg which exhibits a small cloud floating in an orange sea. This egg finds its way to an humble saloon and is beaten up into a 4 'golden fizz'' to soothe the weary palate of the retired politician. Again there is the egg which shows a galaxy of crimson stars, intimating that the industrious hen that laid it is suffering frc m the heat and needs rest. This egg finds its way to the quiet restaurant, whither the sign, 'Meals, 5 cents," beguiles the hungry wanderer. A third egg shows a dark, solid body surrounded by vapory liquid. It abounds in the generous barrel hou3ec, whose motto is, "An egg or a clam lityery drink." and where the gay and careless reveler saya, "You spoke late," when the hapless chicken squeaks at the moment of deglutition. A fourth egg, light in veight and of a sickly green complexion, sprinkled with dark blotches, ia popular at po litical meetings where the audience is not quite in harmony with the speaker. But above all, there is the hones, flawless, unexceptionable egg proudly laid upon fresh straw by a kind and wholesome hen. This is the legitimate egg of commerce that makes the whole world happy every morning. South ern Farm. BREEDING. The subject of in-breeding, that is breeding fowls who are akin, is one upon which there is much to be said on both sides. Against the practice it may be said that the tendency of close breeding is always to reduce vigor and stamina, and nothing but uncommon strength of constitution in the stock can withstand this tendency towards deterioration. In favor of the practice, all breeders are aware that character istic marks or traits may be' fixed more rapidly and surely by in-breeding than out breeding, except such traits or qualities as great size or vigor, which are directly attached by close breeding. Close breeding has filled many a poul try yard with weakly, roupy fowls. The advice of a writer, therefore, is that in-breeding should be avoided by the amateur. Change the cock every year and eee that he is a robust, lively bird. When the amateur has a flock of pure breeds, and desire3 to keep them so, and it is impracticable to get a cock of a different strain, we would advise that j ou breed the old cock to the young pullets, or the young cock to the old henp. Never, under .any circumstances allow breeding where the relationship ia so close as brother and sister. THE POULTRY QUARTERS. a fie warmers- voice: 'mere is a great amount of material damage done if the greater part of the fowls on the farm roost out during the summer. Iu fact in a majority of cases roosting in trees or even on fences is preferable to roo3tiDg in a filthy, over crowded poultry house as would usually be the case if all the poultry hatched during the spring and summer were compelled to roost in the average poultry house. But more or less of the fowls will be sold off during the summer and early fall and there should be quarters that are dry, comfortable and roomy for all the fowls that are to be kept through j i the winter. There should be room for the nests, for the rocsts and a place to feed, and this should be sufficiently large to admit of the fowls having plenty of opportunity to exercise, aa during the winter there will be more or less day 8 that it will b9 necessary to keep confined. On the farm usuallv it ig best to allow the fowls to run out every day that the weather will per mit, but in doing this care must ba taken not to needlessly expofie. In locating the poultry house a dry place, one that is easily drained, should be selected ; it is very important that tho quarters be dry. When other things are aa convenient, one of the best places to put the poultry house is in the orch ard, aa they will benefit the soil and the trees while the fowls will have the benefit of the shade and the fruit. There ia no necessity for building a costly poultry house, in fact, in a ma jority of case3 it ia not good economy to do so. A rough board house with the cracks carefully stuffed and lined with tarred paper with a tight roof will answer. A shed roof with the lovfr side to the South and plenty of light, arranged as convenient as possible will answer. Two by four inch scantlings planed smooth make good rocsts and they should ba arranged so that they can readily be taken down and cleaned. The nest boxea should be arranged in the same way. There should be a dust bath' arranged in one corner and a small box that can be kept filled with sharp grit in another. It ia quite an item to have convenient, and their comfort should be an important item. The shelter should be arranged now as soon as possible. N. J. Shepherd. Miller Co, Mo MACHINE TELEGRAPHY CRAIG SYSTEM. In some way the ring within the King of telegraph monopolists has obtained its enormoua wealth. Oao 'way" has been by the purchase, or so called "con solidation" of competing lines. The Western Union paid $23,400,000 (twen ty-four million four hundred thousand dollars) for property worth about $2,- 500,000. The innermost manipulators had the conduct of the negotiations which culminated in this immense ag gregate transaction. The other "way" is by the exclusive advance possession of the market news of the world. This last named method of reaping colossal gains, with which the ordinary stock holder has nothing to do, is a continu ing source of revenue to the Ring; and for the perpetuating of this income a high rate of charges for telegraphing must, if possible, be maintained. Reasonable rates for the people would destroy the bureau which plays with the price lists of staples in the principal markets of the globe. If any merchant, any farmer, could ascertain the market quotations of tbe world's great porta at any time on approximately equal terms by those possessed and enjoyed by the ring bureau of tho telegraph monopoly, such opportunity would deprive the ring men of many millions of dollars of annual extortion. It often happens that a knowledge of the last Exchange Board sale of one of the great staple articles of trade, for a period of ten minutes in advance of general press announcement, is worth millions of dollars to those ring workers. Do you now distinctly understand why telegraph tolla in this country are maintained at from three to ten times as high aa they are in nations which own and operate a genuine postal telegraphy. For several reasons the monopolists have their agents at Washington and elsewhere, opposing every movement that really has any importance, or promises or threatens to be of any con sequence, in the direction of the estab lishment of a postal telegraph. But among theso reasons, the greatest, the most operative in tbe minds of the managers of the monopoly, ia this last named. Yet it is the truth that our people are the victims of the most oppressive ex tortion in the matter of charges for telegraphing in this country. It ia the truth, that by passing a genuine postal telegraph bill and adopting the Craig Machine method of telegraphing, our government could connect every post effice in the Union with all receesary wiring, and at a largo profit to tho national treasury send twenty-word messages between all points for ten cents per message, and impartially dispatch all press items between all points for twenty cents per hundred words. S- F. Star. Bead the offer at bottom of fifth page and send us a dollar.
The Progressive Farmer (Raleigh, N.C.)
Standardized title groups preceding, succeeding, and alternate titles together.
Nov. 19, 1895, edition 1
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