Largest Circola
tion of any Papcx
in the South Afe
lantlc State.
!0t Your Ad
visement in
cb Soil.
THE INDUSTRIAL AND EDUCATIONAL INTERESTS OF OUK PEOPLE PAKAMOUNT TO ALL OTHEK CONSIDERATIONS OF STATE POLICY.
RALEIGH, N. C, DECEMBER 3, 1895.
roi. 10-
No. 43
33 NATIONAL FARMERS' ALLI
ANCE AND INDUSTRIAL
UNION.,
president J. F. Willetta, Topeka,
Vice-President H. C. Snavely, Leb
ion Pa
goer fjtary-Treasurer Col. D. P. Dun
a, Columbia, 8. C.
EXECUTIVE BOARD.
II L. Loucks, Huron, 8. D. ; Mann
ire Brandon, Virginia; I. E. Dean,
,noye Palls, New York; H. C. Dem
ng, Secretary. Harrisburg, Pennsyl
nia; Marion Butler, Raleigh, N. C.
JUDICIARY.
B. A.. Southworth, Denver, Colo,
t W "Rot Alabama.
. D. Davie, Kentucky.
INSECTS
INJURIOUS
BACCO.
TO TO-
I
ia CAROLINA FARMERS' OTaTK ALU-
1 ABU.
president Dr. Cyrus Thompson,
dhlanda, J O.
f ice-President Jno. Graham.Kidge
fvTtary-Treasurer W. 8. Barnes,
letarh, N". C.
fcturer J. T. B. Hoover, Elm City,
!?eard-Dr. V. N. Seawell, Villa
N C
Sapiain Rev. P. H. Massey, Dur
n. N. C.
oor keeper Geo. T. Lane, Greens-
o N C.
distant Door keeper Jaa. E. Lyon,
-ergean?-at Arms-A. D. K. Wallace,
iherforitoa, N. C.
rato Business Agent T. Ivey, Ral-
rustoeBusiness Agency Fund W.
3rraham, Machpelah, N. C.
CXjnVE COMMITTEE OF THE NORTH
.BOUNA FARMERS' STATE ALLIANCE.
F Hileman, Ooncord, N. C. ; N.
ingli-h. Trinity, N. C; James M.
wborne, Kms on, N. C.
n ALLIANCE JUDICIARY COM5HTTEE.
3hn B-ady, Gatesville, N. C; Dr.
. . Harreil, Whiteville, N. C. ; T. J.
idler, Acton, N. C.
th Carolina Reform Press Association.
peers J. L. Ramsey, President;
rion Butler, Vice-President; IF. S.
-nes, Secretary,
PAPERS.
rsaalve Farmer, State Orgn, Relgh, N. O.
caalan. ,allKh' S' '
Hickory, N. C.
tlr Wnltakers, N. C.
Home. Beaver Dam, N. C.
Populist, Lumberton, N. C.
People's Paper, Charlotte, N. C.
Vestibule, Concord, N. C.
Plow-Boy. Wadesboro, N. C.
ciina Watchin, 8a isbury, N. C.
lacn of the above-named papers are
netted to keep the list standing on
urst vage and add others, provided
S are duly elected. Any paper fail
to advocate the Ocala platform will
ii-Gi jted from the list promptly. Our
can now see what papers are
vCthsd in their interest.
LGEICULTUBE.
'he best time to sell butter is when
3 lirst made. The longer it is kept
larger its deterioration both in
iliry and quantity. It may surprise
ae people to know that butter loses
weight, and if much exposed to the
this loss is a material one when the
ce is high. There is seme water in
buttor, and as tha water evaporates
p'a.-e is filled by air. This intro
:e germs into the butter and injures
keeping qualities.
outhern rice planters are complain
of the low prices and in many sec
as are little encouraged to put in the
acreage next year. Large grow
, where well situated, are as a rule
i disturbed. Many small farmers in
Icasiou county, La , have stacked
ir rice, permitting it to go through
! sweating process before threshing.
3 feeling there is bitter against the
ust," claiming the middleman gets
irly all the prc-fiis, and many grow
; are d.spc sed to hold their rice.
)ry corn cobs do not burn with a
y fierco flame, but eaturate two or
eet.f them with kercs?ne oil and
5y will easily light a fire. They are
5 very beat material for this purpose,
they will hold more oil than any
id of wood. It is by saturating c0me
ng with kerosene oil that this
)u!d always be us-d for kindling
?. There is no daDger from kero
19 if it is used in this way, and it is
quick way to make a brisk fire on
id mornings when getting the fire go
t quickly is un important item for
tnfort.
It is a mistake to bfgin feeding stock
fit has recently been at pasture with
e coarse fedder exclusively. Some
tin ehould go with it, else the animal
Ay get a setback which no after food
e ling will overcome. Of course the
nutritious odder has to be fed at
tnetime. It is well to give at first, and
t the animal eat what it will of thin,
a better feed at noon and at
?ht. Stock that is fed three times a
iy always has the best appetite in the
Crning and it is then that the. lesa
datable and nutritious portions of the
Uion can best be given.
The tobacco worm, or horn caterpil
lar, is the chief pest of the tobacco field.
It is the larval stage of the large and
beautiful night flying moth Plegethon
tius Carolina. Toe moths usually ap
pear in June and July, and the female
lays her eggi singly on the upper sur
face of the leaves of the tobacco plant.
The eggs hatch in about 24 hours and
the worms at once begin to eat. They
soon bore through the leaf and there
after feed upon the urderside. The
"worm" reaches its full growth
in August or September, and
soon after leaves the plant and
burrows into the ground, where
it enters into the pupal stage
and remains dormant until the succeed
ing summer. Some times the earlier
hatched worms complete their trans
formation and the perfect moth issues
in the fall and lays eggs upon the sec
ond growth tobacco, upon which the
worms mature and enter the ground as
above stated.
Ask the average farmer if he gives
any time and attention to his poultry,
and he wiil tell you, no; the women
folks gather the eggs and raise a few
young ones, out tney ao not pay. ui
course they do not, nor would the cat
tle, horses or pigs if looked after the
same slipshod manner.
RED CLOVER AS A RENOVATOR.
Correspondence of the Progressive Farmer.
Every one who raises stock recog
nizes the value of clover as a feed stuff,
but few appreciate its true value as a
renovator. Clover can be profitably
grown in many sections of the South
where it is now not even known. Some
one will try to grow it in a spasmodic
way, and failing, will publish it far and
near that red clover in the Gulf Stat as
is a failure ; or that its growth cannot
be depended on in the South Atlantic
States.
It is true that it makes a poor growth
on a light sandy soil, but there are sec
tions in all the Southern States that
are well adapted to the growth of clover
as far the soil is concerned. The long
hot summers and occasional drougths
are of course damaging. The bad
effects of summer can be somewhat
overcome by planting in the fall and
allowing the crop to grow through the
winter and make what it will before
the hot weather comes on.
The second trouble is liable to occur
anywhere and can be obviated to a
great extent by deep preparation of
the soil, and deep drainage. In this
way our cultivated crops are bridged
. mm t
over a aroutn ana or course tne same
holds good for clover.
So any lime, clay, loam, or any
soil inclined to be stiff, that is
well drained and plowed deep will
grow clover, provided it has enough
fertility in it to give the clover a good
start. But this last proviso is the idea
that is to be impressed. Clover h one
of the best renovators, but it requires
considerable encouragement on poor
land. Like the Poland China hog it
will make splendid returns for t xtra
attention.
On this soil it is often not only r.d vis
able, but even necessary to manure the
crop to start with. It is quite a com
mon practice in seme sections to give
top dressing of land plaster, but on
naturally poor soils; or those worn
down to the clay, a good supply of
fertility must be added in some form.
Manure i3 the surest fertilizer to use.
but the immense cost precludes the
possibility of using it on large areas.
The barnyard manure is good as far as
goes, but the trouble on our Southern
farms is it does not go far enough.
Now we must look about for a sub
stitute. We want to renovate the land
and we select clover to do this, but the
clover must get some help. What will
it be? It seems that eomt thing rich in
nitrogen would be called for, as clover
i3 a heavy nitrogen feed, but such is
not the case, for just there is where
clover is such a cheap renovator. It
has the peculiar faculty of storing up
nitrogen, which is the most expensive
of the three essential elements, in fact
it costs over twice as much as the phos
phorus or potash and more than both
combined.
It does seem that the matter of re
storing worn soils is very much simpli
fled. If it is possible to store up nitro
gen in an available form in the soil, to
say nothing of the phosphorus and pot
ash also laid up for future use, we can
soon bring poor soils up to a high state
of cultivation.
In addition to this movement in the
soil we are growing a valuable feed
stuff. So with a good, liberal applica
tion of potash and phosphorus in some
form, and if the land is very poor add
nitrogen, we may reasonably expect a
paying crop and a renovating crop at
the same time.
October is a good time to sow. Plow
deep with a two-horse plow, cut up the
land thoroughly with a disc harrow,
followed by a smoothing harrow, then
sow your seed either with a hand sown
or seed drill, and follow with a drag or
a roller. If manure is used put on the
land broadcasu before it is turned, or
just ahead of the disc harro v. If com .
mercial fertilizer is used put on just
ahead of the disc harrow. ,
About five hundred pounds of com-:
mercial fertilizer will suffice, eay 200
pounds of phosphorus, 200 cotton eeed
meal, and 100 kainit. From ten to fif
teen pounds of seed are sown to the
acre.
Cut when first heads begin to mature
next season, greza lightly afterwards;
but again second season, and turn
under sod in time to make a corn crop.
B Irby,
Prof, of Agriculture N. C. College of
Agriculture.
m m m
LIBERAL WINTER WHEAT SEEDING.
Except in Illinois and Missouri, there
appears to be an increase in the acre
age of fall sown wheat in every State
of importance east of the Rocky Moun
tains, according to returns to American
Agriculturist. Assuming that the Cali
fornia area to be sown will equal that
of the past year, the total winter wheat
area seeded for the coming crop would
seem to be slightly less than 26.000,000
acres. This is an increase over the
area harvested this year of 1.500,000
acres, but it is an increase more appar
ent than real. A considerable portion
of the area sown last fall was not har
vested, over 2.000,000 acres being aban
doned in Kansas alone. Part of this
has been reseeded in this State, and
this increase, together with the actual
increase in other States, is sufficient to
make the area now seeded almost iden
tical with the acreage planted last fall.
The winter wheat prosoect has not
firtir of 'Oregon..
districts where the heaviest crop was
expected. The shrinkage, while not
serious, is enough to reduce the aver
age yield for the country to moderate
figures. While the total crop is the
largest ever grown, it is the result of
the heavy acreage rather than an over
abundant yield. Central Illinois, Kan
sas and local districts in Iowa are most
affected by this diminished expecta
tion. To all outward appearances ears
as they hung in the husk were filled,
but an actual handling of the crop as
reported by American Agriculturist's
complete corps of correspondents in
every surplus State develops the fact
that the hot, dry weather experienced
during the last six weeks of the grow
ing season caused some premature
ripening, shortened the ear and left the
grain a trifle chaffy. Of course these
conditions, in extreme, only occur it
rather limited districts, but the dam
age in the aggregate was large.
The acreage was estimated in July at
81.763,000 acres, and our final investi
gation makes but litt'e change, the
area harvested being estimated at 81,
488,000 acres. The average yield is re
turned at 27 9 bushel?, making a total
crop cf 2,272,378.000 bushels. The rate
of yield is less than 1 bushel above the
yield from the crops of 1889 and 1891,
but the total product is 160,000,000
bushels larger than in 1889, the largest
previously grown. The detailed crop
by States is estimated as follow :
CORN YIELD BY STAGES.
THE DjotS? R."V.
this date in any recent year. It is late,
small, slow in growth and lacking in
vitality. There is of course yet ample
time for recovery, and for further ger
mination, should an abundance of
moisture be received and trying
weather of winter be long deferred.
The condition of the plant, however,
is such that it will be little able to with
stand even the ordinary vicissitudes
should an early winter come upon the
present dry bed.
The increased acreage in the Ohio
and Missouri valleys has been largely
brought about by the desire to return
part of the corn land of this year to
meadow, and what has been sown as a
nurss crop with grass. Had the season
even been reasonably favorable for
seeding the acreage planted would have
been much larger than it is. This is
especially true in Kansas, where the
present area appears to be about 3,230,
000 acres, or at leaBt 1,000,000 smaller
than the area sown last fall. Seeding
has been prosecuted under decidedly
unfavorable circumstances. Not only
has the fall been the driest since signal
service records are available, but it
follows two years of short rainfall and
the ground is dry both on the surface
and down to a depth almost without
parallel in the history of agriculture.
The outlook in Indiana and Ohio is
very poor. Where any growth has
been made the plant is small, late and
with deficient root growth, fails to
cover the ground well and is lacking
in vigor. Michigan alone reports a
favorable eeed time, good growing
weather and a satisfactory outlook. In
Illinois conditions are varied, but in no
section has rainfall been sufficient
With the exception of a few unimport
ant counties in the southern part of the
State, and scattered localities in the
southeast, nothing favorable can be
said of the Missouri crop. Kansas re
turns are conflicting. The local rains
have supplied sufficient moisture in
some districts, while in others the seed
planted still lies in a bed of dust, where
not blown entirely out of the ground.
The percentages of area sown as
compared with acreage harvisted are
as follows by States:
New York 100
Pennsylvania.. .101
Texas 102
Arkansas 103
Tennessee 99
Kentucky 101
Ohio 105
Nebraska 125
THE RECORD BREAKING CORN CROP.
Husking has developed some disap
pointment in the yield of corn in many
Michigan ... 112
Indiana .... 102
Illinois 95
Wisconsin. . 108
Iowa 115
Missouri 90
Kansas 170
Average 109 1
Acres. Yield.
N. Y 510 000 32 0
Pa 1.302.000
Texas 3 583 000
Art 2.104,000
Tenn 3 361.000
W.Va.... 711,000
Ky 3 164,000
Ohio 3 237 000
Mich 1,073,000
Ind 3 925 000
Illinois 7 850 000
Wis 1.250.000
Minn 1.192 000
Iowa 7 744 000
Missouri.. 6 688 000
Kinsas ...8 499,000
Nebraska .6 518 000
N. Dakota 24 000
8. Dakota. 1,104,000
California. 74 000
15 000
11,000
Other ....17. 549, 000
32 5
30.0
24 0
26 5
27 0
32 0
31 0
29 5
35 5
36 0
32 0
310
38 0
35 2
25 0
16 5
22 2
13 2
29 2
23 0
20 0
19 0
Bushels.
16 320.000
42 315 000
116 089 000
50 496 000
89 067 000
19,197,000
101,248 000
100 347 000
31 654 000
139,338,000
282 600 000
40 000,000
37.952 000
294,272 000
235 418 000
212 475.00U
107 547,000
5 328 000
14,573 000
2.146 000
345 000
220.000
333.431,000
Total,
81,488,000 27 9 2,272,e87,000
American Agriculturist.
WALNUT
CULTURE
SOUTH.
AT THE
E. T. W. Wilmington, N. C.I have
about three and a half acres of land
for which I have no usa now; it has
grown up to pinas. How will it do to
plant it to our native walnuts, soy
15x15 feet, making about 196 trees to
the acre! What would be the best
time to plant? How should they be
planted ? What kind of manure is best
to use? What age nuts are best? Should
they be planted with the outside hulls
on them or not?
Answer. Clear the pines away and
got the land in good order. Do not
burn the pines on the land, as the ashes
will be worth less than the vegetable
matter you will destroy in the burning.
Keep the walnuts in the outer cover
till ready to plant, for if . they are
allowed to become dry, they will not
grow well. Check out the land eight
feet each way, and at each intersection
plant two or three nuts to insure a
stand. The planting should be done
this fall as soon as you can get the land
ready. Cultivate the first season as
you would corn, and take out the sur
plus trees in the fall so as to leave one
at each place. These surplus trees will
be of use to replace where there has
been a failure. At the end of the sec
ond year, you will have a lot of trees
that will be of salable size and you may
dispose of all so cs to leave the trees
standing 16 feet each way. In the
course of time, you will find that this
is too close; but by that time the trees
will have attained a size that will give
them some value as timber, and an
other thinning as before may be made,
leaving them 32 feet apart. Acid phos
phate and potash will make a good
dressing for the trees while small, but
it will hardly pay to manure them at
all. They should be well cultivated
till July each year, and then the ground
sown to peas, on which hogs could be
pastured in the fall when mature, pro
provided they have nose jewels to pre
vent their rooting. The soil treated in
this way will soon get fertile enough.
W. F. Massey.
Would you not rather vote for what
you want and not get it than to vote
for what you do not want and get it?
Then why do you vote for a goldbug
party when you want free silver I
Advocate, Salt Lake, Utah.
PROFITABLE BUTTER MAKING.
Correspondence of the Prorassive Farmer.
I think that it will make every one
who owns cows a better dairyman to
eib uuwu buu uuuipure me present
price of butter with that of other farm
products.
It is not necessary here to make quo
tations on grain, vegetables and pork,
common agricultural products, for we
all know how low they are, but let us
think a moment on butter.
Butter that has any decent quality
about it at all is in most localities
bringing not less than twenty cents per
pound, and it should be accounted poor
milk that will yield less than five
pounds of butter to the hundred weight.
Can't you eeo that if you judiciously
put some of the cheap grain into your
cows now, the twenty cent butter that
it will make will pay you better than
any other farm product?
If you should so prefer you can let a
creamery do the making for you, but
the profits of this plan will depend
. . .
largely on your own capability as a
butter maker.
I hear some say, "But my milk will
not produce near five pounds of butter
to the hundred."
Perhaps you do not know how much
it could be made to produce, for you
may not be getting the butter all out
of it.
The Babcock test will tell you what
per cent, of butter it ought to yield, and
it is your duty to your own interests to
employ a method of cream extraction
that will give you practically all the
butter fat.
The old careless way of setting the
milk in pans and crocks in the kitchen
pantry will not do this, nor will it re
sult in butter of good quality and
flavor.
The dairy room must be entirely
separated from the living apartments,
and means taken to secure all of the
cream. This can be accomplished by
correctly practicing the coldjdeep set
ting or Swedish system, and if prac
ticed in a good portable creamery
many economies and conveniences
will result." ' "
Whether your method be by cold
deep setting of the milk, or extraction
by the hand separator, keep the whole
process, including the butter making,
entirely apart from the kitchen. If
you don't your butter may not bring
more than a shilling a pound.
Bear constantly in micd above all
things that after you have secured
good cows and feed them scientifically,
and practice all of the arts of fine but
ter making, you still may not be mak
ing money because your skim milk is
too rich.
It is very important to think on and
act on these facts now at the beginning
of winter, when butter making is so
far ahead of other farm interests in
point of profit. - Geo. E. Newell.
QUALITY OF BUTTER OF THE
BREEDS IN THE WORLD'S
FAIR TESTS.
Correspondence of the Progressive Farmer.
All the butter made in the Chicago
tests was scored by experts, appointed
by Chief Buchanan, who were prac
tical men, standing high in their call
ing. A sample of the butter was taken
each day by the butter maker. This
butter was e cored about once a week.
None of the judges scoring had any
means of knowing what butter they
were judging. When the scores were
made up they were sent to Chief Bu
chanan, who, after detaching the names
of the scorers, sent the scores to the
Testing Committee for entry and rec
ord. It was impossible for the judges
to know what butter they were scoring,
except such knowledge as they would
obtain of the general characteristics of
the breeds. The scale of points was as
follows: Flavor, 55; grain, 25; solidity,
10; color 10. The prices allowed for
the butter were as follows:
That scorirg from
75 to 80 points, 25c. per pound.
80 " 5 " 30c
85 44 90 " 35c.
90 " 95 li 40c.
95 " 100 " 45c. " 14
Those who have followed these tests
are aware that the Jers3ys won at
every point- in quantity of milk, quan
tity of solids other than butter fat,
quantity of butter, quantity of cheese,
and in net profit. But it is an import
ant matter to determine which of the
breeds produced the highest quality of
butter. Inasmuch as that scoring
highest was rated at the highest price,
the value per pound of butter fixed
under the scoring before referred to
will determine the relative merits of
1 1
the butter of the various breeds. An
examination of the average price per
pound of the butter in the 90 and 3
days tests will show that theJereoy
butter was the highest in quality ia
both, the average price per pound for
the three breeds being as follows: In
the 90 days' tret-Jerteys, 40 88 100c r
fm
guernseys, 40 33 100; Short Horns, 40s.
In the 30 days' test Jerseys, 46 5-100c. ;
Guernseys, 45 53100c; 8hort-Hornsr
45 66 lfXhj. These figures prove most
conclusively that the Jersey butter
was that possessing thehighest quality.
Western dairymen labor under a
great disadvantage in the fact that
usually the water they give thsir cow
is surface water, and not to bo com
pared with the clear spring water which
tho dairymen of New EngLnd and thr
dairy regions of New York have ia
great abundance. This matter of pur
water will probably always give th
dairymen of the East an advantage.
They have also sweeter and better pas
tures than can be found in the Westers
States, where the soil has only been
turned to dairying after its mineral
plant food has become too exhausted to
grow grain with profit.
CHURNING AND SALTING.
There are very few farmers' wives
who ever think of using a thermometer
with the churn. Some times the but
ter wiil churn in ten minutes and soma
times it will take hours. Another
reason why dairy butter is poor and of
uneven quality is that farmers' wives
take the milk and skim it and put tha
cream in a crock; the next night they
do the same, and continue doing eo
until they have sufficient for a churn
ing. The consequence is that th
cream has not the same consistency,
some of it is acid and some is sweet; it
has not all ripened. It is placed all to
gether in the churn, without any r
gard to the temperature, and soma
times it comes out white, curdy or
stringy, and they are never sure what
they are making. Cream requires to
be ripened. The uneven quality of our
butter arises from ignorance of ths
process of butter making, and the want
of attention to details. Butter is gen-"
erally too much salted for an export
article. Butter with half an ounce of
pure pulverized salt to the pound suits
the English market best That is half
the quantity the United States dairj
men use.
The hog has less hair than other do
mestic animals, and it is especially
liable to be injured by dampness,
Where a number of pigs are kept to
gether they will pile over each others
and if the quarters are at all damp,
they will be reaking with sweat and
wet in the morning. In most places
the feeding place is much less protected
from the wind than is the sleeping pen.
We have often seen hogs roused froci
their warm bed and standing shivering
with cold while eatiog their breakfast
In this way many fattening hogs tak&
severe colds. This, of course, interferes
with their thrift, and, what is even
more important, the pork made from,
such hogs will not be healthful for
those who eat it.
POOR FEED, POOR MILK.
The cow is a machine for turning
food into milk, and it matters not hovr
good the machine is, it cannot work
without material to work upon. Just
how to feed in order to realiza th
largest profit is a question on which -there
is a diversity of opinion. Som
think it pays to feed corn, bran, and
chopped stuffs. Others are of a differ
ent opinion, but are satisfied with a
smaller quantity of milk, if it is madd
from unmarketable produce and pas
ture. Now, those who feed beef cattls
know that if they do not give their cat
tle more than will merely supply th
requirements of life, they will never
make beef, and it is just so with cows-
it is the extra food over and abov
what is actually required to keep th
machine in working order, that can bs?
turned into milk. The dairyman that
is afraid to put in this extra food for
fear he will never see it again, is like &
man who, after being at the expense of
building a mill, is afraid to buy wheat
to grind in it. As far as theory ia con
cerned, one would think that if all ths
profit is derived from the extra foodr
the more of it the better. But to judga
from the practice of many, it is evident
they are unbelievers.
An Arkansas editor says of his Stator
We have mountains so high that yon
o fiVblo the feet of the free Eilvcr
angels in heaven, and gorges so dec?
that vnn ran descend to their baso -
hand down ice to the goidbusrs ia thy
infernal regions." People's Pilot. ,