"The Progrcs
9 re Farmer is a
eod paper far
aove the aver
age and possibly
tue best advertis
ing medium in N.
C. Printers' Ink.
1t i '
e."
THE INDUSTRIAL AND EDUCATIONAL INTERESTS OF.OUK PEOPLE PARAMOUNT TO ALL OTHER CONSIDERATIONS OF STATE POLICY.
,P. u
Vol. 11.
EALEIGH, X& C, JANUARY 12, 1897.
A TR) k ff TTTi T7T
V - F El t 1 ft 9 I
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TQ3 NATIONAL USRS ALL!
AND INt ATRIAL.
UNION
7 -O
. president Hann Page, Brandon,
Vice-President H. O. Snavely, Leb
anon, Pa.
Be ;retary-Treasurer R. A. South
worh, Denver, Col.
Tgx;iJTlVE BOARD.
. H, L. Loucks, Huron, S. D. ; W. P.
ibricsier, Ccgan 8tation, Pa. ; J. F. Wil
letta, Kansas; W. L. Peeke, Go.
JTJDICIABY.
B. A. Southworth, Denver, Colo.
R. W. Beck, Alabama,
f 1L D. Davie, Kentucky.
OASOLX3TA FARMERS
STATE ALU-
AUC3.
President Dr. Cyrus Thompson,
Richlands, C.
Vice-President Jno. Graham,Kidge
way.N.'C. m
Secretary-Treasurer W. B. Barnes,
Hillsboro, N. O.
Lecturer J. T. B. Hoover, Elm City,
Stsward Dr. V. N. Seawell, Villa
now, N. C.
Chaplain Rev. P. H. Massey, Dur
ham, N. C. ,
Door-keeper Geo. T. Lane, Greens
boro, N. C.
Assistant Door-keeper Jaa. EL Lyon,
Durham, N. C.
Bergeant-at-Arms A. D. EL Wallace,
Sutherfordton, N. C.
State Businos3 Agent T. Ivey, Hills
N. C. .
rrustee Business Agency Fund W.
A. G raham, Machpelan, N. C.
xxtunvB oosmiTTis or tub kobttj
C4.U0LINA FARMERS' STATS ALLIANCES.
A. F. Hileman, rtoncord, N. C; N.
C. English, Trinity, N. C; James M.
Mewborne. Kins on, N. C.
iTAifl ALLIA2T0Z JTJDICIABY 00MMITTE2.
John Brady, Gatesville, N. C. ; Dr.
J.F. Harrell, Whiteville, N. C; T. J.
Candler. Acton. N. O.
Ssrth Carolina Reform Press Association.
n?xerJ. L. Ramsey, President;
O-Jion Butler, Vice-President ; VS. S.
3zmes, Secretary,
PAPERS.
rrf73ive Farmer. State Organ, Rlejs. N. O.
Raleltrii. N. O.
Hickory, N. O.
jiiuiceiton, N. C.
Charlotte, N. C
Concord, N. C.
Wades bo ro, N. C.
SaiUbury, N. C.
T ePeople's Paper,
rr?estibule.
u ow-Boy.
a watcnm&n.
9
the above-named papers are
to keep the list standing on
m Ylr&t pane ana aaa oznersy prvmavu
are duly elected. Any paper fail
ia o advocate the Ocala platform will
t Cropped from the list promptly. Our
Tcrle can novo see what papers are
ib'ished in their interest.
AGEIGULTURE.
I . m t m. T aJA J
Faeding and training have
given
value
T!.ift to the breed, and their
r u t be kept up by feediDg and traia-
Ine sod ground that is to grow corn
-xt season will waste but little ma
2 -lie, however fresh it may be, that is
spi'aad on it now.
7ae handiest way to keep record of
c jw orchard is to make a little map
. t with the trees all marked, mim-
. . id and named.
Tae male should always be selected
a some pure breed, and not hap-
' -ird, but after a careful investiga-
" t of his antecedents.
r 5 is no easy job to pick up a herd of
d cows at random The safest plan
o get a few good ones and then buy
sgistered bull and breed up.
Vhen evergreen trees get rusty on
" j lower branches, cutticg out the
-fcr will cau3e the lower part of the
f a to regain lis vigor and green op-
! .rauce.
aad branches and suckers may be
s away from the fruit trees at this
?on. The branches should be cut
close to the trunk, clear back to the
3 wood.
Vhat man has done man can do.
ny dairymen have succeeded in
ting their herds up to an average of
pounds of butter per cow per year.
' should strive for it.
ery soon, if not now, farm machin
Mmowers, reapers, wagons, plows,
' tiva tors, etc., that cost milliors of
il liars ill be buried in snow. Tee
.rmer's loss is the manufacturer's
gtin.
animal is more likely to euff er
m lank of water than is triA hoe-
is is mainly because this stock is
of
en fed milk or swill, the latter
U3ially having more or Ubs salt in it,
both utterly unfit to take the place
water. Fattening hogs especially
6 Juld be given all the water they will
0ink, as it keeps them from beconog-rvanceg
perish, which injures the quality of
vnfir tot.
THE FUTURE OF HAY FARMING.
The desire to cultivate as much land
as possibla in order to get the most pos
eibie from it has led to general neglect
of meadow &nd pasture lands. Only !
when it was found that the sail had
lost so much fertility that it would not
pay for cultivating was it eeeded down
or left to grow up with such herbage,
both weeds and crass, as nature pro
vided, says the American Cultivator.
The result is that most of the land
now in grass is by that very fact dis
credited as being presumably fit for
nothing else. Yet there is in all grass
land a constant tendency to increase
in fertility. It is eo even when the
land is left to grow up with weeds and
bushes. The.- e shelter the surface, hold
the leaves that fall on the land from
being blown away. The decomp jeition
of these leaves gradually builds up
soil, and to this must be added the ex
crement from animals fed on the herb
age which the soil is still able to grow.
Usually when the improvement of
grass land is determined upon the sod
to bo turned under and rot is regarded
as an important part of the soils assets.
Improving the lard as meadow or pas
ture by manuring it and still keeping
it unplowed is hardly ever thought of.
Yet as in mcst cases this grass land is,
even with manure, not quite rich
enough for profitable cropping, the ex
periment is worth trying of applying
to it such manure as can be had and
see what the increased grass or hay
product will be worth. This is done
successfully in England. Why may it
not be also in the older parts of this
country ? The demand for hay is gen
erally good in all Eastern cities. Will
it pay to fertilize grass lands so as to
make the growing of hay profitable? If
it will not pay to maintain fertility in
grass land, the logical sequence is that
all hay or grass taken from it helps to
reduce fertility so that the soil will be
worth nothing for the production of
any kind of crop.
It is likely that in the future, as in
the past, most of the bay crop in this
country will be produced in the years
wnea tee rotation Between cultivated
crops and grass requires that the land
be seeded. Our climate is not moist
like that of England. Hence it cannot
keep a good sod many years without
plowing and seeding. This also is so
much the best for cultivated land that
there need be no fear that the profits
of cultivated crops will so lessen the
amount of land in grass that there will
not be hay enough to feed with grain
and coarser fodder, nor that it will fail
to be supplied at reasonable prices.
TO MAKE THE FARM PAY.
At the Bloomingburg (Ohio) Farm
ers Institute. Mr. Jonn L.arimor, in
the course of an address, said:
Oae of the greatest hindrances to
profitable farming is a desire to go too
fast at first and to purchase things we
could get along without.
The obliging agents tell you that
you need not trouble about the
money; your note will do just as well;
but you will find that ycu must pay
big interest for the privilege of going
in debt, and ycu are always at a disad
vantage to your creditor.
Have the money ready to pay and
you can then make your half of the
bargain. Take gocd care of your farm
and your stock, and they will furnish
the money for necessary outlays.
I will just say to young men who ex
pect to make farming their occupation,
that they may expect hard work and
plenty of it, and will not need to join
any baseball nine for exercise ; but if
they take care of their health and
habit3 it will not hurt them, for I have
tried it for over sixty years and am to
day a well preserved man. I can truly
say that with the blessing of our Heav
enly Father upon the labors of myself
and family I have made farming pay.
and what I have done others can do
SCIENCE AND AGRICULTURE.
More and more is agriculture look
ing to science as the eource of its sal
vation. It is largely because agricul
ture has not kept pace with the other
arts in scientific development, that it
finds itself at such disadvantage to
day. There have been, it is true, great
advances made; crops are planted with
a much greater degree of certainty
and are brought to maturity and con
verted into cash with a much less ex
penditure of human brawn than ever
before, but compared with the ad
resulting from the adoption of
scientific methods in the mechanical
arte, where etesin end electricity are
called into service and a thousand
products of human ingenuity are em.
ployed. Agriculture's advance is fs
nothing. The truth is that we are only
beginning to have a scientific founda
tion upon which to8tand. The whole
theory of plant growth has only re
cently been revised and we have as yet
only begun to adapt our methods to
the new theories, says Farm News.
It is only twenty one years since the
first agricultural experiment station
was establf shed in this country, and
less than half a century since the first
one in the world began its work in
Leipsic, Germany. Prior to that time
but little scientific attention had been
given to the cultivation of the soil, so
that the results accomplished in thee
few decades are nothing less than mar
velous. And the results ere all the
more encouraging from the fact that in
almost every department of the work
they are basic; the discoveries made,
the results obtained give foundation
for future work along the same line.
Take for example, the work of the
bacteriologists. A few years ego their
work was confined almost exclusively
to the study of bacteria injurious to
plant and animal life; bt the present
time much mere attention is paid to
the bacteria useful to the processes of
growth. Dairymen purchase in the
open market a pure culture, ' B41,"
for use in ripening cream. And now
experiments of even greater importance
are under way, are indeed all but suc
cessful, in which the fertility of the
soil i3 preserved and even created, by
inoculation with a bacterial cultura
Tnis subject is treated more fully in
an able article on another page in this
ieue.
The outcome no man can guess. But
it is certain that agriculture, as well as
every other occupation that employs
the time and energies of man, has
illimitable possibilities before it. IkLis
takes will doubtless be nvide; enthuai
asts will be led away by half truths
and theories untried, but every year
will bring us nearer perfection.
TARMIITo IsY THE FIULSIDS.
The evenings are gettiDg longer as
winter comes on, and after the day's
work it done and all is snug for th
night, it is a good time to do something
The fact is the average farmer does
Dot think half enough. Many work
so hard that they do not have vital
forco enough left to do a good job of
thinking. They act on the principle
that hard work alone will bring sue
Ct ss, which is a fallacy. While there
is no royal road to f ucceeeful farming,
fruit-growing or any other rural pur
suit, there is a vast difference between
the net profits of the average hard
working but plodding tiller of the soil
and of one who is wide awake.
Oue all important thing that a large
part of the farmers, gardeners and
fruit growers forget is that they must
feed their crop3. It is no more reason
able to shut live stock in a barren pas
ture field and expect them to fatten
than to look for good crops in a field,
orchard or garden that has not been
well manured either naturally or arti
finally. Tne most fertile soil will be
come poor after a few years of crop
ping without wise management. The
exercise of wisdom in managing the
soil is a considerable part of good farm
ing, and it can be partly done by the
fireeide. It is often the case that an
attempt is made to manure a piece of
land by hauling on it a lot of coarse,
bulky material that really has very
little in it of actual manurial value It
ia often nearly all trash and water.
The value of much barn yard and cisy
stable manures lies chit fly in their me
chanical action on the soil by loosen
ing it, and the humus they make by
decaying. These are quite necessary,
and should not be left out of any plan
for enriching the soil. But there are
three essential elements in all true and
perfect manures that cause crops to
grow, within undefined limits, in pro
portion to their abundance. Tney are
nitrogen,' potash and phosphoric acid
No vegetation will grow withoutail of
them, but much depends on the kind
of crop-to bo grown as to which should
predominate. If one desires to grow
forage crops, such as grass, corn, etc ,
or vegetables which have a large leafy
growth, they call for niirogeninex
ce-s of the other other two. Toe cheap
est source from which to obtain nitro
gen is the air, four fifths of which is
composed of it, and the s jpply is there
fore inexhaustible. Tne only way to
draw upon this supply is through the
clovers, cow peas and a few ether pod
bcarias plcntj which Lavo tho peculiar
faculty of absorbing it and storing it
in their structures, especially in the
roots. The growing of these crops will
not only save the purchase of the most
expensive of the three manures, but if
plowed under, will loosen the soil and
add the needed humus. Other sub
stances that are rich in . nitrogen are
fish scraps, tankage and animal refuse
of almost almost any kind, nitrate of
soda and other mineral nitrates. Farm
and Fireside.
THE MATTER OF ADVERTISING.
An Iowa paper charges that many
agricultural journals in the Central
West were bought during the late
Presidential campaign by Mark A.
Hanna, McKinley's manager.
Agricultural papers are non partisan,
or should be, in the nature of things.
In many of the papers the matter was
given aa an advertise ment, the editor
explaining editorially that such was its
character, and that editorially the
paper did not endorse the position as
sumed in the advertising matter.
There is a wide difference between the
editorial utterances of a journal and
the statements mide in advertisements
rnd in communications. It would not
t e illegitimate for an agricultural jour
nal to admit the positions taken by a
political party as an advertisement on
par with other advertisements, but
U should not have more dignity. It
ould be illegitimate, however, to give
r. the weight of the editorial endorse
ment, and to exclude from its columns
advertisements of the opposing party,
in fflict fully alligning the journal
with the party advertising. While it
would be legitimate to admit such ad
vertisements in the columns of a pure
lj agricultural j mrnal, simply and
s.'lely bb advertisements, with no more
dignity than any other advertisements,
it wou'd be wiser to re ject them, and
thus avoid the appearance of evil."
The above is from the Southern
s'arm, Atlanta, Ga. The matter re
erred to was offered to The Progres
ive Farmer through a well known ad
vertising agency at a liberal price, but
tXiic piper aid not even waste a stamp
in reply. Bat we regret to say that it
did appear in many agricultural jour
nals of large circulation and inflaence,
and many of them did not refer to it
at alL We consider such papers un
worthy of confidence.
TfiB DAIRY.
VALUE OF DAIRY PRODUCTS.
Correspondence of the Progressive Farmer.
Facts, even if a little late in coming,
are many times valuable. Th:re was
handed the writer of this at the World's
Fair, in the Dairy Building, a little
book entitled 'Souvenir of the Illinois
Dairy Exaibit, World's Columbian Ex
position.'? It was very neatly gotten
up and found to contain many items
of iiSterest, a few of which will be re
ferred to here. Will first quote from
its preface as follows:
"In compiling this pamphlet as a
souvenir of the Illinois Dairy Exhibit
at the World's Columbian Exposition,
it is not the intention to tire the reader
with a detailed statistical statement,
but to give only a few figures that will
approximate the magnitude of the
dairy industry in Illinois. Some prod
uct of the dairy is used daily in every
household in the State. In the man
sion of the millionaire and the cottage
of the workingman it is one of the iaet
articles of food that can be dispensed
with.
"Few people stop to think of the im
portance of dairy products milk,
cream, butter and cheese. Milk is the
most perfect food known, containing
all the elements of nutrition in perfect
proportion and the only one on which
human life can be sustained for any
considerable length of time in a health
ful condition. Cream is not only one
of the most inexpensive luxuries, but
most healthful, possessing many medi
cmal qualities. People are accustomed
to think of wheat or flour as being the
modt important article of food, but in
an ordinary family it costs a small eum
compared with that of butter. Ia fact,
butter costs more than any other single
article of food, with the exception of
meat; combine the four dairy products
milk, cream, butter and cheese and
they exseed the cost of meat. Cheeae
is not used as commonly as it should
be; in many instances it could be made
to take the place of meat and be.much
more healthful and les3 expensive, a
pound of cheese having a greater nutri
tive value than a pound of meat."
- Tne above is quoted not eo much be
cau3vpf it3 reference to dairying in
Illincij, but tQcau:3 it cztz forth in
such lucid manner the magnitude of
the dairy interest.
For the benefit of those writers on
dairy subjects, who are constantly
either ignoring the private dairy in
terest, or making comparisons un
favorable to it with the public cream
ery interest, some figures in the sou
venir are worthy of consideration and
will be given below:
The total value of creamery butter
made in Illinois in 1892 is put down at
$14,575,866 34 This sterns a vast sum
of money, as truly it is, and many of
our readers if asked how it would com
pare with the value of dairy butter
made in the State the same year would
hardly give an answer indicating the
facts as reported. Mark the figures
given to indicate the value of that
product, viz : da'ry butter made in the
State of Illinois during the year 1892
The figures given in round numbers
are $31,000,000 -considerably more
than double the value of the public
creamery product.
Now, when it is remembered that
the above refers to but one State, and
that there is doubtless not a State in
the Union where as great and perhaps
a greater, difference does not exist in
favor of the value of the farm dairy
product, is not the interest of the latter
entitled to a. good deal of attention?
, F. W. Moseley.
Clinton, Iowa.
MAKING AND MARKETING GILT
EDGE DAIRY BUTTER.
I find that Jerseys are best adapted
to this purpose on my farm to get best
returns. Roomy stables are necessary,
well lighted, with goo a ventilation,
kept clean and free from odors. Give
the cows plenty of dry bedding, keep
them quiet, comfortable and contented
and make them so with your presence
Feed regularly with good rations. My
practice.in winter is to milk the first
thing in t he morning, then give a ration
of good bay. After breakfast, the cows
are turned out for watering, and the
mangers and stables thoroughly cleaned
from tre night's litter. Then a ration
is green of about t-o quart? per .jow of
a mixture of equal parts of corn meal,
wheat middlings and cottonseed meal,
following with a feeding of hay and
then corn stover. , The cows are then
left to themselves until 3 p. m., when
they are turned out again for water
and exercise, followed by the same
(jOurse of feeding as in the morning.
When at pasture," the cows get grain
at night only.
Great care must be taken in milking
to have everything neat, the bags clean
and free from dirt and dust. Milk
quickly and to the last drop. Carry
immediately to the dairy room and
thoroughly strain. If set in shallow
pans, the milk must stand from twenty
four to thirty-six hours in a tempera
ture Of about seventy degrees, by the
submerged process forty degrees, or it
is separated at once. Either plan
makes rqually as good butter. After
the cream is properly ripened, it is
churned, the buttermilk drawn and
the granular butter is washed in briny
water and again in clear water, then
weighed, worked in a butter- worker
with three-quarters of an ounce of salt
to each pound of butter for part of the
lot, while the rest is salted to suit the
tastes of customers. It ia then put in
one pound prints, wrapped in paper
and set in a cool place for market.
Now comes the most difficult part of
the business getting your customer e.
Notwithstanding the fashion is largely
for creamery butter, there are still
many people who prefer private dairy
butter and are willing to pay a better
price, because they get butter that is
firmer, less watery and will go farther
and last longer than the butter mode
at the public creameries. To secure
those customers requires patient, hard
work. If you are near a village, large
town or city, sail direct to the consumer
and save ail cf the profit for yourself.
When you have secured your custom
ers, serve them faithfully and we!!,
give them a good article ever" tim",
strive to please and they will etand by
you. Serve tbeoi regularly so that you
can be depended upon at a certain d y,
at nearly the same hour in the day in
summer heat or winter cold, storm or
sunshine, and your efforts to please
will be rewarded by betttr prices and
a constantly increasing demand for
your product. It is thirty years ao
that the writer started "on a weekly
drive of fifteen miles to market his
product, taking up the business started
by his father about twenty five years
before, supplying' many of the same
families, with opportunities for new
ones every year. He has rarely missed
a trip and no week has passed but that
the customers have been supplied, end
it i3 very rare that any one ficds fault
with tho product or the pri-co; 0-. D.
aOKTIOUL
WINTER G&VLDZ.
Our fall and vHntcr r"rJ::.
coming of prime importance.
Tae more we ece cf the 3
more fully we ---cro cenvinc:,
great profits that could t3 m
those who would enga3 ia
dustry on an extensive Ecile.-
Now, while the pccple ia 1
Iowa and other Northern Cip
shivering in tha xiintrj bh.ziz
blow around them, r.cd era !cc!i.
upon bare, brown fields end gar.
unless perchance a carpet cf
hides the earth from ciht, tra Izzli
over green pastures, verdant ten.
front yards filled xiiih beautiful 11.
ers, and gardens tccmio T?ith thi
crops of delicious yeetstlee. Oa c
streets the vegetable ;.f:veai!ci3 ell,
fresh, crisp radishes, muctcrd, cnic:
and other varieties. :
Celery is no w planted ia the trenchc.
and making a flna growth ia znzzy c
our gardens; green bce,n3 are plcntifu
squashes are growing nicely, end t?L
soon bs ready for ussagccd pee.3 T?f
be ready for our Chrietmcja dinner
Those who tookrthe troulla to p!e.
fall potatoes will eocn bo'cattc'scx,.
potatoes, as well S3 pee,C3. Juet thi
of it, ye denizsns cf tho frcren ITer'f, f
the family here who will takg tb 3 trem ble
to plant and Cire for tha gard: .
can have for their Chrieiraas dinner
gathered from "" their ; ' own .. garden::
Christmas day net? pctctoea r.:: "
green peas; Fquoehes fer be!db, etch
ing and .- pies ;. grcca" ; fccssa, rad&hfrf
lettuce, cabbage, and ceasy ether fins
vegetables. V
Surely Louisiana u the place. toav3
fine things to';.- cat, Lako"';. Chari
American.
grow Bunnies.
The farmer's berry garden tbcu! J t i
decided upon now. Let tho fcliowir z
months be given to rrtadiasccoJ papers.
Be prepared to adept tho valuable
practical advico they cro euro to
you. Mature -plana .' fcr .. tha r e.';;n;
select your pianta; crier Hih c;.;ly;
and let this bey cur tret Trcii; ia th:
spring. ;v:"; ;:.'v-
One quarter acre cf ccoi .land, cei
with proper varieties and ttcII culti
vated, should products from 20 to 43
bushels of berries every ceeccn. Tliij
would give an ordinary family free I:
berries every day ia ecacca t.a3 aIiKi-' '
supply, canned, preserved r
during the entire yccr.f
Plants for such a garden j
purchased direct from areliai
for $10 or $15, and khould in
following : ; ;; ,
300 strawberry plants, car ly
and late.
100 blackberry plants, earl;
50 black raspberry plants, '
late. F";X;--.-7
10 red raspberry ploali,
late. -; f,
75 currants, red and rrhit:
late. ;.;'
25 gooseberry, early nnd 1:
18 grapes, thrca vcrietie.:,
Multiply thia liet by four a
acre, or by twenty for flvo c
you have the right " prepcrtlea I
continuous supply of d 'Cerent vai
for market purposes. ;T: f
Good berries may roT.-nV-.
scil sand, clay, mucli, learn, C:
or a combination cf, -each pre
the same be highly fertlia?cl,
drained and thoroughly .cultivate
Early fruits are usually meet c
able, and light eo:l3 with couth Dn 1
posure are best adapted for thrit j -
pose. Light eci!, horrcver, t; T.
heavy fertilizin
fc
mora raulch la c
mer, are more
liabla to ' injur
drouth and produce lighter ere;-
soil must bo well drained,' iaraoro
cult to prepare, matures later
and is not so favcruUa fcr vrl. .!
tection. The ideal berry p-ennd
bo. first, a rich fondy loam vriil
subsoil. Second, a dark icara cr
elly loam mixed elihtly with claj
a clay subsoil, all .havinc a catl
or eastern elope. I
Any of these rafsM ecib wi!l :
good berry gardens by cpplyia
barnyard manure, which
the essential elements rrc"
f w "Tf f
such manure cannot bo obtain c J,
mercial fertilizers rich ia r "trejir
potash should bo applied.
Avoid low, flit lacd uale 1 v,z
drained; it is usually - cc!d.-.la'.3 '
more subject to free -1.
Avoid steep hilleiZ'a ci te'r.-; "
subject to drouth cad vrzzh cf t :
severe rains .'
Very few farms are 1. ..!.: : cut
soil and location fcr r. r " I L rr;
den, and that farrr m; 1 '3 f Ira ; I j c
year after ycar,v;ita
has cct - learned tl:e CreS prl:
rood itviaja .
v
. K
n