Newspapers / The Progressive Farmer (Raleigh, … / June 7, 1898, edition 1 / Page 1
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"Tt3 P:cr- c!r3 ramsr 15 a tia cdTtrtf tr iscdlssi la IX . . ... 1 --i r--' -ii "- " N f " ' 'TV A. J, C?w . . ? .,. -, fw ,5f. ? . Lcr.rcca HicL- ccsi &sd Atlzzt " ' V v f . ' ; - ) ) V - ,-v 2 1 - i : i - . ; 1 T ' f- I ' -r I ! i i '-. ; '.. i S 1 l J - .' -3 'v: A It .Mr' SU I -i 'i ! ! mJJJZ!Z!z?!! ' . ? v 5f.f i r Li m 4. ;J : ..It '"" - i - - .... :.mv C1ffl.:,if:iifl; .v.:..-.;i: alhigh it. c, ; joins 7;;i8D0.'to",a inT" i;;;v;' ;: ''vir. i ... A I j j - i . ; ,i . I '-i1' I ; 'v..v i i ! 1 1 I . ; jplTED BY BKyJ" KBY; "RAT.1I7QII,' IT- O. omf BenJ- Irbyrl&t 'Piofessor of Agrlcul .Afnicultnraland ilech.nica.l College, llal- "ri Kaa become a regular contributor to una j-rtmeat. All questions relatJmr to the farm, iSHx orctara be ( answered by Prof. THJ1 COW; PEA, ItJ AdrtnUgeV, niujge and Best Method cf ColtureAa Anthority ba ; the Ques Oorreepondence of The ProsreBslYe rarmer; 4 There ia a class of--plants t7hich may be termed "soil buildcni,n . whocb' iin oortance in the Echcina "of ( modern terming it i3 hardly possible to ovcrc3 timate. All vegetation helps in a way to transform'1 into orablo ground the cruda rock dust of which aU coil la formed. But leguminous plants have a epecial offiio In the economy Of na tnre, which "experience and Ecientiflo Investigation alike eerve erery year to more and more illustrato rnnd :emj phasixa. These plants - aro nitrccn gatherers. Thi3 most costly 'element in all complete' fertilizers - and' one which is absolutely essential to plant growth, the pod-bearing family' of plants, can readily and cheaply cup ply. vv : ' -''I-11 v One of them, clover, has for ages been used for tho renovation of exi hausted soils. Its range of culture is, however, Bomewhat limited, and even where latitude and climatic conditions would eoem to be favorable to its euo cess, it is often found to make an un eatisfactory- growth; ' Of late years another leguminous plant has been coming 'to the front; and that is the so called 4cow pea." It is not a pea at all, but a bean,1 and like many other members of the ctolichos family is probably of ' Ecmi tropical origin. South of the rangd of euccccs ful clover culture, Jhi3 bean haar for a long time been almost without a rival But it ia coming north ward, fit jb found that it3 rango vcf i profltabla growth is much wider . than has been supposed. , ' It . will, euccccd-in many cases where clover completely fails. It will make a fair growth,, at. lesjst of rnes, in a soil that is too poor for clover. It i3 quite u indiHercnt to ordi nary drcuth. It is ot, exceedingly rapid growth, and of course gives quick returns. Even in. the extreme Jorth-, era States a large ; amount , of foraga could in most instances -be . obtained by sowing when all. danger of '.freezing has passed and the ecU is. reasonably! warm .and harvesting or plowing un-, dsr the rank growth of yine3 which, the hot eummer months are certain to give. , . : ; . ' For hay the cow pea is excellent,. If well cured it is fully equal to the best mixed timothy and clover. , The vine ia, however, very watery, and there-, fore difficult to dry.' Especially is this the case in the extreme Southern States where the rainy eeason "usually covers the harvest period. Further North, by taking advantage of a dry time, success will be reasonably cer teia. For forage and green Boiling the cow peas has no superior. But for eoil improvement it is doubt ful whether even clover at "its best estate" ia Eupcrior the cow pea,1 Like the former, its benefits to the soil are partly mechanical and partly chemi caL If turned under immediately be-' fore the coming of autumn frosts; this legume furni3hes a rich b tore both of humus and available nitrogen. :In the extreme South,this plowing under must be deferred until the late autumn, and; the vines have become partially dry, since a deleterious acid formation is liable to eet in if a mass of succulent vegetation is buried under the surface soil while the average daily tempera tare etill ranges above the 70 mark. ' The day will come if it is not al ready here when no farmer can afford to buy nitrogen as a fertilizer.; He nust ,4raise it" as he does other crops, by means of clover, cow peas and other kgumes. He can obtain it in this way J a quarter the coat for .which he can av it of the fertilizer agent. Even table and barnyard manure, valuable 43 they are, and carefully as they &ould be husbanded, should be looked u?oa rather as adjuncts than as the main source of supply of these o most essential elements . fertility profitable crop production,' humus dmtroeea-"' -- iL ;i ;' "Ju" ' f"n " Oae caution; however? cannot be too Often j J m i Ji-kL- ijdiiJ C3W Peas can get all7the .nitrogen tbevj tQed from the air evertheie they, 8t derjftnrl nVVi in Vi'WiyJ QPPly of mmealhpliio acid and .potash,' and if ..thesovnrp.not already present in eufflelent. quantities and in readily, available condition they can be, eily eupplicd in the fornj of euperphcrphato 'and thp yariousLealts of , pCtash,, L An. .averago," application ifquld bo about S00ijppundg.acid-i.phoa-phato and, 100 pounds muriate or ml Pt0.:i9 -Potash per 0"acre,u supplied broadcast ondj worked into the coil bo toro the eced is Bown. c."-, j roi m .r(Cow,pea9 may be, -planted in n vari ety; of .wayai A method tiat .the writer has ftcn pursued, eavev labor. This is . to have on ,intelli-cnt careful j boy drop Uiem at a distance, of eight, or tea inches apart- the exact distancq .is not material ia every alternatot furrow when the land, is lactplq wed in epring. They oro t of Roared covered the, next KxTPP? oally t well sown broadcas tjOndLharro wed in or in drills, Frpci one, to two bushelaxf 'eeed to the be required. in;n .1 P. 1 .u??le53 l9.i ?mp to: hurry he cowpeVi at 'planting time. When tSe eoU is warm enough fortmel6ns tdgroTf. thejeow rWill cucceed and not till moro Northern j regions, .the "Black, eyed,", , Bed Crowdera or Whiopoor will1! or eorne other, "rapid growing variety Ehould bo elected. Further. South , the . Wonderful,'? "Clay," 'Ibd;IppeTw rank and luiuriant "vino producing sort will usually give tho best, results. , ., t, r , NOEHAW.BOBIKfSOU. i : KB2PnxG uAiiurin: hear the" 1 SURFACE. 1 In a recent icsuo of . Practical Farmer tho cur1 j t for: discussion was : 1 Farm llsnure : Is it best ia Your Experience to Plow it Under Deeply cr Keep it as Near.---the lOurfacs aa.! Pccsiblar'-'An'' ewero camo from all psxt- cf tho coun try; A" North Carolina correspondent It depends come what cn t!i3:cronj 1 On ; tho ' com crop-Vhcxo xscsS cf ' it chould .go,' -it; Ehould ba plowed tmdsf; ough . : there: may - to exceptions ' to this, I nover likci tha big. two end thxco hcrco plowa' wlth a'; Jointer :1 for plowtog.underjcii.niar-.'jfcr when if Ik put in the bcltom cf aa '8 or 9 inch fur row it is down i too dcp and no crop gets tho full benefit j cf it until' It id turned up again, and. by that- time a great deal: of it is lost. ' Butt for' the corn crop ; it should ' bo turned under with an ordinary plow, unless tho coil is very candy; when it may be better to keep it near the surface. I try to get my manure out on land intended for corn as fast as made, i and with as littlo. labor ia handling as possible. : It is hard enough work to handle it once: If Ut is to be used on a- winter ' grain crop I would: always haul it on the rough-plowed land and ! harrow it in: It will then give the grain a good start and help the grass roots. !l mi, i r s ; Another Tar Heel writes v ; l o v . I find that it pays; to' keep the mat nure near the surface, unless it is very coarse and will bo in the wayv If It is near the top, as the plant food leaches down through tho soil with the rains,; it will bo absorbed by tho soil and feed tho plants. ; But if . buried down near the clay; the clay will . take-up a large part of tho manure out of reach J of plant roots. Keal coarse manure turned under onfsttft; land ; deficient in vego -table matter mellows tho eoil." o-.-j n ) ;;Prof. W. : F. llassey reviews all tho evidence and sums it up in the follow ; ing words :'.; m iirr jr-r r,V-' : 4The preponderance of experienco id ia favor of keeping this - manure c near the v surface as a rule and we believe that this is tho true plan, and we would add on the surface as nearly as possibley Many of our friends still cccmto be im bued with the old liking for well rot o 1 manure. We do not' want to let our manure get well rotted before we ap ply ic to the land, t The place to rot the manure is ia the eoil,' where.you have the soil to absorb everything. If the manure is spread' 6nv the surface the soluble "parts wash ! immediately into the land,, and the; loss is smaller than in any way the manure can bo treated, far less than piling in" the barnyard either under " coyer or out. The ..evap oration from manure spread on the ly ammonia in a volatile' form. " matter how well the manuro ii handled. there will al vays bV more ''iocs irorri it mine Darnyara than in tne neio.t iia-, nure, oa the , surface keeps the, .sou moib and prevents the baking of a clay eotl , In our jqxperienco, : right on top as near as, may.be is the ..best, possiblc-t piaca ior. ino. manure. mtciy i navo surf ace is mainly only water, .while tho evaporation from pUcdmanuroi3 large - via had an examplo cn a email ecalo cf tho lvalue? .cf vcurfaoe. manuring' , on a clay. coiLj , A year ego wo built at our col lege a new lecture hall, laboratory and Crccshcuss3 ; for my department. .To get , a level site or, : the buil dings' we had to excavato; into ared.claychillsido and pile the clay taken from: tho exca vation ia the lowjeri levels, aba ,tho grounds around this building I have been trying to convert thij clay into a garden, : Grass plants wero formed and. largo i chrubbcry : bsd3 ;prepared; and planted ia tho untamed ; clay., t;Af tcr everything was planted a good coat cf manure was. placed, cn ihe.curfacQ and left, there. ,;l4stiBummer .was :tho hot est and dry est ever known here, but it was pleasant to ;eso how , thinga grew and flourished in that; clay which was merely the 'subsoil piled .three or four feet -deep. ..This spring the coil in; these beds wcrlra 3 mellow, as the traditional ash .hea and.the bioom ot the. ross3 and shrubbery 5of all kinds is: simply amazing, vbein fully twios as great -as with the same kinds of plants eet in natural coil every where. uso all ma nure as a mulch either, ia garden or field, rjjp tho,: garden,; after, cstting plants. or planting, eeed the , manure. i3 cp read oyer the. surfaco and left there to, bo slightly . worked ia during; culti yat ija. Oa the farm, tho place for. the farm . manure isj oa ,the .cloyer as. fast as itcaabo, goiten.from thetables, Tfaero is : but a little . whiles during :tho early Bummer .when it . cannot be put there, and then we are usually top busy to haul it put. cBut except .inimaking a i fine i compost - for; greenhouse s use, composting is . about vt he ; worst waste of- time ano) jiabpr, that fi f armer .-, pan engage ml Zlanura i3 heavy and ex pensive - etuff to) handle in : p report cn t3 its valuer and it docs not pay ca the ordinary ,.farmj crops i to -jcpend :time piling and turning a lot of earth, litter, and dropping! end-imagine that it is all manure. Far better get.tha drop pings cut t3 fast ; as ..madel where they will help: to grov.c thot compost all over the land in the chape of peas crfxlovcr A pile cf j well-rotted' manure contain-, ing half a des en cr:xncro leads is cimpl jr all that is Isf t cf fcur cr flvo times tho cmcunt 1 -'Which' -" ha3 largely gone I to was to in the turning and fining..- The silliest cf all ways to handle manure is to haul it to the. field and laboriously fork it into little piles, when the spread ing could be better done at once f from1 the wagon. The place of all others for tho manuro is cn the clover, and the time to : put it there is as soon as you can after; it drops in the stable.' Dp not be afraid of : the sun ehiniog on it cr the winds ' drying it, or of its run ning: down hill, for if the' soil has a goodly proportion of clay in it, it will take and . hold the manure and when the cod is plowed for a hoed 'crpp the plant, food is .right i where the corn needs it,' near the ? surface; . Thore is nothing in, which there is more waste on the farm, both cf fertility and labor than ia the. handling of the : manuro. Manure is, not a thing to hoard, but like .money, should be put at once to interest; Every day . you keep.it idle in the barnyard you are losing the n, terest it would be .making :,on . the field. , Rotting manure is simply wast j ing manure. ,Le it , rot on; the i land, where every drop will feed a; plant? t . .K.-' , -.. .WEEDS. . . t to , np r 1 3 ' The 'Olmost abnornial ;ramfall .our. farmers have had jto i contend vrith this epring will bring themabundantlwork to keep down the wees which will epring up and fljiurisil ia rank luxuri ance' unless much time ant attention is spent in keeping them , down. .In "a lit ; tie vork by Prof. Shaw, of the Hinne f cpta Experiment Station-' vWecde,and How to Eradicate Theniv ie Eays:r ,In good 'tancsiM P$ erated at all, because (1) they' rob the useful ' plants that are - cultivated pi their due share of nutriment i '(3)!they also injure them by "crpwdmg(them and 'shading them;; (3) . they; greatly; ad!4 to the labor of ; cleaning grain fv i; market and for seed ; they are usually not of much value , for food ; and ,(5) they frequently interfere with a regu- lar rotation. ; wuiuu. "jf. w that the longer, they , are left to grow uncnccnea, ine greavcr ia wo wwioj quired to " completely f. subdue , jthem., Weeds feed "upon precisely the same! kind of f oo4 as the useful plants amid wnicn. iney .TOf wvy wo ffifj, j al wave much more capable of gather-. grpwini; ,in,a w TO priye :eitheirr that crop, t or the cropg that ppme Ifterthai one, .of j precisely, ymb;fjnan consume during the; psricdTof. their: growth. Vi The quantity of plant i ood j thtrefcre, which weeds; take from the crops and the coil will bo in prepcztioa to. the ; numbers in iWhich i they i.are found. Nor ehould it-be forgotten that plant food externally applied, often-- times, at much cost,-: asin: the) case of commercial: f crtiUssra wiUbs utilized by weeds quite as readily as tho plant; food naturally available . ia jthe coil it-; j When useful plants and weeds com mence ; to grow at ithe came ; timo, -the weed willi nearly always,: in; the race, - leave the useful plants behind, This is owing to the superior power, of gather ing plant food , which ,weed3f in nearly all their , varieties, possess. rWhen pres; tnt, therefore ia a crop, they grow, ia most instances, mora yigorpusly. than the crop;itself ; and.asi ; the latter is in tended jto grow co i thickly .that : jt will require all the room that can be given to it to enable it .to perfect its growth, it follows that the i in jury; i through crowding .from;, weeds, jwill bo in prc-; portion to the. number and vigor cf the weeds, f Weeds alsp grow mora quickly than useful plants; hence, byx! their shade, they hinder that perfect develop meat of the useful plants which ai'un uans Eumignc is necessary to cccure. a A - LOSS OP FERTILITY -1X1 DRAIII Farmers' v Bulletin- 73 $ Among ithe principal causes cf less of coil i fertility ere .(1); the 1 growth and removal cf crops without irestoring the, equivalent cf the fertilizing constituents they con? tain, (2) curfacq washing, and (3) Jcaci i ing. 0 AU crops i contain a ccnside?ab"3 1 amount; jofji fertilising r matter: drawn from the eoil.:j It.is evident, therefore, that if thesp -crops are grpwn icoatini ously and cold .away-frcni-the farm without creturn cf on) xquivalsst : in manure or fertilizers the coil must ia time , cho w; a d eclina in ) fertility;. The harmful effects of, (OTfawasHii3J3 a matter of common observation anp needs no iurther .dUcussic n: her Cne Uss' of .fertility in the r Irsg ater ibweverj' a'cubj'cot co".we& 'tin 4tbb''''Tho"lcs generally , supposed, to be, e! cbnd erable,aEd jinder ;certaincstan this is trueV depcapUng 'upon, trie chai; acter pf .the sou and the treatment to which iMs subjected anoj the f ertiliz3w applied. 4IeachyJ coils t,rWrt yeryj quickly ' with . the. i ertiiizlng maieriais applied to 'them unless . covered wfth cropsj r which ,futiliz9.' Jthe, fertilizers promptly. J 'r! ''".u , Certain fertilisers also have a . ten dency to eet some ot. the .coil constitu ents free and thust thro wt them into tlie, dramage water. ' As the Massachusetts Station nas shown, this is especially, true of muriate of . potash, . which con verts tho insoluble lifne compounds of the 'soil, into a yery soluble torm, whichs readily passes into the dirai2water The j japplicatipn ot . limeTcompimds ptum)etc ) ; and . salt is f believed; to set ff ee ,the. potah and pther ertOiiln constituents of the 1 soil, thu fevering them inore available tp; piantsbut at the same time tmpre likely tobe, washed out Tand cilost . in , the drainage watf r. wiUehessi are all possible sources ;of loss,' it is probably safe to cay that un der ordinary condionste daancesof losafpt appreciable , ampun , of . lim potash or phosphoric acidin the draixv; ago water of soj'are Teemali.' ' iiii conclusion is confirmed by numepus chdicai, vexamtoa water which verbe..mo4e hji&i periment stations ; and eimMar institu , wnera,.,;;j,f C;u ;Ii:-tm ?o-:A SI" .ioi j :jAs regards the loss of, the important and expensive, fertilizing constituent riitrpgen, v however,; .jthe i case: very different . The i cpil t appears hay very litUp affinity for the, forms tbis element co, extensively, used in fertiliz-j ers -nitrate of coda and , sulphate of ammonia and if they are not quickly taken up by the crop they are likely to b3 lost 'in the ; drainage - water J 1 lib're over, the coluble nitrogen of the coil (in himuf) or that applied ia the. form of cotton eeed meal, dried fish etc, which are also largely insoluble when applied is rapidly converted, by, the process o nitriflc'ation , under favorable .condi tions into nitrates, which are readily, avauauie vu. piaaus uun . uwu juw VanageVj' "eibsi if 0not jkea un rpromptlif 'by. the . planK Expert incnt3, hay e .been reported in which the loss p nitroca .m the drainage cna. bare coil .in .the courser ox ;a ycarawa3 ojer. 100 ,p9uricjacre , .whUse loss rpma toUQh,s kept covered by a crop was olmein ( s both; leeching ' and:fsurfacs washing- prouiiuiy, inq two most csriou3 causes of decline bf fertility of eoilw. j Tx'-.'i' SCIENTIFIC HALIES. It 3 jWithfn my personal j knowledge th& ?exy in&ny intelligent farmers; ;re gara tne names 01 tne various elements of plant, f oodiaa cpmmenaal t ertilissr: as top hopelessly scisntifip in form eye? to '.eeexa, Jfamiliar .tthem. :In com ppundinga . , rationr or.a .cpw, OTy&Qiz? theyeel very ; much at home using the terms ','bran,?' $oatia? ,an6y ;corn,, but in cpnippunding a rationjfpr plants the aames i .;Of , tM.eiemeats,,, trpgen,? hcjsphprip acid?' , ,and O"potash, dp npi beme commonplace andeasy Jt js np .more (VccientiflcM to call nitrcgea by its uame than to call John J cns3 by his name, . and as toe f orms, of nitrpgen are r much, ; fewer .than the e forms . of jVJones," -.ipa former j Ehpuldbajjy fa? ine. j leasv contusing, .t s ine: , varipua elements that plants must have in or der to makp:grpT7th;we. pay-attention to only four because these four nitro gen, phcphorio; acid,';pctalh ahd lime -cecrn to be ithe only encs ever lacking ia ordinary ' ccikL J if we1 were com polled to look after all the elements re quired i- ia plant - growth 'the - matter would beccnfus!dg,-but:-whea there are never more than four we should be willing tbr r become c pretty 1 well ' ao- quaiated with their harneo. It is usual to pay no attention to the lime, as it is ripposed J to- be '"rarely flicking'3 as an actual clement of plant food, and co wb have only threel; (Tho thrse are used to form4 a '"complete; f srtni33r,w:bu that is a misleading team, as the three tsay no't be nsodsd in cider to' complete the supply ia the coil needed by p!anti.? Alt the elements are dropped cut cf coniideratioa except the four that have been; named;c andcf :the3 four 'd coil may need only one tOJ pomplata its power to produce good crops, or it may necd 'twp bf the elements, or three,1 cr all- f our: i - When we 1 buy and supply an ciemeUt that is not - needed' we cut down the profits from-the use of come other - element that we also ' supplied and was needed. The practical farmer has two problems ibefpre ' him : '- (I) What element or elements must he supply to his soil, (2) in what form can be get the largest and most effective' quantity of this element for. a given amount of money! rii - ;i z3:-itrM'--:- i The careful t attention of our readers is' called to the- following from the pen: of Director Hilgarid; of the California Station: - The Director cays:-" Were the immediate return of everything, that the crops 1 take ' away necessary on! every coil," the pessessor of rich land would have no advantage over tho owner of poor land ; for co coon as the first flush of if ertility is exhausted ia tho virgin soiU both' would be'jcqually cblisod to supply! tho full amount of ingredients withdrawn from the coil by each crop. uu& tne experience oz cen t turies i has chown that-such integral replacement is - altogether unnecessary on1 very' many lands; and; as a' result, the 1 use of ia complete fertilizer i in' Eurone ta rare exception: 1 save as - re eards stable manures Farmers buy the mdividual ingredients, as furnished, in commerce." according to the suppose d (requirements1 of the 1 land as' deduced eitneri fromi its : previous vh:3tory,' !or either . one or,the other, ingredient in question. 0 In .the " United t States , the made'' prevails to aa ' unusual extent," and 1 fertilizer ' . manufacturers . mostly cater to: this . dem,andi by supplying complete; fertilizers compounded in accordance with4 the; known require' mentsfor certain 'crops ' therefor, on complete lertuizers, ., tne tarmer . is therefore likely to pay for cne or per' hape : twof iegredient3 which the : coil may: not require at all to produce the tnest profitable crops,,;Whea .bis money; would, probably be much, better spent ia procuring a larger ' amount of ; one substance specially needed. The enor mous waste ct money thus incurred i& now co well recognized in Europe.that the manufacture, and eale of mixed fertilizers has been almost completely superseded UbyV that'Msf. the camples themselves. The - farmer buys .super phosphate, potash caltst Pr nitrogenous :fertiUzeri .ceparately,o-ia.i accordancsi : with ,a .-rational tmccrstaning. pf, (t!?a requirements bf his Jand ; more par: tienlarly5 withJrefcrehco to the nature cf cthd preceding rop? the' amcuht and5 klnd'Cf ;.ithe adraft made: ca tho:iand,C ad-thqrcharacterLctrth eignificant,4;-k although fully as; large amounts of nitrates. werV. formed iin the lattsVcase C3 in ' the former. This' affords a letrikiDS, illustration of the importance 1 'of keeping a leachy? cpil doyeried With1 a crop m order to prevent prioiis loss Pf the m6sX.'exjnsive'eie merit," of : ertflityhitrogenJ;;f; Such ,a practice would' protect" the "coil from the euppositicai that the .coil supplied nothing of itself. Ia purchasing these GOOD 'ROADS'AT'f REASOZ7AELC -Jzu- 'Plea Tcr WidTires.' ' ''S The public i3 vitally cencerned in tho I 4 f " y -"-L m&mtenance 'pf good publio,;roade.' .1" certainly; am, '.for '-.every.: time we go to church, every load of fuel handled?, necessitates a travel cf. ten miles going and .coming. t The . .read has .always been rough, and it ceems to mo tht under, "a .: different ..system 1 cf mans go- -ment ;;andith; the use.pf :: wide ? tlrei, this t and ,rnany "crpur country rciHi could be greatly-improved ... ?i This Etrcteh cf jrpad nxcsj through 0' section of moist, 'tjiricgy 3 laud, and 'no one ever yet caw a good read across such laud where the : water in: the cio ditches -was as high - as the - roadbed. jWhccl jcadimachxnes have .been inure for. .eprne caret .ut,thea vrpadbed , hzi been lef t r narrow,,iwith only a ehailoT7 ditch cad this within a foot or co cf tho wheel-track.. 1 The result has beca tht loaded teams ia ' paseing r; have !5 "teed obliged to cut out into the "ditch, and in coming into the rc-d again, a ex pression was made at ah angle by whichrthe aterfromthe led Into theTbad and wc rut,-for.i..half a miipiia;: placcx""i cca tend' thei';travelling--vpubl!o has a; right to ccmplam; of each aa abuse ia tho shape qt to called cadwcrk.; epes!i 9 .this jpart:cuiar";;rcadbecaus over it more,- and - know- it better, but it only represents a large proportion cf our country 'roads,' Some one,: however, will cay : "It b easy to find fault what is-y cur r$n cay 1 I-""aiway0 iike,tov-'an3t7cr quea- all mpist land Aa we do cur own rcid jua maq9 na frcaa cea .narrow,. ana ,ia spring, we took cur picks and ehoveb.4 anaduW a ditch three or four f est frcri! the1 wheel trach iheVupper cBpi .where there was meet water," throwing the -' carth'and'1 gravel'da the " rcadi 'AA ' ' cprmtoeth 5 harrow4 wa3 used ca thii uhtfl; every ruVand' hole1 was filled.' The' stone ctirred up' were raked' ctii with; a'gafdch'rake) and df a wn tdoi low; moist ' place ia the road 'dhd cov1 ered. c Not a : particle : cf 1 watcs 1 had been ceeh on the 1 grcuhd'elrice,' except as it has fallen and the ditch being cc? much'Iower theysufface of the read soon dries after'a rain;' If only tftnch tired loaded wagons went over f t,r therd would never be a ru?lic'2 r-- A 1 rs ',Thisrtthen,Oi3 vmy remedy First make a deep ditch, fore enough distan from the upper sido of the read, if ca eloping land; co that there should bono danger of driving into it (t would make this ditch not. Ices than 2f feet deep); provide suitable outlets in lowest place?; to carry across the read, and then allof no ; leaded ? wagon on it; with . tires leca than 6 inches in width OBut I hear ccmo cne cay : :"How am I to draw a wsgcaj load cn 6-inch tires bver ruts made b7 li inch tiresf; This is Just the point J wish to get at. No truth is mcro clearly recognized to day thau that good reads through the ,8tat0i wpuld add jramcns5 ly to the value of property jaescp thc whplei?State; would ;bp jbpnefitsd.j Ilyi idea -t would ba to enact a law ccmpell- ing , the ceubstitutipnr of .6 inch jtirf s ca e.wagcns carrymg cne, ton cr mcro.-r cne'-halfjithe- cost of fthp change, frcs' narrow tires to be paid by the .State if made, within, one year, and cns-balf by the owner; ; after one ;y car's .time he4 been giyea, the whole pos to be bcme by; the ,pner,i:f Of coerce! cne tnaa; would not be willing to uee acj pch tire on the road while tea others wcro catting .fen.fu nary ; harrow :t:iircx I have found thii troe'.myj.QTO deeprutshaye heeu made by,narroT7; tires, , the usol of wide tuTa'.oyervthcJ came road' has m a short ,time cbliter ated the ruti, and left a hard, cmccth surfacd: -'"; ' ":'KJ,V "' ; ' " '"' 'Tho '.llisspiiri-1 Eenment': jBtatisa (6ullstia:S9) ; made a Ecric3 :cr'experi mits ca all hinds i cf rc'adi, frcm hard macadam . to cod,; both ; dry 'and we ttl plowed4 Igroimd and;j;mud.rcd&,; and . foUndtheinch't lighter .on all rbdiexcept when cell and!' s!opply-pa! theVEurfaca;' cr rwliero mud 7 fa h?;V have nolluch':?depth"cf mud' at 'any time, pa cur reads trcro 'the tcexf 'car;, row tires prciMbil!H cooi'rcadl tiops by a presentation pfiacts. o.0ur farm lies 1 ist eft thV.mam road." and ia wprk, , my ' ctudyj-has , been; to ' maka every stroke' bit wprk -count,."' i''hired a road worker, m&a t and "team, , bp9,dpy9 C3ai;iars 'cgpat Wccstaf t7 audit was Dracticauv mens thewintcr icllowing'it was Knpcceiblar to; keep lleigh jcar it 7 ' The t ollowinW was very dec? and dicky; It mus 4 1 3 borne ia mm d. howovcrthit r
The Progressive Farmer (Raleigh, N.C.)
Standardized title groups preceding, succeeding, and alternate titles together.
June 7, 1898, edition 1
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