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Fif ? 4, .-41
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mi nnmsmiAL aitd iucatiohal hjteeesis of oub people paeahouht to ail other coisidseatiois qi ' state ronci.
EALKEGH, II. C, JUHE 14, 1898.
Ho. 19
Trr to rroj rTrri"o .
rnriYTny
VJiMJ
i ' ll 'j ! ,
r i-p
fol. I3'
' tl i 1
I I 1 M
. Tri Irby. lat i'oiessor cr Agncxu
Prof. BW- itif d Mechanical OoUesre. Hal
tnre.Agtmft a regular contributor to this
T aU ouestlons relating to tne farm.
dep"nrchara will b
be answered by Prof.
TtrPATBD FEED STUFFS.
gach highly concentrated and high
'ced feed stuffa as cotton eeed meal,
tinged meal, gluten meals, malt
Grouts, Bhip stuffi, wheat bran, eta,
re bo easily adulterated by' having
cheap and worthless etufja mixed with
them ia the process pi grinding that
Massachusetts has undertaken to pro
tect her cit-zsna fromeuch frauds by
enacting a law requiring aU Euch bud
etances to be submitted to the State
Experiment Station for inspection, an
ftgis and licensa before they are
offered for eale within that State. We
ghould do likewise.
A recent bulletin from Massachusetts
Experiment Station classifies these
feeding stuff, gives their analyses,
Btatea their origin and value, and gives
eight different formulas for advan
tageously mixing them so as to make
them well balanced and economical
rations. We give below the substance
ofalltheae important and interesting
matters, for we believe they will be of
interest, and what ia better, if remem
bered, will be of much real benefit to
our readers.
xAll cattle feeds, either concentrated
or coarse, are made up of six groups of
Bubstance8: Water, ,ash, cellulose or
fiber, fat, protein and non nitrogenous
extract matter.
Water: The several grains and by
products contain when placed upon
the market from 8 to 15 per cent, of
water.
Crude ash represents the mineral in
gredients of the seed. It will remain
behind as ashes should - the seed be
burned. These ashes consist of lime,
potash, soda, magnesia, iron, phos-
chcric acid and Eulphuric acid. Ash
helps to form and nourish the bones,
nerves, brain, etc.
Crude cellulose or fiber is the coarse
cr woody part of the plant. It may
be called the plant's framework. It is
present as a rule only to a limited ex
tent in the grains and by products.
- Crude fat includes not only the vari
ens fats and oils found in different
feed Btuffc, but also waxes, resins and
coloring matters. It is sometimes
termed ether extract, because it repre
Bents that portion of the plant soluble
a ether. Fat found ingraina and
seeoa is comparatively free from
foreign substances (waxes, resins, etc.).
One pound of fat is equal to 2 pounds
of carbohydrates and has the same
effect in animal nutrition, that is, it
produces fat, heat and energy in the
animal.
Crude protein is the general name for
allot the nitrogenous matters of the
?ee It corresponda to the lean meat
w the animal, and may be termed
'cwiuio meai." it nas tne same
elementary composition as animal
"ssh, and ia considered the most valu
able part of concentrated feeds. It
jwne produces muscle, nerve, brain,
urf norn, hoof, gristle, etc
Non nitrogenous extract matter con
vl augara, starch and gums. The
grains are very rich in starch and
Bunuar eubatances.
Carbohydrates: Tha ak
tract matter have the same functions
we process of nutrition, and colleo
"y wey are termed carbohydrates.
A"ey produce fat. h
Nutritive ratio; Th nnmni
which the protein of feed bears to
rfcchydratea (and fat reduced to
ttonydratee) is termed its nutritive
a"3, Hat is multiplied by 2 J to con
d. Ieed should contain 96 pounds of
tible protein and 928 pounds of
Clge8tlble PnrK. L ,
9 i times as much carbohydrates
""Kin, or 1 : 9 4, which is its nu
..e ratrin
3tibility : Any feed stuff is valu-
18 as a source of nourishment only
- r 3 varioua parts can be di
kd and assimilated. The concen
iv, Ieed3 are much more digestible
ai lQe coarse feeda. For instance.
every iqq pounds of timothy hay
ton 1 Pounds are digestible; but of
Poorer d3 o cotton seed meal 65i
kT. are digestible. Most of the
cbohfWn C0ars9 feea axo kfcb
yiratesi low in protein, and
otilatlvely digestible. Nearly
uuenuratea ieeas are very
Qigestible, and a large number are
protein and low to medium in
carbohydrates. The concentrated feeds
are fed vrith the homegrown coarse
feeds, therefore, first to increase the
digestible matter, and cscond, to in
crease the amount of protein in the
daily ration
There are four classes of these con
centrated feeding stuffs, as follows:
Class 1 contains 80 .to 45 per cent, of
protein, 50 to 60 per cent, of carbohy
drates (including fats) and are 75 to 90
per cent, digestible. Thi3 class includes
cotton seed meal, linseed meal, Chicago
gluten meal, cream gluten meal, King
gluten meal, and Hammond gluten
meal.
Class 2 contains 20 to 90 per cent.
proteis, 60 to 70 per cent, carbohy
drates, (including fats), and are 80 to
85 per cent, digestible. These include
Buffalo, Golden, Diamond, Davenport,
Climax, Joliet and Standard gluten
feeds, all made from corn, Atlas meal,
dried brewer's grain and malt sprouts.
Class 3 contains 14 to 20 per cent.
protein 70 to 75 percent, carbohydrates
and are 60 to 75 per cent, digestible.
These include wheat bran, middlings,
mixed feeda" and H. O. dairy feed.
Class 4 contains 8 to 14 per cent, pro
tern, 75 to 85 per cent, carbohydrates
and are 75 to 90 per cent, digestible.
These include wheat feeds, barley
feeds, oat feeds, corn, feeds, cerealine
hominy feeds, cornchops, oat
chops, corn germ feeds and chop feeds.
The ceed of the cotton plant as it
ccme3 from the gin where the cotton
fiber has been removed is still covered
with a coat of white down technically
known oa "lintera." Thi3 being re
moved, the seed itself appears as black
in color and irregular egg shaped in
form. The thick, hard, black feed
coal or hull is filled with the coiled
embryo (meat), which in turn contains
a large number of oil containing cells.
Machines have been invented to re
move the hull. "The meat is then cooked
in large iron kettles, and while still hot
i3 wrapped in hair cloth, and subjected
to a pressure of 3,000 to 4,000 pounds
per square inch, to remove as much of
the oil as possible. .The pressed cotton
seed cake is cracked, ground and re
eults in the decorticated bright yellow
cotton seed meal of commerce. A ton
of seed furnishes about 800 pounds of
meal. Sometimes a considerable
amount of hull is ground fine and
mixed with the meal, producing a
dark colored article, having not much
over one half the feeding value of the
prime material.
In like manner, linseed meal is pro
duced by grinding the cakes of fiix
seed after the oil has been pressed out
Most of flax eeed used in America is
grown in Minnesota and the two Da
kotas. The old process linseed meal
has had only the oil moved that could
be pressed out ; the new process meal
has had additional oil extracted by
treating it with solvent chemicals after
it comes from'the press. The former
is very properly called "oil meal," the
latter contains very little oil. '
This question of feeding and feeding
stuffs is an important one. Believing
that our farmer readers should study
these questions more, we will in next
week's Progressive Farmer have
something more to say on this subject
and will also give a list of different
feed mixtures recommended by the
Massachusetts Station.
Plain, common eenso dictates that
the farmer should raise a good side
line of all food supplies in addition to
his principal crops.
EXPERIMENT STATIONS.
Farmers should ever bear in mind
that these stations were established
and ore supported for their benefit. As
their name indicates, their leading
work should be the making of experi
ments to clear up doubtful or obscure
points. Farmers are not always pre
pared or have not the required appli
ances to make the necessary experi
ments to clear up points which arise in
their experience. Let them not be
backward in such case to call on the
experiment stations to do the work for
them. If it involves a general prin
ciple, station workers would be glad to
do the work. Let the farmers keep in
close touch with their experiment eta
lions, ia the sound advice of the South
era Cultivation.
'Give a man the sure possession of a
rock and he will turn it into a garden;
give him a nine years' lease of a gar
den and he will convert it into a
desert"
SALI JONES ON FAR L3 1 NG HAP
PIEST OF VOCATIONS.
When His Crib Is Full of Corn, His
Smoke House Full of Dtcon, and Live
Stock ia His Lot, He is Independent
of All the World
Every man docs work, will work,
must work. -Vagabonds er joy being
idle. The. secret of happiness here is
not only in the fact that we work, but
that wo love to work and love our
work and. en j y it. The spirit of dis
content that makes so many men dis
satisfied with their vocation and situa
tion in life i3 the bane of humanity.
The doctors would like to be lawyers,
the lawyers wculd like to be merchants,
the merchants would like to be farm
ers, the farmers would like to be gen
tlemen, and so on, each thinking that
the ether has the better job. This is
the source of dire intent and the father
of the spirit of dissatisfaction. Bo few
people choose really anything, and
abide their choice. A man who chooses
to be a farmer and puts his energy acd
intelligence into his work not only im
proves his farm, but fills his own pock
eta. If a man will take care of his
farm, his farm will take care of his
bank account
There is no life more charming than
that of the farmer, and if I wasn't a
preacher and hadn't rather be a
preacher than anything else in the
world, I would frequently envy x the
farmer his farm anefhis toil. Hiding
through the country on the railroad
trains and seeing the busy farmers
along the way planting and cultivat
ing their crops, is always interesting
to me, and I spend no hours more
pleasantly than those I spend on my
farm looking after its varied interests.
The farm with its crops . and its cattle
and hogs and eheep and ducks and
chickens and turkeys, all put a charm
upon the whole situation. Every
bushel of corn and 'wheat, every pound
of cotton, every pig and calf and colt,
adds wealth to the country as well as
to the farmer, for the farmers ore
really the producers of this country
and lie at the basis of all prosperity.
We need housebuildcrslawy ers, dec
tors, preachers, railroad men and all
classes, perhaps, but the farmer is the
essential man of alL They should be
encouraged more than they ore. While
they work others ought to think in
their interests and plan for their good,
for j ist as the farmer prospers the
country prospers. The farmer with
his improved implements and im
proved roadways ought to compete
with any other clas3 in the world. The
Georgia farmers ore rapidly catching
on to the improved machinery and im
plements and to take care of them.
The farmer of Georgia is beginning to
learn that it doesn't pay to have his
corn crib in Kansas and hi smoke
house in Chicago, and his cotton fac
tory in Massachusetts and his banker
on Wall street and his boss the little
merchant in town, and Kentucky and
Missouri his stock producing sections '
Well for" him it is that he has learned
that a corn crib full of corn in his own
lot, a smoke house full of bacon in his
yard, a few colts and calves inJiis lot,
and his economical wife for his banker,
makes him independent of the world.
If I had what the farmers of Georgia
pay for guano I wouldn't want any
crop, or land either; and I dare oesert
that there ia not a farmer in Georgia
who could not spend thirty days in the
year producing and compounding fer
tilizers into compost ana save every
dollar that he expends for guano and
improve his land one hundred per cent
more every year, for guano is like a
drink of whiskey to a man it will
stimulate him for awhile, but leaves
him with les3 energy and vitality than
he had before. .
The farmers have much to learn.
They are learning. The farmers of
Van Buren, Ark., chip from three to
five carloads of strawberries per day
during the strawberry season. They
produce no better strawberries than
we do in Bartow county, Georgia.
What a vast sum those shipments of
strawberries bring to that community 1
Let North Georgia learn of them. No
finer vegetables grow than we can
raise in our county. Let the farmer
see that everything he produces for
gale brings him something, adds to his
wealth and prosperity. Let him know
that every thing he buys but odds to
his poverty and takes from his income.
If he would prosper he must produce
much and spend little, and never go
into debt for anything. A man on a
form had better be afraid of debt of
any kind, for when a farmer gets into
debt two or three hundred dollars, it is
harder for him to pay than almost any
other class of laboring men. I drove
out into the country a piece to day and
passed a farm home with twenty-odd
bale3 of cotton lying under the shed, a
crib full of corn in the lot, and all kinds
of stock and everything prosperous. So
it goes. There was a man running
that farm. If a man attends to his
farm hia farm looks after him. ; y
I have spent several days at home
with a sick family now and will return
soon to the general conference. I will
write some things from the general
conference whatever may be of inter
est to the general public.
Sam P. Joses.
P. S. I propose to dig up some
snakes in my next letter. S. P. J.
THE FARMER' REST.
"I planned that machine while list
ening to you preach," said d mechanic
to hia pastor. "What did I preach
about!" asked the pastor, and his par
ishioner was obliged to confess that he
did not know, It is possible that a
good many farmers are plowing, sow
ing or rr ping, while their eyes are on
the preacher on Sunday. Can't you
' " p one day in the week and leave
. : field to rest while your brain and
body recovers from the strain of the
week's work!
Give yourself a day off, and do not
fall into the error of an old friend of
ours. "How much will you take for
that bunch of lambs !" a neighbor asked
him as they stood in front of the coun
try church and watched the lambs
playing on the hillside opposite.
"You know, brother George," was
the reply, "that I never do business on.
Sunday,- but if you'll come over to
morrow you can buy 'em for 2 a head."
Don't carry your farm around on your
shoulders on Sunday. The day was
instituted in order to allow us to throw
down bur burdens and get ready for a
fresh start Farmers' Voice.
CARE OF CORN. '
, v.jros a aoon cois crop
Cultivation should begin before corn
is planted, but most corn being planted
at this time: necessitates a different
method. The right cultivation at the
right time insures a full corn crib, and
that is what every farmer should have
this fall. When the corn is from two
to four inches tall, deep cultivation
close to the hill is impossible, although
that is just the time when the space
between the rows should be "dug up."
Keeping the space between the rows
mellow when the corn is below knee
high gives a chance for the main roots,
as they shoot out from that time on to
make rapid progress in their search
for plant food. As the corn plant re
ceives a large percentage of its growth
from the soil, it is important that we
do everything in our power to hurry
it along in its development If we
were to cultivate first shallow, then
deep, we would be doing a greater in
jary than we would to neglect euj1
V UVUij U cut.
don't cut the roots. -
Long before we are aware of it the
corn plant has sent root3 away out un
der where the cultivator teeth run,
and if we do the work right we must
gradually work, the cultivator teeth to
the surface, so .the last time over thsy
won't run over an inch deep. This
gives an opportunity for the longzeots
to send out small fibrous one3 that are
continually branching out and pene
trating the surface after moisture and
plant food.
LATE CULTIVATION.
It is easily seen that to make a prac
tice of going through the corn after
harvest with a one-horse double shovel
plow cannot help but destroy these
small roots, which retards the develop
ment of the stalk, besides shortening
the ear, as well as the kernels. Not
that it is not practical to keep up the
cultivation, of the soil, for it is neces-
Isaryif one expects a good crop of a
good quality, but use judgment m all
things, and when you do a piece of
work study the logic of it bo that you
may understand why you ore doing it
"and follow the most approved methods.
Elias F. Brown, Beading, Mich., in
Epitomist
Better let the crows-have three per
nnt'at their food from your sprouting
corn, for they will take in return nine
times as much in the form of injurious
insects, and you will no; suner any
rtinrrs of conscience at havinn'poiscnsd
a few friendly, beneficial and useful
birds. Rural New Yorker.
VALUE OF HOC AND HEN MA
NURE. f
-. A friend who makes no effort to save
the manure from SO to 50 hogs and a
good many hens, and who draws cut
the tub frcm his clcset and dumps it
anywhere to get rid of it, asks if these
small sources of manure are worth
paying careful attention to. As he
lives in the West, where land was new
and rich, it is no wonder that he has
been careless along, this line in the
past - But if I were on his farm now I
should save carefully the hog and hen
manure at least I will give you the
value of the above named kinds of
manure, as taken from the New York
Farmers' Institute Bulletin, which i3
ur questionable authority. At the
prices that nitrogen, phosphoric acid
and potash would cost you, at whole
sale; in market, a Jon of solid excre
ment, fresh, from swine, would be
worth 2 25 ; from human beings, $4 10.
The urine from swine, $2 10; from hu
man beings, 2 00. Fresh hen manure
is worth $4 20. After it became dry,
of course it would be worth more per
ton. I should feed hogs, myself, on
rough cement floors, if making a busi
ness of raising or feeding them, and
save all the manure, and get it onto
my land without wash or loss. With
bedding to absorb the liquid one could
make a coed deal of manure from 50
hogs. The hen manure will not ordi
narily be as important, but I should
dust it with dry soil or land plaster
often, for good of hens, and gather it
up and pack away in barrels, or some
way, so as to save it The human ex
crement is rather a small matter. It
might not pay to save it fer its manur
ial value. But for health's sake it
should not be allowed to soak into the
earth. And if we take that much care
we may as well save it'fer crops. We
use large galvan'z3d iron pails, which
are emptied in the manure in shed as
they get fulL Some absorbent and
deodoriser is needed for these pails, or
tubs. We use dry muck, gathered in
summer. Dust, dry soil, sifted coal
ashes, land plaster, etc, can bo used.
Dry muck is the lightest and best when
you can get it . There is no possible
contamination of air or water on our
farm from our closets. We have a box
in the end of each closet large enough
to hold a year's supply of absorbent A
little shovel takes the muck, or soil
from a hole at the bottom of box, on
a level with seat As it i3 used more
falls down. We do not keep hogs or
hens, or I should practice just what I
preach in that line. T. B. Terry, in
Practical Farmer.
The low price of cotton may be a
blessing in disguise. It will teach
Southern farmers to diversify, and
raise their own supplies.
BURR KNAPP'S FARM FURROWS.
One of the greatest faults is fault
finding.
The milking stool' is a poor curry
comb.
He who eats more than he produces
robs the world.
Some men who pet their neighbor's
children will only pound their own.
No grind, no grist
Failure sighs while success hustles.
An old field majr produce new grain.
Lazy bees, no honey ; lazy farmer, no
money.
Who refuses to toil has no right to
the soil.
Every shine has it3 shadows and
even a shadow has its use.
If you do not want it, the greatest
of bargains is not cheap. Ex.
THE COCKLEBUR.
This vile weed probably does more
injury to the farmer than any other
weed that pollutes the farm. We do
not need to describe it It may interest
farmershowever, to know that the
sexes of the flowers are borne in differ
ent blossoms on the came plant, the
pollen producing flowers, however, ap
pearing at the upper end of the prin
cipal stem and the ceed.prodacing
floFzers developing lower down, gravi
tation thus aiding in the fertilizing of
the plant The cocklcbur is on annual.
and is spread only from the eeed, and
hence it i3 a comparatively easy mat
ter to get rid of it, namely, by thor
ough culture, mowing the etuhblo be
fore the seed ia "mature, and pulling
cut every plant that makes it appear
ance in the corn field. It b thu3 com
parctively easy to get rid of the plant
with thorough culture, and without
thorough culture a comparative im
possibility. It is -very easy to take at
least five dollars per acre cfl the value
of a farm by allowing the ccckleburu
to have their way. Nothing, however,
but eternal vigilance in cultivation
will prevent the damsge. Where the
farmer attempts to grow sheep, ho
must get rid of the cockleburs cr sub
mit to a i eduction in the price cf hia
wool that will do much to diminish the
profits on his sheep. The cockkbur is
an advertisement of a poor farmer, cr
at least a farm poorly managed.
Wallace's Farmer.
There ia nothing so conducive to the
health and happine3 cf a well-regulated
farm family as plenty cf good,
delicious fruit the year around. ,
THE FARMER AND THE CITIZEN.
Elections occur this year of Con
gressmen, of State legislatures that are
to choose 30 U. S. Senators and make
or ; unmake the .laws of the varioua
States, of State, county and local offi
cials. The men elected this fall will
thus have more to do directly with
each one of us than will the next presi
dent Such reforms as may be wanted
from Congress must be worked for by
nominating and electing men favorable
to them. The same is true cf State
legislatures. While lots sf things ore
not yet right, and the battle fer reform
must be kept up, hero ore tome things
each one of us can work for in cur own
community, and the more persistently
we keep up these efforts the more each
one of us will enjoy life:
Better schools, better churches, mere
temperance, more books, more cccial
life, better reads, better citizenship,
more Eavings banks, better farming,
better stock, fewer weeds, better ma
chinery, better care of tools, less waste,
better thrift, more co operation. Farm
and Home.
The farmer who gives no time to
anything but work, will wake up come
day and find out that that kind cf
work does not always pay the best
PEAS ON STUBBLE LAND.
'-Weeds' and ; grass 'will , succeed . the
harvested grain, and will do no harm ;
in feci will do good, by adding humus
to the soil, but the quality of the hu
mus they supply is greatly, inferior to
that which peas will furnish The
former have little nitrogen gathering,
or subsoiling power, compared with
the peas, and if corn is to occupy the
land the following year, the stems of
ragweed become the abode of insects,
which renders it very difficult to get a
stand of corn on stubble land, says
Southern Cultivator. Peas may either
be sown broadcast cr cultivated in
drill. If the land is rich so the peas
will grow off rapidly and take posses
sion of the land quickly, they may be
sown broadcast; if the land is medium
or rather poor it is better to plant ia
drills and help the peas by cultivating
them seme. Generally one cr two
plo wings will be all they need. Plant
in drills three feet apart, and drop flvo
or six seed every eighteen inches. Scmo
corn planters, can do this work very
satisfactorily. The improvement cf
land through the agency of peas is
much facilitated by manuring thopcs,3
with acid phosphate and muriate cf
potash, cay 200 pounds of phosphate
and 50 to 100 pounds cf potash to the
acre. Such application will make the
peas grow much ranker and the fertili
zer will not be lost, but retained for
the next year's crop, cither in the pea
vines or in the soil All mineral plant
food present in decaying vegetable
matter (as ia buried pea vincf ) is avail
able to growing plants and is less apt
to affect crops injuriously ia case cf
drought So it is a good plan to apply
fertilisers to a pea crop for the benefit
of the corn or cottca crop which h to .,
follow the peas the next year.
A few days ego at Wake Forest wo
caw a farmer taking ia a check from a
cotton buyer for about 25 bales cf cot
ton. Oa investigation we found that
the farmer was cno cf these wise tillers
cf the soil who alwaye make home
supplies, and are therefore independ
ent ' Thi3 wise fermer found it quite
convenient to sell hi3 cotton just when
it suited him, and was net under the
necessity cf celling irat the first pas
sible day to meet a.mcrtgtre.
If all the farmers ia North CrcIIsa
would do likewise, the cry cf hard
times wou5.d not be eo frequent cr ce
loud. Commonwealth.
.The earlier ialifc .that a weed ii
killed the better. They rob tho ceil cf
moisture and plant U