Newspapers / The Progressive Farmer (Raleigh, … / Dec. 12, 1899, edition 1 / Page 1
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THE INDUSTRIAL AND EDUCATIONAL INTERESTS OF OUB PEOPLE PARAMOUNT TO ALL OTHER CONSIDERATIONS OF STATE POLICY. : a RALEIGH, N. C, DECEMBER 12, 1899. No. 44 i Ht Or' PUBLISHED :EKLY . , .ar Ln.tx-t tell Vn when your The 'Vr.n'pireH. receipts for money on ia"rl,tV wiii K'lvfU m cuanae of date on iaoriv'';;.- nmueriy coaugea in iwn weK.8, : Vl. im vi a N'l'KS. If a -uhecritKjr wishes L)l.-u YtV - niier iilsoontlnued at the x ais cl, "J 'uVii'-rlptton. notice to tbateffect pirt!"u ' r - ' otherwise it la assumed that a gDoaKl ! thesnrriptiou lsdVslied, and contin,!l'e' 1 ast be paid when paper la oljn " " i nrrl-k If i't by regtt4 ered letter Jc' ' 7ZZ vert 1st nn Kates: ten cents peragate bot ...ts for time and space, j Te - " Tmtrked to remind yon that yon Thi", tU?i -n! ' V examine ' M t-nmple copv and s oa .1 fH,Tf 'r ear's ri ;.tl.m. Will also '; ,rla, months for 6flcentp, or -t-r.'i 'J ' "., re!T" Or ve will send your ir.i. : yi- ,r r if xou wi. I f-end ps f5 in rv.rr frt.t, t, r i .j trte ix monthb for ln lnC rates. 'Tn7eTuTt rre,..udeat la e ery . t i Mii'- We want facts t value. :p:.:uyt'- !,,M,u.i f value, exieriences of -e-u.tr. Ri ;:-',',fin,i (,rierlv to d. One solid. vMue. v ai..' worth a tnousand theo- -u:on--triTel vmt- eTjZZi Fahmek Is the Official -vi of th N-rt" rarollna Farmers' State FARM NO ES BjI": 'iiN4 36 of DMaare, treats .nor. I: that tho German q -mm" m whih hia a monopoly of t'p t mu.e, keepa the price too t7 h F 'r 'i vo-ith also aci.i pboepha'e c . fJK f.') -e- t n; n .iw OdIj- $8 50. p.t,".. ..imo- muriato of poteh CV Ml n r tc ; now, notwitatacd iaI e .1 rm u dclmo ia th-pric? ofluVra r n. m-jriite of p jtusa coet? Tnc bultin advi?ea farmers to uso lime aid iaod pi i3ter to render soluble the t rea of uuhvailable potash al re3jy m tho aoil instead of payiDg BU?h nnnopolistically high prices for potaan ea1'-'. From adanc-i tiiettof Gaorgia Ex p-ri-ji-nt Svi- uon trs-a of Vrtrietie? c! c:ra am o:ton for 1899, we gather a fa .7 foot. of interest f-irmert: O' !5 v.rie:i a of cot: m, J ickeoa L mb-l:3-i:cvo f- r iIUsiMeli 'f eed coven, pri'-, rv;ife-a 231 in $MA of iir.;cj.:4- 21a !ayi:hi of peed, and 3i iL irui v.tue of lmt and Ec:d. i H a r's imp'ovei j;-ivrt the higia ly.jn v ! i ot Hut a;. a we a Dr v.s : f : -i -7, oj-t of 25 v ri- i: a v k u o f27 95 O 11 f - ni. v; -k P cliflJCj-ive y,p. rc yi-'ld 22 3'J baahels p'.e in., )w,m5 io 40 uud tno average 17 7' b 'if' uc. Tr. 1 k-e-t i-u-? f ;he Chicago Diiry Pi . wjix ri creamery nutter ID t? '26 f-n. per p"5iind acd E'gm cro.rr. . 2t"i ceL ta. ilarketd urmer &1;. ru d. T? f , limine nite phow eomthine o! nh ! being dene in the cieamery ba -;r ; in widely separattd ptacea T.r ulro a growing activity in a- . -xtii other pf ints in th So ir:r. , ,vh i rr.t for a creamery ia on S . lb vide. Id. A T i: i dull, W13 , creamery com ;r.y .1 i tild a cew creamery buiid- luj ix. nar. Tr iMiRmf-n's a-'eoriation of Haver II, ' i--.. baa oranizsd and will 8i il'.-n rrmery. Tr i, rrmfifv buildme at Kelly 8 Corn, ra, Mch., waa about completed at tn- : of ,(ijr' wpofe- Th fl vnjth bu'ievin on "Experi cierjc tr aion A'orfe'' ii dow out. Io is i3jpd iy he Department of Aricul tur 4 F rn ern' Balle in N ) 103. T . ive ssur j -i ts are d'CUsed. The ra-. cl t ittmnon to tho dange r from ic :-v irriarntirn and givea the rem dy. In? prcind rats of the cro-a PO lin-ition of p urrs. ar d the third of cl03-r.Mt pruning of tree. Toea aro bllo?rf d bv amr.us on The Oxeye D-'sr,M Piieontpg by Wild Cherry L uv o erps rvng Kgzs in Water ?la?i," ' Tnc, Period of Gestation in C?,"' -Th. L .n- Llam," '8ilago for H:rto- -i (j H tru," "Commercial But vr u,ecl in Connection with z;i Cieam." and 'ThB Stave Sib" lait m ntioneo article gayp thb. ;, v mo i . the moat practical it a ul h lo whicn can be con . i ci fciv ? HuK-tions regard lrk' 'i htuc i"ii of puch piloa. to iCT' ' i'h fi.'ir lllnirationa shoio2 p" ' . . . ih" bi!o mi d oeral app ar jrA i s , b i brained nn aODli''a ;:r'' ' crf-mrv of Agrif-ulturo. i,1-! w i n fin e sHHirn it It i u:' r f w , .o nat- a gffetions ard help FARM AFFAIRS. TH? PRB5HN r STATUS OF RICE CULTURE IN THE UNITED STATES AND ELSEWHERE Jorrespondence of the Progressive Farmer. Under the appropriation by Con gress for the introduction of valuable seeds and plants from foreign countries the Sacretary of Agriculture 3otem ber 1, 1898, appointed Dr. 8. A Knapp, of Louisiana an agricultural explorer. with instructions to visit Japan, iavoa tigate the rices of that country, and purchase a etok fuitoi to mret the rf qmrements of the American system of rica cultivation. Rica in addition to its tropbal or subtropicil character, is a crop grown chiefly in wet lar)ds vhere harvesting machines cannot on u?ed. Tho crop must therefore be cut with a eickb, and tho American hand laborer has been thrown into competi tion with tho cheap labor of the Trop ics, a competition that has not proved profitable to the American. In 1SS0 a peculiar prairie region in the Lake Charlea district of Louisiana was opened up by tho ciriatru':ticn of a railroad. In 1884 enterprising pet tiers b?gan the devt lopmeat of a now system of rice culture, by which as no perfect-d, tho elevated and nor mally or perisdically dry prairie Jandp are flooded by a syeti-m of pumps, canals, and levees, and when tie rie ia ib ut to manure tho vater i drained rfl, leaving the land dry ercu'-hfor tho U93 of reaping machine?. Under this pystern the co?t of harvesting, and therefore the total est of production, has been greatly r :di cod and the in du?try has undergone a rapid develop ment. Tho Japanese rices average better than toe American as far aa their mill ing qualities aro concerned, and for this reason it ia desirable that Japanese rices be more extensively introduced into this ccuotry provided they main tain tho?amechara3teriitics as inthir native countrr. Tho American methods of using ma chinery in the lice fluids have resulted in a revolution in methods of ciltiv tion. If, ia adlitnr, thepame relative improvement can b3 Bleared in the rice iteesf, if Vtrieues whi !h yield fro-ju 80 t j 90 per cnt. of head rice in ho fiuisatd rciuct cn b.; eucofts 'ully iatroJucd, American r;c grov ers vri'l bo able to orr.raind far tir proJucts prices i3 h'h rati any in the mark o '4 of the world. Dr. Kaapp returnfd from Japau in the early epricg of 1899 with tan tons of Kmshu rice, whih whs distributed to experimented in the Lake Cnarles district and elsewhere in the rice belt. The result of the millirg teata of the Ktuahu rica are therefore awaited with much interest. If the high milling quality of thii rice h maintained un der our cultural conditions, the com pi ne tuocess of an American system of riC2 cultivation will be firmly estab lished. Fir the purpose of d ffusing infor ixatiin on'the new American system and iis relation to the general question of rice production, a report has been prepared by Dr. Koapp, whi h will S3on bo isauei by the U 8. Doarr ment of Agriculture as Bulletin N 22, Division of Bnany, entitled ' The prt pDt Status o R ci Culture intheUciced 8t-t s and E sewhere " Tn s report gives a history of the origin of rice and its introduction into tbe Uoited States, the conditions of produc ion, and areas of lands suitable for rice cuhuro. It says the outlook for the further extension of the iodu try, uping the American methods, aa developed in the district cf southern Louisiana during tbe last ten years, U very promising Thera ia no satisfac tory reason why the Uaited 8iatea should not grow and mill all of itao-wn rice, nor is there any reason why the Uaited States should not btcome an ex porter of rico. R ci cultivation in tbe Hawaiian Islands and in the Philip pines is referred to, and then a full de ecription of the methods of cultivation in tho United Stites is given, and the obstacles to rica cultivation are men tioned. Tni3 is followed by soma gen eral not' a on the culture and treatment of rice, describing the preparation of the grcuni, sowing the 8 ed, irjiry to bloo n fljoiiug, harvesting, thrashing, fertilizing, and million Tgi re h also a fashion in rice. F ish ion n q-iires a h ga g oes and to obtain tbis tno most nutriti us portions are removed under the polishing process Eimated acn'o'ias: tho fdT)d va ues, rice polish ia 1 76 timas as valuable for food es pn ihed ri;e. The oriental custom, much u?ed by farmers in the Smth, of removing the hulls and bran with a pounder acd using the grain without polishing is economical, and furnishes a rice of much higher food value than the rice of commerce. In the process of polishirjg r early all the fats are removed. In 100 pounds of rice polish there are 7 2 pounds of fats. Iu 100 pounds of polished rica there is only 0 33 pound? of fat. Fashion also increa3cs tbe cost of commercial rice by demanding whole grains and places a value of about 2 cnts per pound more on head rica (vhole grain) than on tho fame qial ity slightly broken. T.ie report then treats of the produc tion and eoneumD'ion of rice in Asia. Japau he. s ab nu 43 000,000 pec pie who must ba sustained largely oy the prod uct of 7 000 0C;0 ;cre4of rice. Toe popu lition nf IniU, including Barman, is abou: 237i2u0 000, and rica forms the prir cipal food of this vast number of people. Nearly 6 J.0OO 000 acres are de voted to thH cerfi!, and riie bes been unler cultivation so many centuries and under uch a groat divers'ty of conditions that maay varieti s, rang ing into the hundrds, have repulud, China ha? mjre land adapted to the produc:ionof rice than any othercouu trv of equi extent. Re is an important factor in tho comm rc oi almost all oriental couu tries, and i s pr .'dutioa is es-enti!ly upon Uk- ea ae general plan, bu diff o materiiiiy frt-m tna methods em ploed iu tne United S'ates thai ttiey are carefully uoied in ihe reporc. T ie builfcti'i conelu ies with a brief re'erei C3 to tho cultivation of rice in Africa, Europe, and Central aud S mho America. M. Washington D C. The poultry buinesi is made up of a gcoi many details and it require thought, time, wors and a liberai sup Dly of good feed to secure the best rr eults. B:uine Frch, Cobdon, 111. FARMING IN ALAMANCE. - fleet of Factories on Agriculture- In dustrial Progress-Negro i abor. orreaiMjaatsni e or taa Proiirrivo f armer. I ravd s en but iitilo m jour pipe. fro'.ii A! ami co c.u--!Li ihi-i yrur. Ao this 13 Tain1! vine; D y wuli f.h weather tll tiiuii ozo coutd wi-h or desire, I foe I I ke t ie oi l elder 4,i feel Lna?;k ul trtt iu U no wu?rs' with uh than iu is " Now, considering that our condition is so m l :h better than most people of other nations, wo can, with the Pcalm ist, say, "Thy mercies are more tnan we can sum uu " Iu fact, all thiags are gooi or bad only by comparison Mny claim that this is the mo3t beau tiful aud pleasant fall season seen cr exprrie need in this regiDn within the reolieciion of the oldest inhabitant And truly it has been a floe and pleas ant one; but I have seoa many such an one. wh- n there wore better crops, more apples and cider, m:r3 haws, per simmon, rabbits and 'possums, fewer deaths and more weddings I expected a friend. C 8 Harii. to dme with uto day ;outala Ihe w callei to attend the funeral and burial of Mi-s Fannie Turner, at Hillsboro. dea h occurred at the Njrmal College in Greensboro, yesterday. Perhaps no youn lady in the 8' ate was more widely known or more highly esteemed A recent letter from Greensboro to a member of our family states thatq iite number of the people who remained on acoount of tiicaness are criiicaliy iU, wmla many who returned to their homes have died. S much for over crowding and lack of proper sanitary regulations. Was ic in the dairy drainage, the sit ks, sewerage, ventila tor, or what! A fearful responsioility rests somewhere. It is stated that prosperity reicn) the farmer last; the Alamance f'.rme?, coQ3?dring a numoer of things, to wn: Bad crop of wheat for p-vrai year; no fall crop of fruit .'or x v r; no n3i clas. all round crop of .r ; ;' for many years (r-hi year th? crop i very h-avy, ripe and waxy; ag vo crop for plug maoufactunn ; ne erl prico all rouad 5 ejuta otjr p mod ae ) is forging aheai and sio viy and surely bettering bis condui.n; ga ting more homa comfort; more cuuv-mian-c3s; oatter 3toc Oar doctors ar et ting wisr; our precoera prf-ai:hwitj more and better; our ppople bve mire and better chool bioks. eca-vil teacoers and scoool hou?e4; more and better papers of all kinds; m:re gen eral intelligence and more money and wealth, even if it is not equitably distributed. Even the morals of our people are improving. There is less drunkenness, less theft and extreme poverty in Alamance than there was before the war or at any time bsfore the present, all things are batter and growing better. A branch of the great Southern Rail way runs through our county. The depots have been enlarged, side tracks lengthened. O3conn2ecb.ee Mountain, at Hillaboro is being torn down for ballast. A long lina of telephone ia to ba put up along the railroad. Nearly all of cur cotton factories have been enlarged or ner machinery put in Our eaeh and door and furni ture factories ara all on a boom. But with all this prosperi y for the railroads and factories, there aro full a many drawbacks to the farmera. The railroads dump at cur depots flour and meat cheaper than the farmer can really raise tfcem hera. Tney bring vj.st quantities of stale and poisoned vegetabPs to our factories, po that the faceory people are eated, stalled and made sick before our vegetables are ready for mieet. Watermelons as b'g as water buckets, with enough ma laria ia each ono to give a well person the chills, are brought by the car load and sold so cheap hat the factory boy cannot resist, eo ho eats and is pick. So by the timo cur cabbage como into market thy say, "La, we've had 'em r.i'1 we're j st iok find tired of 'em." Tno bjy3 8iy, "We eat some melons and they made ui 6iok.;' The factories haves absorbed nearly aU the white labor from the farms. A d zn negro men that used to find em ploymeat on the farms now pick up a precarious living around each factory and fully a score of women by wash ing and cco'iing so there is now no re liable labor, either white or black, that can bo tired for the year round. 80 our entire depeodence for farm labor ia on negro tenants. Most of them are one horse, slovenly farmers, but it is that or none other. If these are deported tho farming wiil have to be done by the old men and email chil dren. Wa are not going to cross the oridf t'U we get to it; rut it ia beet to 0Q?il r too case beforehand. B F. White. Alamanco Co. N O L. is a m rk of tnrift and enterprise for a farmer to hve good, well oaf n ted and well k pt farm building, and this c ndition, cupled with good roads and ,'ences. always dfl'ghts tbe eye cf tho traveler through the farming com munity and is everywhere regarded as a pretty Eure sign of prosperity, Oharlfs W. Johnson, Grand Detour, Illinoia. FOR YOU TO THINK OF. Correspondence of the Progressive Farmer. Am surprised ihat we grow eo few onions when they require so little at tentiou, if plantei in August, Saotem- oer or March. Tney want well rot-ed and rich manure with land thoroughly cultivated before they are planted The parenip is worthy of extensi7e culture for family u&e and for cattle. Cae carrot should be grown for mar feet &nd home use. These roots can stand in th ground or be tut in hills for winter uso The frish potato should na larg-ly cultivated, as they are so v Uu'ible the 5 ear round ; may be served inao many ways stewed, boiled, fried. Hogs and cows will eat them. After planting them do cot plow them; if any work at all is given, let it be a light surface work once and then let nil grow together. The tomato is fine f or the table tbe year tb rough, when Drcperly cat ned in glass cans or j irs. Raw or cooked, good in many ways, so they may be served to the taste of a yooe. Why should the farmer have a bare table when there are so many simple vegetable dishes that cost him a mere tnfl ! 3ia butter and hog meat are naoro costly and not eo wholesome. (It iod cooks wih a supply of all these things may make a table shine at any season of the year. As to people that are not find of any or all the above, it ia in the manner they are served. R R. Moore. Guiiford Co., N O. I hava never in my experience known a mau to engage iu farmiag and stock raiding, who ueed reasoable judgment, who was do afraid ti work, nut could make a living and somthiog t- lay by for a rainy day. Charles Francis, Ne L nox, III, TEN THOUSAND DOLLARS A YEAR AT TRUCK FARMING. In The Progressive Farmer of Nov. 28th appeared a very practical article by Mr. F. J. Merriam, of Battle Hill, Ga., on "Conditions Necreeary to Cheap Cotton Production." Our read ers doubtless enjjyed Mr. Merriam's letter and it is probable that they will hear from him again through our col umns. It may interest them also to learn that Mr. Merriam with his part ner makes from $5,000 to $10,000 a year at truck farmiag. In a letter in the last issue of Farmers' Voice he gives the fundamentals to his success and, as tha Voice says, "it wculd be djfficult to find crowdoi into briefer space more of wise suggestion than the following narrative of experience and observation contains." Mr. Merriam says: "In complying with your re quest for a ehoit sketch of the methods whieh have contributed to cur success in crucK farming, I wish to say that I do not regard our success as at ail phe nomenal, but believe that it can be duplicated near any good market in this country, and th3re are many which are as good, or batter, thin At lanta. We had the advantage of a good location for cur garden, to srt with, and the further advantage cf bo iog without any capital, besides a few hundred dollars. I tay advantage be cause I hava s:ea eo many instances where people went to gardening with plenty of capital, but without knowl edge of the business, and sunk evt ry cent they put intc it. The discourag ing tff.ct from the l:ss of money eems to paralyza the energies acd warp the judgment so that nothing v a. succeeas; tnerercre unless a man knows his business thoroughly and right where to put every dollar to make it profitable, he had better be without capital, and start small. This is what we did. We started small, and instead of trying to have a large gen eral garden all at occe, we made a specialty of one or two thinp; we etudied these special crops, both with reference to themselves and cur mar ket, and we made them extra fine. Thi3 gave us control of the market along these lines, and a better chance to eell other things aa wo gradually worked into ?h?r.n, ' There are po many minuta points which contribute to success in any buaines3 that it is bard to till which ara tho most eential. A few that I know have help d mo are Fust, I have , a congenial, bore't, hard work iog partner. He attends to the sales department cf ths business, and keeps the books (our books cost us $11). "Sacond. I have been exceptionally fortunate in my success in dealing with men, both white and black, in bringing out tbe best there is in them, getting them enthusiastic about the work, and making my interests theirs. This I consider one of the main points, for I have saen a man's business entirely wrecked for no o her reason except that he could not mauaga help. "Toird. We make it a point to know what wo are doiog, We make a study of every crop, its needs, tho soil best adapted to it, and the fertilizers re quired to give the bistrt suits. Then we study every piece of land we have, and try to have the conditions juso right to make it do its best. The fail ure of a crop is more often caused by its treatment than from ouide c:ndi tions. Mistakes are caueed by ignor ance, and ignoranca is the cause of failure nine times out of ten in any bu?iaess." FERTILIZERS AND THEIR APPLI CATION. At the recent session of the National Farmers' .Congress in Boston the sub ject of fertilizers was discussed by Prof E. B. Voorheea in a thoughtful and exhaustive paper, which ia given here only in outline: It is little more tfcaa a year since Sir William Crookes sounded bis note of warning in respect to the imperfect methods of agricultural practice now prevalent and indicated a possible de ficiency of the food supply of bread eating nations. While I believe that his deductions fire- in part biased on false premises, I do feel there ia more truth, on the whole, in his conclusions than ia accepted by most of the stu dent of this question. Actual total production of breedstuffs is not corre gpondiogly grf ater from year to year, and tnerefore largely iucreasad de mands cannot be met, unless those who cultivate thi cjreal increase the aver age yieid very largely over that ob Uined at the present time. I do not mean to eay that this ia not possible, but there is also the queetion of its probability. Farmers do not live up to, ia practice, all they know. Even the statistician?, who have "put up a bold bitiflE" in respect to any poesibla shortage of our food supply, are at the same time pointing out the necessity of improved methods of culture, in or der that the future may be secure; This is the saving feature 0! the situa tion. What I fear is not legitimate ex haustion of oar soils, which naturally accompanies any system of farm in & but unnecessary exhaustion, which re sults from improvident methods of practice both in the growing and the utilizing of our crops. I soall first discuss the U3e o? com mercial fertilisers in relation to "gen eral fertility," by which I mean the productive capacity of theso eoils that cava been cropped for a long time, and that now, even under good manage ment and the use of the natural wastei, do not yield a profitable harvest. Ia the first p!ac-, the add i ion thai must be made to thse tails is nitrogen, pho s phoric acid trnd potash, and I do no$ consider as a fertilizer a tubstanee which dos not contain one or more of These elements. But all three element! may not be required by a given soil So you must first know your soil what you want; and then your fertili ser what you are getting. There ie too much ignorant buying of commer cial, fertilizers on the tonnage bacis. Then the application must be system atic, aimed to supply a dtfiaite need of th3 soil. Owing to the demand for cheap ton prices, the average brand of commercial fertilizer to day only con tains about 800 pounds of actual fer til zing constituents to the ton, Yet it i q tite as easy to make brands that will contain es high as 450 pounds of fertilizing constituents, and thus be 50 per cent, better than the present. And farmers should take pains not to buy elements of fertility which they don't want. In tbe continuous cropping of wheat, for example, phosphoric acid ia the most rapidly exhausted. So tho farmer wastes the money he spends for potash. Then there ia also the ques tion of profit. Fertilizers, in order to be profitable, must be applied to crops, the possible increase cf which will bring more than the cost cf the ma terial ueoi. This rule seems cbviou?, but is often overlooked. But there are other conditions where the fertility demand ia of a different character. There are what I term "ep c al fertility" requirements as well as general. That is, there is a kind of farming wbere natural fertility, how ever great, is inadequate to meet the special needs of the cropa grown. Here the farmer has to consider not only yield but quality; he sells his nitrogen, phosphoric acid end potash not, ss it wera, in bulk, but in neat and attrac tive packages, and therefore gets a high enough price for a given quantity of it to pay for a great deal of wag to in the doing up. Take asparogm, for ex ample; its market value depends on the Biz?, sueculence and sweatnes?. Tni3 perfection of quality can only be attained when the plant has atdispoeal an abundance of all forms of plant food during the entire period of growth. Ao application of $50 worth of plant food will thus oft(n prove more profitable for asparagus than $2 worth to a crop of wheat. It ia in this production of quality that the most lavish and profit able use of ferti! z,rs will increasingly be found. We have another point to consider the relation of commercial fertilizers to the exports of farm products. We are exportiog in wheat, rye, cats and nitrogenous feeds the potential wealth of our country from an agricultural a andpoint. Now when we sell a bushel of wheat for 60 cents, we sell nitrogen for 41 cents a pound and phosphoric acid and potash for 14 cents. The dif ference between the prices received for these constituents in the wheat, end the pric. s paid for the elements as tbey originally existed in the soil, must in clude cost of raising and selling the wheat, as well as the farmer's profit. How much better to eiport flour and get twice the money for 60 per cent, lets plant food I The eame principla app ies to other grains. Convert your plant food into oaef, pork or butter, and you get enormously higher prices for much less costly artrcles. 80 1 don'l approve of tbe corn propagranda; I had rather sea the msu'zo go abroad in pork or beef. continued on page 8.1
The Progressive Farmer (Raleigh, N.C.)
Standardized title groups preceding, succeeding, and alternate titles together.
Dec. 12, 1899, edition 1
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