Newspapers / The Progressive Farmer (Raleigh, … / Nov. 19, 1901, edition 1 / Page 1
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ii : ;: fx kIxS CoCO - r-n THE INDUSTRIAL AND EDUCATIONAL INTERESTS OP OUR PEOPLE PARAMOUNT TO ALL OTHER CONSIDERATIONS OF STATE POLICY. Vol. IB. Raleigh, N. 0., November J 9, 1901. No. 41 Agriculture. aArt&Y fAaaiEE'S TALKS. LI. tjrrepm1Mice of The ProitTesslve Farmer. Many farmra are now penning their h g to finish, fattening them This is necessary in order to "clean them out" and to save the mannre We hu . O'Q they have been rnnning in the fiid-, eting peas, potatoes, peanuts, chufus, eto , and in order to harden the fat they munt be fed on corn. 11 gs fattened on swee: pota toes wid mtke better btoon for sum mer use than if they had fed on any of the ab ve named foods, exoepting corn The f it f rom sweet potatoes doe not drip out of the meat in warm eit.ier. Peanuts ia the worst, then chutas and oow peas. Tne last name 1 is not very bad. We u-uiliy put down a layer, of straw, woods mould, etc., about 12 inches thick and then make a floor of fl it rails and over this with good leaves nd straw. Ia a day or two it will be necestry to put more straw in, as some of the straw will be packed by the hogs between the rail of thrt 11 r. Now is the time to be careful if you want th best meat. For a hog to fatten well, it is necessary thai ho should be confined in a small place, aiid this will require close attention in order to keep tne pen cleatj. If will require new bed ding every day, and if there are many m the p.u it will be best to give fresa strav morning and even ing We like to have a shelter that will cover ono half to to thirds of the pen. We give water about three times a dy m lrnmg, noon and at night. Cien all litter out of trough before puing in water. It is not necessary for hogs to hve enough to wallow in, as they only stay in the pen from 10 to 30 days. If you have hogs of different sizes in a pen the 1 trge ones wid lie down in the trough and force all the water out and the small hogs will not get any. In older to prevent this we take a wire and stretch it across the trough lr m side to side, first driv ing s ime nails aboat a foot apart on each side of the trough and wrap the wire ar.-und the nails just like lay ing a fenoo w .rm with rails. Toe hogs a ill lie do wn on top of these wires a few times until they learn that thev cannot get in the water. It will give thorn a g .d chance to eat or drink. The only objection to this trough is tnat the wires running zig zag across it you will have t j turn it over in order to clean it Bat this is better tlian to hive to stand over them untii ull havu drunk. We like to chmge the feed a little if they are to be kept more than ten days. GiVd some charcoal, collaid leaves, fodder, hay, or anything that U frt-e from du t We have often made pigs o 6 more corn by giving a little ieod of other things II gs treated in the manner I have dcnb.d a ill makJ meat fit for a king's table. But if they are con lUed ia a pen of filthy mud and water, the meat- will not be good. And t.11 that may be done to it after . a-rds wiil not free it from tae flavor u the pen. We believe many hogs a.- killed by being kept in pens v.-. rho.it lioors where they can eatall t ilirb t-noy want. vv.j do not re uember losing one . r i-nnning. Wo are never both ; : aboat r-olling our pigs, even "n-e-i fiere is a glnt in the market. (;ur c,i-t uners know jus-t what they getting and are willing to pay r- it prico. Marry Farmer 'oiumbus Co., N. C. onvil'e Reflector: Mr. W. H. 'ay. of Cirolina township, oulti v a one horse crop, having seven in tobacco, nine acres in cot one acre in potatoes, besides the puts in corn. For his to - he received $850, for his cotton " - , for his potatoes $112, making a 1 of $1,102, and he'has on hand - crrel of corn and five stacks of r r. This is what we call a fine 'ult tor a one-horse crop, and ow that farming will pay -when properly done. NEWS OP THE FARMING WORLD. Our Washington Correspondent Tells What Progress is Being Hade in the Various Sections of the Country. Oon-wMpoudeuceor Th Progressive Karmer. While the evils of in-breeding have been recognized in the ca-e of ani mals for centurie, it is only within the past few decades that the tre mendous influence of this process on plants has been made manifest. Ia a general way the farmer has known that by GETTING FRESH SEED EVERY YEAR or two, he obtained better results than ho could, if he stved his own seed, but this was about as far as in terest in the matter had proceeded until a very few years ago. Darwin first showed to the world generally the marvelous difference between self-f ertilizei or in-bred seeds ami thoe of cross breed-, and attention was centered s exclusively on th application he made of this and other facts to the descent of animals an of man that his researches in the plant line were almost ignored for years afterwards. Qaite recently the subject has been taken up on its other side, that of improving plant by cross breeding, not only between those from different section, but a'so thof-e of different species thi work to be done by the Agricultural Department, which has been doing a great work its plant breeding labora tory. True to i?s purpose of adher ing to plants of the greatest utility, the laboratory has given its special attention to whea, corn, oot n, oranges, pears, grapes, etc. Wheat esoeciady has ben studied, as be sides being so valu-tble, it has many other characteristics which make wrk with it both interesting and easy. It can be bred in immense quantities at small cost; the per formanoe record" of each individual can be measured in a number of its important characteristic as yield in weight of grain, quality of grain, size of kernels, height of plant, etc ; and these values may be expressed in numbers, so as to be averaged for a series of plants in one year or ft-r a series of years ; the seeds from each plant being numerous, a small plot can be planted from each of several mother plant, and securing their averages of yie'd, quality of grain, height, etc., the transmitting powers of the respective parents may be easily compared ; field varieties may be developed from each of the several best stocks, and these, at a reasonable expense, may ba tested in field trials so as to yield and also as to their milling properties ; finally the seeds may be preserved for a number of yeais, so that the original variety mty b grown and c nnpared with the progeny which ha been bred for some time. Daring the past few ears, the Department has undoubt edly improved the standard breeds of what. Whenever a new hybrid, which comes true to type, has been obtained, it is rapidly increased and its seed sold, in quantities of a few bushels, to farmers in sections where it seems to do best. Almost univer sally, this wheat has given better re suits than the other breeds cultivated by the farmer, who is expected to sell his fint crop to his neighbors for seed, thus spreading the variety and raising the crop average of the dis trict. The Department of Agriculture has oompleted plans for the ANNUAL SEED DISTRIBUTION throughout the country. Despite the fact that double the usual amount of seeas is to be sent out this winter, the preliminary work is advanced much further than in past years. There will be 37,000,000 packets of seed distributed, comprising both vegetables and flowers. A change has been made in the method of dis tributing cotton and forage crops, whioh now, instead of being sent broadcast, will be sent only to cer tain seotions where they are adapt able and likely to bring about im proved conditions. Havana and Sumatra tobacco will be sent only to Florida and certain parts of New England, where their culture has proven successful and where muslin sheets spread over large tracts of tobacco area furnish the necessary tropical conditions. Other types of tobaooo plan-;s will be sent to other sections. The Department will be gin sending out the seeds about De cember 1, and most of them will be furnished through Senators and Representatives. The humble American hog was ex ported last year by the United States to a value exceeding by more than two million dollars that of the iron and steel exports, of -which so much has been said. He f arnib s the largest single item of export, amounting to nearly $120,000,000 a year, an increase of $35,000 000 in the past ten years. The future of this mighty indu-dry, if not threat ened, may be considered at least somewhat disturbed by the wonder ful growth of itsDinish oongener, exports from Denmark having rinen from one to eight millions annually in fthe past ten ears and being still rapidly increasing, Mist of these exports go to Germany, whioh al ready frowns upon Amerioan pork, and is inclined to still further dis criminate againss it. A. B. Marriott. Washington, D. G. AORICULTTJRK AT THE LOUISIANA PUR CHASE IMPOSITION. One of the largest Buildings Ever Con struoted Dedicated to Agriculture fjr the Great St. Louis Fair of 1903 torres pondence of The ProgreaHive Farmer. Agriculture, by which the great L ui-iana Purchase was developed, jvill receive the highest complimeut whioh the World's Fair at St L mis oun bestow. To this greatest of in dustries the greatest of all buildings ever constructed for any purpose will be dedicate 1. The Agricultural Building for the Louisiana Purchase Expsiti n will be 2,000 feet long tnd 700 feet wide, containing an area of 1,400,000 pquare feet, or about 32 acres. Any person can best realize what thee dimensi- ns mean by find ing a field of 32 acres and walking around or across it. Any man living in a city may compare it with the area of 390 city lots of 30 feet front age, each '114 feet deep on a 66 foot street, and including streets. Allow ing 20 lots to a square, the squ ire- being 300x228 fret it would be equal t 16 city square 4 or block", an area of two blo k in one d reotion and eiht blocks the other, all under one great roof. All iwing two square fet for each person 700,000 people oould 8tnd under this roof. An army of 50,000 men oo ild assemble and go through its evolutions with freedom within this space. Its out side walls wdl measure 120 feet more than a mile. A good walker oould encircle it in twenty minutes. T;ie fast flyers of our best railroads would require a full minute to oover the distance. The Mississippi River flows an equal distance in about 20 minutes. It will contain about 100, 000,000 cubic feet of space, and the area of the floor space i sufficient for 4,666 exhibitors, allowing to each a space of 10x20 feet and a space of 10x10 to the center of the aisle, or 300 squaro feet in all. The division of agriculture will be the most complete and comprehen sive ever presented, treating broadly of the science and principles of agri culture, farms, buildings, tools and machinery, the oulture of cereals, grasses and forage plants, the oal ture of tobacoo and textile plants, the vine and its products, economic horticulture, having special refer ence to vegetables and fruits, recrea tive horticulture, inoluding land scape gardening, fi )riculture and window gardening, domesticated ani mals, stock raising, the dairy indus try, wool growing and the minor animal industries M. Hon. Seaborne Reese, a leading member of the Georgia Legislature, will introduce a bill in that body providing for the teaohing in the public schools of the State of an ele mentary book on agriculture. He thinks the children of Georgia should be taught something about plant and animal life. Mr Wright will ak for a small appropriation from the Agricultural Department fund for the purpose of procuring such a book as is desired. Both Commis sioner Stevens and Commissioner Glenn have recommended for several years such a ohange in the curricu lum. Baltimore Sun. OUR CLIMATE SUITABLE FOR 'TILLER TOBACCO." Mr T. E. Bruner Thinks Government Should locate a Station in North Carolina for Ex periments. 1 have read vrith enthusiastic ap proval your editorial of yesterday under the heading: 44 Why Not North Carolina?" in whioh you urge upon tie Hon. Secretary of Agriculture at Washington the desirability of placing within this State one of the proposed stations for the cultivation of 4tfiller tobacoo," su h as is grown in Cuba. It is timely, and it is to e hoped will result in directing atten tion to this S;ate, since it possesses a vast area, which, in my judgment, (and I have given the subject much thought), is entirely suitable for this purpot-e. Certain it is that if the soil and climate of either Pennsyl vania or Ohio are in any degree suit able, then this State must be far superior.. It has a much longer growing season of uniformly warm weather, better distr buticn of moist ture and less fluctuation in tempera ture during the growing perl )d and is much nearer the salt water than either of the other States mentioned, and in these things conforms more closely to Cuba There can be little question of the adaptability of cer tain soils in our ritate to the proauo tion of the highly flavored fillers hioh have given such reputation to the Cuban weed. In faot, (I have been e ironing all day for an article read and filed some years ago, but which I cannot find) an experiment was tried in Mxre o. unty, as my reddlection goe-, some years ago, an i with remarkable su ces the first year, from seed imported from Cuba. But the second year's crop was not so good in flavor and there was a tendency to grow stalk and top at the expense of flavor. 1 This was from the home grown seed. That experiment was of value in showing two things: that the to baooo with good hih fivor could be grown in this State ; and that the seed must be imported fresh for each year's crop. The methods of cultivation, fertili zation and curing praoticed in Cub must be carefully studied and made to conform to the soil and olimate obtaining in this State. To this end your urging upon the authorities at Washingti n the ad visability of select this State for experimental purposes is much to the point. The experience of Mr. Fontaine in. the good old county of Person is not only enoour aging, but is an aotual demonstra tion of the fact that these tobaccos may be profitably grown here. The area whioh seems be-t suited to the production of these tropical tobaccos is that large area crossing the State from the Virginia line to the South Carolina line, and lying just west of the great trucking fields now profit ably cultivated, and generally speak ing embracing that territory lying bet veen the Seaboard Air Line and the Atlantic Coast Line railways Should the experiments prove suo ce8fu, and I know of no reason for supposing that they will not, it would be well to remember that this vast territory would be adapted to the production of this desirable and high priced com modi tv, and that it would bring to the agriculture of the State an area as large and perhaps as profit able as that now devoted to the trucking interest. B -twcen 1856 and 1860 the United State Government set out a lot of tea plants near Favetteville as an experiment, to see if they oould be made to grow ia this State. The war put a stop to the experiment, but not to the growth of the tea plants. Bing negleoted they grow to be quite tall in the surrounding bushes, and we have now in the museum a sample of the tea made from those plants in 1892, and which brought $1 per pound on our mar kets. The point is that the tea plant lived for forty years in our olimate Recently the government is repeat ing this experiment in South Caro Una. If successful there it can be made equally so in. the southeastern part of this State T. K. Bruner, Secretary State Board of Agrioulture, l XT A I ill iiDYYO auu OUWl VOX. Live Stock and Dairy. THE GREATEST OF LIVE S10CE CONVEX TION. $4,555,000,000 Represented by the National Live Stock Association Annual Meeting Chicago, eo. 3rd. Correspondence of The Progressive Farmer. During the past fifty years there have been many conventions held in the United States representing vat accumulations of wealth and prog ress. But the first great C njgresH of the twentieth century, the Fifto Annual Convention of the National Live Stock Association, representing the entire industry of the nation, which will assemble in Studebaker's theatre, Chicago, 111 , on December 3, will represent as much enterprise and more money than any gathering of men ever assembled on the globe In 1850 the total value of the live stock of every Sate in the Union was less than $1,200,000,000 ; to-day it is $4,555,827 375, a sum jnocmpre hensible to the mind of man. In the year named there were but 17,000,000 oattle, 21,723,220 sheep, 4,896,050 horses and mules ; to day the figures are 50,602,414 cattle, 15,623,551 horses and mules, and 50,203,000 sheep Then the grde of this stock, except in some seotions of the extreme East, was of the scrub order, which grew and run wild upon the pastures, To-day no finer blood nor more im proved methods can be found than in the United States. The magni tude of this industry can only be comprehended by comparison All stock yard companies, packing houses, commission exchanges and a large per cent, of the freight income of all transportation companies are merely incidents to, and dependent for success upon the efforts of the live stock growers and f eeders.whioh term embraces every farmer in the Union. Live stock and cereals are the same as cash in hand. Were the former converted into cash it would take every dollar in circulation in the United States and then the com mission man would have to borrow $2 225,000,000 from foreign banks to liquidate the bill. The cereal crop of the country is valued at $2;025, 116,545, yet the live sto -k is worth more than all the cereals, metals, o tt n, lumber, sugar and "tobacco combined. The livestock men oould buy the stock of every national and private bank in the United State and England and then have millions of money left fcr speculation. They could own all the stock yards and packing houses in the country and have a surplus of more than a billi m dollars. They conic establish a took yards company as large as the Union Stock Yards and Transit Company of Chicago in thirty-three cities, with a capital of $30,000,000 each, and one in every city in the Union as large as Helena, eaoh with a cap ital of $14,220,000. They could build three trans continental railway lines from the Atlantic to the Pacific and have left $750,000,000 for a reserve fund They oould own every steel works and smelter in America and Europe and have a billion dollars left to purohase ore with. They oould control every oceanic transpor tation company in the world and have left a sufficient sum to run them f or tea years without taking in a single dollar. There are 8,000,000 of these noble man in the United States. If they were to become so united upon po litical matters, as to vote as a unit, they could elect every officer in the nation from the President to the most humble, backwoods overseer. There is absolutely no limit to the possibi ities of these men if they should collectively divert their force and influence in any direction. The citizens of Chiogoare making extensive preparations to entertain all delegates and visitors, and cor dially invite all interested to be their guests during the week of December 2. Chas. F. Martin, Seo'y- Denver, Col. Winston Journal : Dr. T. L. Cook, of the South Side, raised 35 bushels of oorn, 33 bushpls of wheat and a fair crop of leaf tobacco from an acre and a half of land this season. He has given bigger farmers a valu able pointer. ' PBINCIPLIS OF STOCK BREEDING. A Thoughtful discussion of the Practical fide of the Whole Subject Presented tl Progressive Farmer Headers S ime years ago two friends young men were discussing the kind of work they were to take up in life, Both were energetic, ambitious voung men. One was a naturalist and loved to be in contact with na ture and her creations. The other was a village boy. He had good parentage and being an only son, h& would inherit quite a good deal of wealth. He knew agrioulture and nature only in a general way. But something about them was enticing to him. And so during the course of a few months earnest meditation and consideration the latter chose as his work animal breeding and raising and feeding, and the former con cluded he was fitted for the legal profession. And then their ways parted. One went to college. The other remained at home. Preparation came first. The would be lawyer mut first ob tain a general and scientific educa tion. The would-be breeder mus know something about th principle that underlie animal breeding. H& wonted to begin right, so he thought the proper way was to get the best animals, and so he went to the agri cultural fairs as a means of educat ing himself regarding these points. There he saw the symmetrical, well-bred, fine groomed animals, among the best of the respective breeds. He had read all he oould find in reference to the principles of breeding. He was impressed, as you are, with the principle of heredity or that like produces like. Q md ani mals produce good animala, and poor animals produce poor animals. So he was taught and that was suffi cient. He 8 pent much time at the fairs, and when he went home, he had purchased several of the best. And with this foundation stock, hl& began His work. But in the course of years his barns did not fill up with the kind of animals he had an anticipated. He failed to get the duplicates of the parent stock. White he had purebreds, they were not of the original type. And he saw some thing was wrong. H- did not alto gether doubt the truaness of hered ity, in spite of his own personal evi dence, but he felt he had learned only hair of the lesson, whioh waflc the fact. "Like produces like," i& true ; but that is not all The other half of that lesson consisted of this; That while those animals inherited their fine forms and their uniformity of class or type, they also inherited something else ability of uncon sciously adapting themselves to new conditions, beoause all broods of do mesticated animals are in 11 lenced by the ohanged conditions of climate, food and habit. Our wisest naturalists tell uj that the . uniformity that now char acterizes the buffalo, for instance, once belonged to the horse, oow, sheep and hog. And we look at these to day see what a modification of type. The diminulive pony and the ponderous draft horse ; both from a common ancestor. But why the dif ference. One got transported to the brren, bleak, tempestuous isles of Sc tland and the small, diminutive Shetland pony results. Another went down to the fertile lowlands of Normandy and Central Europe, in pleasant olimate and luxuriant food, and the prodigious draft horse was created. Pony, trotter and draft horse all from the same ancestors, heredity tracing back to the same point, but three entirely different creatures. Chmatio influences are always at work, and in free state in nature are always aotive. But when . domestication takes s place, olimate loses a part of its influences, because the mind of man counteracts and moulds a creature after his own fashion. He does it by understand ing the principles that underlie the improvement of live stock. Man co operating with climate accelerates the transformation, counteracting its effects he retards it. Saunders gives us an illustration of this in re gard to the horses of Canada. "It is evident," he says, the causes that CONTINUED ON PAGE 8 I,
The Progressive Farmer (Raleigh, N.C.)
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Nov. 19, 1901, edition 1
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