1222 (8)
BLUE RIBBON ENGINES
Cost only 2 cents i 2 to 25 H. P.
per hour per horse
power on full load.
An efficient, relia
ble, powerful en
gine, easy to start
and operate. Less
complicated partsi
than other high grade
engines. Just the kind (or the man who has never
run an engine before. Sizes 2 to 15 H. P. Cash or
credit. You save $20.00 a H. P. by getting our prices
before you buy. Long term guarantee. Sizes up to
10 H. P. shipped quick from Richmond stock. Money
back after M days test if not fully satisfactory. Write
today for catalog.
r
THE SPOTLESS CO.
75 Stock Lane,
RICHMOND
amy
That smooth, rich tobacco roes
straight to tae spot-makes you
happy. It's a man's size plus
from the Piedmont section of
Worth Carolina. Oct a plus
trom your dealer.
Manufactured by
BAILEY BROS Inc
WW5TOTVSALE1 N.C
Always in the lead. Willing to work all
kinds of weather. Our engine is constructed
of good material, good honest workmanship
and one that is guaranteed absolutely for five
years. You will do well to correspond with
us before buying.
WATERLOO GASOLINE ENGINE CO.,
" Salisbury, N. C
Stylish-Staunch-Satisfying
Rock Hill B uggies
ARE LIGHT running and easy riding. You
want a good substantial looking buggy
one you will be proud of you also want to
know that It Is strong and Safe. Safe even if
your hcrse becomes freightened and the
buggy is submitted to unusual strain.
That's what you will get In a
Guaranteed Rock Hill Buggy
On request we will be glad to send you our
catalogue showing styles of as good W gies
as it is possible to make you will find a com
plete description of The Rock Hill Bug y you
want. Please write for your copy at once.
ROCK HILL BUGGY COMPANY
In Piedmont Timber Section.
Rock Hill, South Carolina
SOME EFFECTS OF MANURE AND OF RATES OF APPLI
CATION.
Thin Alanuring Often Better Than Heavy Manuring of Smaller
Area-Leguininous Crops Equally as Effective as Manure, and
With the Added Value of Providing Feed for the Livestock.
W
By J. F. Duggar.
THE PROGRESSIVE FARMER.
ducing the material to a considerable
degree of fineness, makes possible
more even distribution and doubtless
increases the number of desirable or
ganisms in the manure.
When manure is used, not primar
ily for its content of plant food, but
rather in very thin applications for
its effect in increasing the germ life
in the soil, it may prove almost equ-
ttmiv mv pntirp acauaintance which has been published on this sub-
M. M. . . . .... Si 1 U ... . ., 1L. ,
I do not know a farmer nor a ject. For example, me wruer uas uu- any neipiui on some oi me legumes,
scientist but is an advocate of small amount of experimental work
the maximum use of stable manure.
The real question is not whether
stable -manure
should be used,
rather how; to
increase the
amount of ma
nure available,
how to apply
this in the form
and at the
time when it
will be most
effective, and
in the quantity
PROF. DUGGAR. that wiU be
most profitable.
The writer has always urged the
maximum use of manure, but has
sometimes failed to go as far as some
others in urging exclusive reliance on
this valuable material as a means of
improving Southern soils under pres
ent conditions. He has found the use
of legumes a means of soil improve
ment about equally as effective as
manure and applicable on a larger
scale in the case of farms where the
number of livestock is limited. How-
tained in two different years an in
crease of 8.8 and 10.8 bushels of pats
for each ton of horse manure of high
est quality, when used at the rate of
only two tons per acre. On the other
hand, from heavy applications of the
richest of cow manure, made from
feeding cottonseed meal, etc., the in
crease for each ton of manure was
less than two bushels per ton of man
ure where the quantity of manure
ranged between six and 22 tons per
acre.
I believe it to be a general rule that
a larger return per ton of manure is
obtained by comparatively light appli
cations, say from two to six tons per
. acre.
It is true that there is difficulty in
distributing broadcast with any de
greee of uniformity amounts less than
six tons per acre, and that when the
amount falls much below this figure
it is almost necessary to apply the
manure in the drill in order to get
any evenness of distribution.
Manure is Valuable for Its Indirect
Effects.
such as alfalfa, as on the non-legumes,
which latter are benefitted to
a ' much greater extent than are the
legumes, where the amount of man
ure is considerable.
BOLL-ROT OR ANTHRACNOSE.
Three Methods of Prevention or Pro
tection Against This Disease.
BOLL-ROT, or anthracnose, has
caused serious losses in many sec
tions the past season. With increas
ing force these losses are occuring
each year until now the disease has
become so serious that in many
sections it is truly alarming. The
Progressive Farmer has frequently
called attention to this rapidly grow
ing menace to the cotton grower and
has also pointed out the only known
means, of preventing the rapid
growth and spread of the disease.
In the first place let us correct the
popular error ihat some varieties are
free from the disease. No variety
has yet been found that does not suf
fer more or less when the infection
is present and the weather and other
ever he has always pointed out that rHE man who has a limited amount conditions favorable to the develop-
where the requisite number of live
stock can be obtained it is better to
make two uses of the leguminous for
age crops, namely; as food for ani
mals and ultimately as fertilizer in
shape of manure, than to plow them
under. It is to be hoped that South
ern farmers will give such increasing
attention to the growing of livestock
that each year a mu.ch larger propor
tion of our cowpeas, velvet beans,
clover, vetch, etc., will be utilized as
food for livestock. However, it is
possible to increase the areas of these
legumes much more rapidly than to
increase the number of animals on
Southern farms, so that for many
years to come the legume will be
plowed under as well as used for
food.
SPECIAL HOLIDAY EXCURSION
TO
UAVANA, CUBA.
Rate From Selma $46.90
lucludlng meals and berth on steamship
Children ffiTJKS&Silllall Fare
Tickets will be sold for all trains
SATURDAY, DECEMBER 20, 1913.
Limited returning, to reach original start
ing point not later than January 7, 1914.
Proportionately low rates will be made
from other points In Virginia, North Caro
lina and South Carolina,
This will be an excellent opportunity for
teachers and students to utilize their Christ
mas holidays in making an interesting edu
cational trip to Cuba.
The Atlantic Coast Line operates through
Pullman cars to Key West and to Port Tam
pa connecting at both ports with steam
ships for Havana. Tickets good via either
route.
Arrangements will be made to accomo
date passengers leaving Jacksonville at 1.15
p.m. Sunday, December 21st, via the Flagler
System,- the "Over-Sea Railroad," and
steamship from Key West; and leaving
Jacksonville at 1.30 p. m., via Atlantic Coast
Line, thence by Port Tampu and steamship
which touches at K.ey West enroute to Hav
ana. b M. Jolly, Trarnc Agent of the Atlantic
Coast Line, who hajkj-c,sllcl In Havana four
teen winters, will accompany the excursion,
and render assistance to paNHinxt-rs enroute
and in the matter of hotel accommodations,
sightseeing, etc., in Cuba.
For schedules, reservations, descriptive
booklets and any further Information ap
ply to Ticket Agents of the Atlantic Coast
Line, or address,
W. J. CRA1C1, Pasnger Tramc Manager
T. C. WHITR. General Passenger Air'ont
WILMINGTON. N. ;
JL of manure should constantly
bear in mind that manure is helpful,
not only by reason of the plant food
which it contains, but also by reason
of its indirect effects. One of these
indirect and favorable effects of sta
ble manure is the fact that stable
manure, being rich in germ life, con
veys to the soil with which it comes
in contact the organisms which are
capable of starting nitrification and
other forms of bacterial activity. In
other words, stable manure may ex
ercise on soils notably deficient in
germ life an influence which is some
what like that exerted by the mater
ials used in inoculating legumes. Of
course the two processes are in most
respects quite different, but similar
in that the presence of a relatively
small number of beneficial microsco
pic organisms makes possible a tre-
mfmdnilS inrrpasp in the nnmhop rt
AN illustration of the difficulty of these friends of the farmer"
IX producing the amount of manure .
That manure may have this favor
able indirect action is shown con
cretely by some recent experiments
at the New Jersey Experiment Sta
tion. In these, manure was applied
to various crops at the very light
rates of one-half a ton, one ton, and
two tons per acre. Even these small
amounts of manure afforded a nota
ble increase in the yields. It was re
marked that the plots that received
the smallest application of manure in
a number of instances afforded yields
fully equal to those receiving larger
amounts. Moreover, these small
amounts of manure were helpful ev
en on those plots on which crimson
clover or other winter-growing le
gumes were grown to supply the bulk
of the nitrogen.
Where stable manure is applied
largely for its indirect effect in in
creasing the germ life in the soil it is
doubly important to secure an even
distribution. As a matter of fact,
much of the manure taken directly
from the stalls is in a condition too
lumpy to permit evenness of distribu
tion unless the amount applied be
quite large. A manure1 spreader is
useful in somewhat reducing the size
of the masses, but its use is excluded
where very small amounts per acre
Legumes Valuable in Supplementing
the Manure Supply.
N illustration of the difficulty of
producing the amount of manure
heeded to fertilize any considerable
proportion of the cultivated land of
the South was brought to my atten
tion recently as I questioned a farmer
who grows no cotton, but only hay
and livestock, regarding the number
of acres of land he had manured since
he began to operate this farm. With
in a period of between five and six
years the total acreage covered by
manure was less than 30 acres on ai
farm of more than 300 acres. This
was an average pf, say, 2 per cent of
the area covered by manure each
year; or considering half the land as
primarily pasture land, less than 4
per cent of the cultivated and hay
land was annually manured. At this
rate it would take twenty-five years
to cover the cultivated land on the
entire farm with manure, even in the
case of a farmer who is an enthus
iastic stockman and whose farm is
,far better provided with livestock and
with barns than the average farm,
thus insuring the saving of a larger
amount and better quality of man
ure. This point is mentioned not to de
precate the value of manure, but as
an indication of the necessity of rely
ing largely, under present conditions,
on 'the use of legumes for soil im
provement, and for -the further pur
pose of raising the question whether
it is better to apply the amount of
ment of the fungus or "germ" that
cause the trouble. It is true that
some varieties are more subject to
the disease than others, but as state!,
none is entirely free from it.
In 1909 and 1910 the per cent of
diseased bolls was counted in 57 va
rieties at the Alabama Experiment
Station. A small number of varie
ties were observed both years, but
most varieties were only examined
one or the other of these years. All
varieties were effected to some ex
tent, but some of them only slightly,
the diseased bolls ranging from 0.4
to 35.3 per cent of all the bolls on
the stalks counted.
In fields severely diseased the in
jury is apparent, but where the dis
ease is slight it may entirely escape
the attention of a fairly careful ob
server. Again, even when the dis
ease is known to be present some
bolls may be so slighly diseased as to
escape detection. For this reason
the utmost care must, be taken in the
selection of seed if the disease is to
be controlled. In Bulletin No. 164
of the South Carolina Experiment
Station, by II. W. Barre, the follow
ing statement is made regarding this
matter: "Diseased seed and lint are
frequently found, in fact, in bolls
which to the casual observer, do not
appear to be diseased at all." Thi3
clearly shows the ease with which
the disease ' may be overlooked and
the difficulty of being certain that
seed saved for planting are not con
taminated with diseased seeds.
The disease may affect young cot
ton plants, especially if the weather
is cool in April and May and retards
the growth of the plants,, and there
is sufficient moisture,, to favor the
growth of the fungus.' It may also
affect young bolls and prevent their
full development, but probably most
serious damage is- done by the dis
ease attacking more fully developed
bolls during moist weather in July,
August and September and causing
them to rot. Three means for pre
venting the disease seem to give
promise of sufficient value to justify
their use.
1. The fungus which has develop
ed on the cotton plants, plowed un-
under In the fall will probably die by
are to be applied.
While the writer does not as a rule nlantintr timp Qvt 0tM
advise the composting of manure for 2. Tho
manure that is available at the usual field crops because of the cost of the not livemore than a year in the fields
rate, say eight to 12 tons per acre, or labor involved in handling this bulky If there Is no growing cotton nlant
to spread it thinly over several times material, yet for the man who wishes on which It can grow It therefore
this acreage. We cannot get a thor- to get the maximum biological effect, follows that if the crons are rotated '
oughly satisfactory answer to this- tfr as we might say the maximum in- that Is, if cotton Is not grown on in'-
question from the comparatively oculating effect, composting, by re- (Continued on page 18 )