4 .
. .. . -:
'VI'
,? '
4
FLIGHTS
4
j-w-T
5M
ill
if.
i jReturn to More Open Warfare
s rrooaDie on tne wcm
Front.
: ? '' FRENCHES NO LONGER
AFFORD SHELTER
f
4 f
; 4 fchrapnei Aimea wnn ueaury uu
,'f'l racy Works Havoc with
Defenders.
.wj
By Capfc Henry J. Reilly.
(Special DispaiHO
yf : PARIS. Saturday.
f.The recent retirement of the Gerius
In Northern France has led to considerable
discussion as to whether or not they have
rjfeuad a means bf doing away with the
present system bf long Imes of trenenes
and substituting for this warfare in the
topen field.
Ab since the late fall of iyj.4 unni me
beginning of the present German retire
Jineixt ail the fighting on the western front
'baslb&n! trench 6r siege warfare a large
percentage 6i the wounds has been from
low velocity weapons. In fact, about
eventy-five per cent" of the wounded hav
been tit with shrapnel or pieces of sh
travelling elowly and thus making th.
worst kind of wound.
Value of Helmets.
Three per cent of wounds have been
In the head and about fifteen per cent in
the face or neck. This led to the adoption
by the French of a steel helmet called after
its inventor, Adrian The helmets were
first used in May, 1915. That their use
Is justified is shown in an article recently
appearing in La Mature. Among fifty
five cases of head wounds forty-two hap
pened to soldiers without helmets.
rnfrT,,7-v,roo nf these had fractured
Binlls, while the remaining nineteen had
bad scalp wounds. Of the thirteen who
"wore helmets, not one had a skull frac
ture. Five had slight wounds only, while
i none of those who had worn a helmet
J died. Quite a number of those who had
aot did die.
i The French helmet has proved such a
iiuecess that Belgium, Italy, Serbia. Rus
' eia and Roumania have equipped their
f trooDS with the same model bought in
(Trance. The French helmet bas a burst
ing bomb as insignia on its front and is
fitrht blue or khaki color, depending on
-whether it is worn by the .Metropolitan,
ine. -J!Tencniiome army, or w
'Jonial army.
; The Belgian helmet is khakfv colored,
rwitiL the Belgian lion on the front ; the
Itajian, greenish, blue, with no insignia ;
the Serbian, khaki colored, with the Ser
bian coat of arms ; the Russian, khaki
colored, with the Russian coat of arms,
tod the Roumanian, blue gray, with the
Roumanian coat of arms.
... French Make 12,000,000 Helmets.
- Up to'4he present the French havej
made nearly 12,000000 helmets, using
about 12,000 tons of steel. In other words,
;r a - ton of, steel wiU make 1,000 helmets.
?he British also have equipped their
troops with a steel helmet, which has ino
ridge running from front to rear as has
. the Adrian, no decoratioas, and a rather
wide brim, which, run's" all the way
found. It is of a khaki color.
CArmor for the individual soldier disap
peared as firearms gradually increased in
power. This was because the weight of
jnejtal sufficiently thick to stop a pr'ojec
tilei becanfe so great that' a man could not
aijrj- it, much less march and fight lii it.
Ji.fact, the development of firearms had
become a necessity, as the ordinary weaiH
'phi frequently were useless against armor .
t Tliere was a battle in Northern Italy in
h fifteenth century in which thousands
of armored men were engaged. But cfnly.
one met his death'. He fell off his horse
and was smothered in the mud, his" mail
feeing so heavy that he was unable to get
As the power of firearms increased the
jpo&t was reached where any attempt at
protection was useless and even danger
ous, because it meant dirty . fragments
fcarried-Mito what otherwise was frequently
a clean wound.
:K' Hlffh Speed Bullets Hot.
i The velocity of small arm projectiles
was such that their surface became heated
by .the friction of the air and this heat
Berred to sterilize the bullet. The chief
Exceptions were th'e fragments and buITets
from the shrapnel used by the field-artillery.
As the bursting charge in ' the
sbrapnel was generally low' power; it pro
I ciuced a low. velocity in the bullets and
fragments thrown oiit when it burst.
. In fact, the shrapnel bullets on the outer
edge of the cone of dispersion frequently
I toad so little power that they would not
penetrate a man's ordinary clothing. For
this reason the knapsack on the back of
the infantryman has always furnished
him when lying down a certain amount of
: protection against shrapnel.
However, with this exception, the pro
Jectiles from modern firearms travel witi
teuch enormous velocity and on such a
Straight line that the only protection for
them is- a deep trench.
j Thus firearms made armor disappear,
nc! the armor was replaced by intrench-
; fInjg which made ifie great velocity and flat
trajectory of modern firearms almost use-
' jjess for siege or trench warfare. 7 There
fore, weapons were designed whose pro
jectiles could reacb men in trenches.
,4 As the distance between trenches Is
I liYer great 'and as the higher the pro-
" Jecf ile goes tip in the air before coming
k down the mor difficalt it is to make It
-' land where it -is- wanted these weapons
$ne" primarily weapons c2 low velocity,
i Vie pt Aeroptkuui
k The extensive upe .of .the aeroplane for
cf-, . - . r, 5 - .V
;lterial reroiinance , enables tne exact
. i. -- ...
position of all enemy trenches to be "lo
cated on the map. This means that the
artillery can get the exact range to all
parts of the trench system. The develop
ment of heavy howitzers, which are short
guns throwing their projectiles high
enough , into the air, so that they come
down into a trench in very much the same
manner as the projectiles of the trencn
mortars, has enabled the attacker in most
cases, if he has an artillery superiority,
literally to blow the trenches to pieces.
If they are full manned the loss of life is
very large. If the personnel takes shelter
in the bombproofs the attacking infantry
frequently arrives and catches them be
fore theT can get out.
In other words, the capture of a system
of trenches when air superiority has
been gained, when the artillery is suffi
ciently powerful to make the proper prep
aration and when the infantry is suffi:
ciently numerous and determined is prac
tically a certainty. However, when line
after line of trenches have-been prepared,
sooner or later one is reached which has
not been smashed, with the result that the
attack breaks on it.
Rifle Cumbersome in Trenches.
In trench warfare the two infantries are
seldom more than a few hundred yards
apart, and except during attacks are out
of sight in their trenches. Therefore the
extreme range of the infantry rifle and
its accuracy are of no value. In hand to
hand fighting in the trenches its length
makes it awkward to handle.
What is needed in all the infantry fight
ing in which the two sides are never far
from: each other is not accuracy of fire
but great volume of fire, suddenly pro
duced. Machine guns and hand grenades
are therefore much more useful than
rifles.
In fighting in the open field the infan
try has to fire at long ranges. Therefore
the long range rifle with its accuracy is
the weapon of most importance. This
accuracy, however, cannot be taken ad
vantage of unless the individual soldier is
well train. il to its use. Such training
SHE'S PERFECT. ' ,
(Special Dispatch).
I.OXDOX. Saturday.
The only known "perfect woman" of
England Is married and is the mother of
five children. Life's cares seem to ' have
made no impression on her physical
health. She is described by Miss Rhys,
head mistress of the Belvedere school at
Liverpool.
.At a conference on education recently
Miss Rhys took part in a general discus
sion covering health and education. She
created unusual interest among her hear
ers by this statement: ... , .
"England's 'perfect woman' is forty
years old, is married and is the motheir
of five children. She is in happy cir
cumstances, living in a beautiful country
district and is the centre of a good home
in which there, exists a High standard of
cleanliness and comfort. Good taste is
everywhere evident in her home.
"She is a delightful companion and has
a. gift of friendship. She is .a relisIo.ua
woman and tries to fulfil her. duty tp
God and her neighbors. Together, with
other delightful qualities, t?he walks, r;des.
cnmos mils, swims, dances, skates, sculls
and plays games. She can drive a motor
car or a horse, use. a. typewriter and
Speaks four languages."
PAPER IN GERMANY.
(Special Dispatch.)
1 PA-RIS, Saturday.
The high cost of printing newspapers;
due tp the scarcity of news print paper,
will strike Germany on June 1, it is learned
here. On that date the German govern
ment, according to an announcement made
by the Kolnische Volkszeitung, will raise
the price of paper. ., -. ;
The newspaper publishing the announce
ment records a vigorous protest' against
the new measure, adding that the patriotic
.A1. 1 1 l ..1 ' I , - ,
iwic wmua lilts press is playing in tne 'pres-
ent crisis cannot be exaggerated.
ITEMS OF IN
No. 1 "Wright -Martin 1917 model, with Simplex Hispano-Suiz a 150-horse power motor. No. 2 Cur
tiss double motored, latest type TJ. S. A. biplane. . No.: 3 British biplane alighting at night with the aid
of searchlights and flares (from drawing by. Montague Dawson for the Sphere. Copyrighted in U. S. A. by
the New York Herald Company). No. 4 French aviator about to start on "Zeppelin duty" at night. No. 5
Prussian aircraft of Albatross type, otherwise known as the "Sp'ad," 120-horse power, water cooled motor
and two fixed guns firing through propeller field.
takes muck more time and care than does
the training necessary to handle machine
guns or hand grenades in trench war
fare. Trench warfare is war at its simpliest
because it is most direct and most brutal,
because sheer weight of personnel and
material counts the most. This is true
strategically, tactically, from the point of
view' of supply, and from the point of
view of the work demanded of the gen
eral staffs in control.
In the first place, as the lines are
definitely fixed, neither side has any
doubt as to exactly where the other side
is. As one flank ' rests on the sea and
the other on Switzerland, a neutral coun
try, the question of a flank attack re
Night Ftying
Attention
(Special Dtepateh) ; -
PARIS. Saturday.
At the moment when aviation is be
coming of more and more importance in
the world war the problem of "flights at
night and of aviation at night in general
takes first place in the studies of the
leaders of aeronautics.
The preparation and instruction of pilots
has not been one of the least of their
difficulties. Our aerial army has done
wonders, and the" heroism of our aviators
at the front causes us to forget the thank
TEREST CULLED
OH, THAT'S DIFFERENT.
(Special Dispatch")
LONDON1. Saturday.
Many women complain that while they
personally use effort tc run their house
holds econopically, they often fail to se
cure the best possible results because
their servants will not co-operate. In spite
df repeated explanatlbrts the average ser
vant seems to think the new economy is
really meanness.
In our household writes .a correspondent
we have overcome this sceptism by means
of a device which promises to be thorough
ly successful.
'There are eight' of Us in "family;" four
ghildren, two maids, and-self and husband.
Every quarter we 'now pin up in the
kitchen; an account of the actual household
necessities consumed gas, electric light,
coal, washin-g. soaps, boot polishes and so
forth, but not food. The cash value of -a.ny
saying is. then divided into three parts,
two-thirds going to the maids and one
third to us. The reckoning of saving Is,
of course, base'd on the amount of, material
used, h6t its cost, in view of the continual
increase in prices. The servants so far
are well 'satisfied' with' the results."
ENGLAND'S PENSIONERS
(Special Dispatch)
LONDON. Saturday.
Improvement in pensions for sailors and
soldiers has brought a deluge of letters
to the Minister of Pensions from partially
and wholly disabled pensioners , asking
when the new rates will become effective.
' To put a stop td tKrs -the Minister of
Pensions has issued notices that it is
Lnot necessary, in the first place, to make
application for the increase, as it will
come in the regular course, and that life
tferislbn'fers ' Will "be reassessed as soon as
possible.
Letters of inquiry only result in delay,
the Minister says, as to open and consider
them takes up the time of the staff.
solves itself into either the transportation
cf troops by sea or the-violation of Swiss
'utrality.
Risky to Turn Flanks.
The difficulties and dangers" attending
any attempt to transport a large ex
peditionary force to be landed on a hostile
coast under the conditions which now
exist in the North Sea and in the British
Channel are so great as to make it ex
tremely doubtful that any such move will
be attempted.
An attempt to violate Swiss neutrality
means the prompt entering into line of
several hundred .thousand Swiss troops,
who without any doubt ouid and would
offer such resistance that help could reach
them before the flanking movement could
in France Is Engaging
of Her Military Instructors
less task, and one fall of dangers, that
the teachers in the schools of aviation
undertake in an obscure way back of
the lines, far from battles, far from
honors, from fame and from decorations.
And nevertheless what a place these
teachers occupy in the national defence,
who, aware of the importance of their
mission, give to it in the exercise of their
delicate and hard work the energy, the
endurance and the audacity of which they
have already given proofs at the front!
The formation of the new aerial legions
FROM THE NEWS OF THE WEEK ABROAD
SWITZERLAND SUFFERS.
(Special Dispatch)
LAUSANNE. Saturday.
Switzerland 'is facing conditions border
ing on famine, as five ports to that coun
tryGenoa, Monaco, Nice, Marseilles; and
Bordeaux have been closed by Germany.
The difficulty of solving the food problem
is becoming acute. 1
Exposing the economic situation to the
(National Council, the President of the Con
federation said that supplies were rapidly
diminishing owing to the lack of trans
portation, and that il; was possible 'bread
cards would be Issued.
The federal, government has long hesi
tated over the sublect. so as to avoid a
complication of domestic matters, but the
situation has become so precarious that
new economies must be borne by the
people.
Not .wishine to advance the price of
wheat, the Confederation had"03Uppdrted
up to June, 1916, a great loss monthly, but
from January.it has .been, obliged, to .raise
the price. Still, therice of wheat is: lower
in Switzerland than in other countries.
SUBMARINE MENACE.
(Special Dispatch)
MADRID, Saturday.
Despatches from the Canary Island in
dicate that the German submarine war
fare has been 'responsible for a condition
of starvation in many towns and cities of
the Spanish possession. It is said that
vessels formerly carrying foodstuffs to
the islands have probably been withdrawn
from the. service to a.void destruction.
Starvation is a common occurrence' since
the increase of the' submarine menace.
The crop of maize throughout the Cana
ries is insufficient for the population, and
importation is impossible in the circum
stances. Recently the' govefnhient prbfri
ised to employ the people on public works,
but the credits voted for the purpose soon
were exhausted and the works have been
stopped; ..."
1 tewv'
succeed. Therefore, under existing con
ditions, the only means of attack is a
frontal one.
Strategy is limited to . trying to start
such an attack at some point at which it
is not expected and in endeavoring to hold
sufficient strategical reserves to meet any
attack promptly wherever it may be made.
As the war has progressed it has be
come more and more the custom to es
tablish here and there throughout the in
trenched lines what are called centres of
resistance. A centre of resistance may be
a village which has been put in a state
of defence, a small wood or a network of
trenches, all within an outer trench
roughly in the form of a circle or an
ellipse.
with young men, of air.t patriotism
certainly, but almost entirely ignorant of
aviation, demands' in "fact patience and
hn absolute devotion,' but also vipry often
the sacrifice of the noble ambitions of
those who assume the hard task of in
structing them.
Therefore the question of night flights
has been examined and regarded with
apprehension. ...
What a profound knowledge of aviation
ought to be demanded of the instructors!
What delicate 'care ought to- be brought
to the course of instruction! And what
FOR THE INJURED.
(Special Dispatch)
LONDON. Saturday.
A new type of ambulance : especially
adapted to the handling of serious, cases
which need immediate attention has just
been provided for the front by the British
Red Cross Society.. It will be put to im
mediate use behind the firing line.
The vehicle is propelled by the usual
motor and will accommodate but two pa
tients. The sides are thickly padded with
3awdust and felt to retain warmth, and
in the body of the stretcher section are
located electric . heaters and hot water
pipes. An improved method of ventila
tion excludes all draughts.
In addition- to the new ambulance the
society has perfected a mobile . bacterio
logical laboratory for work on the Sa
lonica . front, where fever is prevalent.
Arrangements for the services of a fever
specialist have been made, and within
a few days the ambulance will be present
ed to the French government.
GERMANS PUNISHED.
(Special Dispatch.)
- . LONDON. Saturday.
Requests by the Social Democratic group
of the Reichstag that less severe punish
ment be meted out to German soldiers for
infractions of discipline and that the cen
sorship an letters be lifted is taken as an
indication that the men in the German
trenches are dissatisfied with conditions.
The petition, which has just been submit
ted to the War Department, according to
reports received here, demands greater fa
cilities for soldiers to make complaints of
ill-treatment.
The Social. Democrats call attention to
the fact that offences that would not be
tolerated. In times of peace should be mildly
judged." As an excuse for this they claim
that the high nervous tension under which
the soldiers now live is largely responsible
for some of the milder forms of disobe
dience.
'.....-.y.-w-:-.'y
organization can bo best adapted to the
intensive training of night pilots?
At a time when Germany is putting
forth a very formidable effort, at the'
moment when she is sending into the
sky more and more numerous squadrillae,
not only by day, but also by night, ought
France, the cradle of aviation, to allow
itself to be excelled in training aviation
night pilots?
This is a vexatious problem which the
heads of French aviation cannot escape,
a problem the solution of which must
be found immediately.
I may. be permitted in parentheses here
to speak of the personality of a high of
ficer whose name will always remain
identified v-ith French aviation during the
war as uat of a most meritorious or
ganizer. This is lieutenant Colonel Girod,
inspector general of the schools and avia
tiori depots, vice president of the Army
Commission, which at a time when avia
tion schools; "BO to speak, did not exist,
assumed the difficult task of creating and
organizing them, giving to France the
numerous and youthful army of the air
whose heroism is brilliantly evident every
day.
An aviator pilot at the front from the
beginning of the war, Lieutenant Colonel
Girod, founder, together with lieutenant
Colonel Barres, of the first bombardment
group, had been called to take , command
of the aerial defence at the-moment when
attacks of Zeppelins ber;an' to be. feared.
In this difficult position he recognized the
absolute necessity of organizing flying by
night.
Maiy attempts had been made; but they
did riot give the results expected.
Lieutenant Colonel Girod succeeded in
having accepted the project for a school
the activity of which is being felt more
and more and the results of which exceed
even the foresight of those who created it.
We wish to speak of the school of M ,
where all French pilots are instructed in
night flyiilg.
This school, altogether founded only
-"A; PANG OF' GRifeF n
(Special Dispatch) -;
PARIS. Saturday.
A copy 6f the Deutsche Tageszeltutig Just
received here gives -an-account of the de
struction of the Chateau de1 Criuqy; which
was demolished by the German army In
its retreat! The following is an extract
from the article: -
"All those who saw the ancient castle
collapse felt a pang of grief, for we Ger
mans are made that way. As soon as we be
came masters of the ruins we proceeded to
restore them. France has never done so
much for ttitf iMiUk brlMeta ac
complished during the occupation. -
"But when Cducy-le-Chateatt had to be
abandoned we could not allow the enemy
to use the castle as an observation post
with a view extending to Laojai or to have
the advantage of casements of seven
metres thickness. A tower of sixty-four
metres in neight is valuable. If France
wants to reconstruct It she can Drofit by
our science."
A CURIOUS LAW.
' (Special Dispatch) - r
PARIS. Saturday.
Paris ordered its tea rooms closed to
save the consumption of sugar. Imme
diately coffee was served instead of
and as much sugar was required for the?
coffee ss for the tea. A curious law, is it
not?
Some sugar, to be' sure, was navod hv
ic iw pi-onioning tne sale of cakes- that
' I
were ixwroeriy served with the tea. Now.
instead of cakes, one -orders sandwich a
regular American sandwiches, with very
thin pieces Df bread. $ i ' t
Afternoon coffees are bcmrrfhfh fkn
One occasionally hears a demand for t
T y,t uicio is , uisposi-
fe and sandwiches Instead of , tea and
cakes as -heretofore. - -
lelmets Again Coming inh
Use and Whole Method
''War Is Changin-
IGHTING INAIR
j GROWSJNJMri-AXCh
Great Conflict Assumes Many
and Startling Phases
V .
Time Goes On.
three' months ago, is in full oPrflfil,
thanks to the energetic dire" " " ?,v'
commander, Captain Meunier "s
chief pilot, Lieutenant LafT 'J! J'is
had the courage to fly bv ni flr,t
aeroplane andhooi i8-
successively on all the diff.J. b 1 lyin
machines in service at the front
In fact, it is at M tj,at ..n , .. 4
perfected in night flights ""
In a bare and nnfmifi...
4 rni vt i. .
an
n uare and un(iit;n..j . .
school of aviation ha, been Zct I
few months. On this dry and fla It "J
sown with pebbles and where o, 1
hnes of cypress relieve the mm, .
the mildness of the eliruate. the (,a ,j
starry nights assure for it au ..ffjnt ll
suit which the schools of the nr h
attain and u-h.Vh . 11 tannot
CtT-o H 1 a
. -"-v. iiuiuviruieni: over the
schools.
(ermaa
Several tracks have been laid out in
order to permit simultaneous instruction
on several kinds of machines.
In the instructVn, after several daylight
flights, permitting the pupil o wcognile
the ground, there comes the first night
trial in double control, a teacher accom-
nflnvinn f Via 2 1 4. a 1
uie ynoi siuaent, indicating hit
mistakes and with his hands on the con
trols keeping the machine in good position
or correcting any error.
It should be noted that all the pilot stu
dents entering" the school have alreadj
been licensed as aviators for day flights.
They are, therefore, ah students wh
know the machine.
In the succeeding flights the teachef
gives more and more liberty of manoeuT
ring to the pupil as he sees that the lat
ter is acquiring more sureness and is be
coming familiar with night flights, until,
judging him sufficiently sure of himself,
he indicates that the pupil is ready to (1;
alone.
Flying: Alone at Last.
. Then the pilot pupil, alone in the ma
chine, starts out in the night, and hit
teacher, remaining on the ground, care
fully watches his rising and landing and
indicates his weak points. This is ths
beginning of the tests imposed, which
consist of a certain number of flights and
landings alone.
.These tests finished, the pilot is consid
ered as perfect in night flying and conse
quently at the disposition of the armies.
For - the astonished spectators thess
night flights a&d evolutions of our futnra
aviators are a fairy spectacle.
In the midst of incessant humming of
motors, without a cry, at the simple sig
nal from the stands of red or green lights
which shine in the darkness of the night.
the machines rise, taking with thorn theii
cplofs, describe their circles in the sky
and come back gently to rest on un
ground under the white glare of search
lights projecting their beams.
"No. France will not he excelled in tn
branch of warfare which oonHists of
aviation. By night, as well as bj day,
she will retain supremacy of the air. Her
iiiv'entive eehlus has created a mode)
school whence hardy champions of aerial
warfare go forth, a school whence ariM
the new legions which by night, as well as
bv lav. will be ready to assume the grand
task of assuring the guardianship of th
country and the task, full of danger, bat
felorious amone all. of carrying to th
enemy the instrument of death placed it ,
tne service of Justice and Right.
GERMANS RELUCTANTLY
$ERVE : ON SUBMARINES
I (Special Dispatch)
LONDON, fcturdaj.
The attitude of the Cterrnan conwrrstW
press toward the - Russian revolution ti
somewhat halting, but the more influential
Journals, like the Kreuz Zeitung. are frank
in stating, that, whatever is done in Ru
sla; the Kaiser must not yield to reformer!,
and that after all there is hope that thi
revolution will fail. . officer.
The one-time German naVB' t
Captain Persius. who still poses as a
. i .Har. deals 8.1 ir"
length In the Berlin Tageblatt w v,
trapping .of marines. So many w1'
gone forth on their errands and have ra" .
Us .return ! that : something Hk lty
appears to have set in, and the
of Obtaining fresh crews to face aim
certain death, to which Norwegian pM
referred recently, has reached a w .
AcdordirtBlv. Persius. who. by pertniw''
of too amiable British authorities. w
much time before the war in f,
work on the east coast, has boujh
reassure the maritime mind on tne
Ject of marine risks. Here la how
does It: ' -io,,
has been caused by reports 0TlL
Journals
regarding ue -- fh4
Ala rtnrn lc -
barriers, chains and nets wltn
British Admiralty hopes to -"
U-bpata . . . .b-
Admittedly, if the propeller oi -
marine is entangled in a
wire : .
skilful
progress can be hindered, but a s
commander will easily free himseir i
met entanglement. aaoreuci,
can, only be laid in narrow spaces a'
must be obvious that all the ingenuity
the British Admiralty would be power
. .t.A ai fA..t T1ra Willi .
to close the Straits of Dover with a
net; Such a net only exists in the a
nation of British and foreign Journalise t
. "Equally Imaginative are the stor e i
are: told of fast motor boats whica f
paper) are able to. chase and desj bl,
TJ-ba&ta. These would be wholly "r
lx . aa even1"'
Mi- thav njt rire tneir
2 ..... . 1 iM rl i nfl
fortthe enemy .to cope with our wtlDr
liinV it i. mmi1c11v lmDossibla."
r i
f